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Triaxial Tests
Triaxial Tests
Purdue e-Pubs
JTRP Technical Reports Joint Transportation Research Program
1959
Recommended Citation Goetz, W. H., and J. H. Schaub. Triaxial Testing of Bituminous Mixtures : Technical Report. Publication FHWA/IN/JHRP-59/06. Joint Highway Research Project, Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1959. doi: 10.5703/1288284313563.
This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact epubs@purdue.edu for additional information.
TRIAXIAL
TESTING
OF
BITUMINOUS
MIXTURES
MARCH
No.
1959
f
W.H.
GOETZ a j H. SCHAUB
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
LAFAYETTE INDIANA
Technical Paper
TO:
K. B. Woods, Director Joint Highway Research Project H. L. Michael, Assistant Director Joint Highway Research Project
FROM:
Attached is a technical paper entitled, "Triaxial Testing of Bituminous Mixtures," by W. H. Goetz and J. Ho Schaub, members of our staff.
The paper was prepared for presentation to the American Society Materials It is a summarization of information on triaxial Testing for much of which has been developed at Purdue in our laboratories The testing, presented for the record is report
Respectfully submitted,
H. L. Michael, Secretary
HLK:ac
Attachment
cc: J. Ro Cooper
W. L. Dolch W. H. Goetz
J. F. G. G. J. R. R. B. C. J. Jo E. T. F. A. A. Fo D. E. H. E. L. E. J
Hallett Havey Hawkins (M. B. Scott) Leonards McLaughlin Miles Mills Petty Vogelgesang
Waling Wilson
Yoder
http://www.archive.org/details/triaxialtestingoOOgoet
Technical Pape:r
by
V. Ho Goetz, Research Engineer
J. H. Schaub, Research
Engineer
For approximately twenty-five years the attention of paving deeign engineers has been directed in part toward the use of a triaxial
shear strength method of test to evaluate the properties of bituminous
mixtures*
as a mix design and research tool and to present a resume of the various
of soil mechanicso
As used by soils
In general, the theory of triaxial testing is relatively simple. A triaxial test may be described as a compression test performed with
the test specimen supported by a confining pressure*.
If tests are
of the relationship between the axial and lateral loads may be used
to evaluate the shear strength of the specimen<>
makes use of the familiar Mohr circle of stress and envelope of failures
The Mohr analysis may be illustrated by Figure 1.
It may be
e +
p tan 0, where
of
long to permit the shear planes to form within that portion of the
samples that is free of end restraint effectso
The necessary length
will be a function of the sample diameter and the angle of the shear
plane with the horizontal (See Figure 1).
0.-*=
<
or
i-
O >
c
Q.
UJ
c o
if)
en
in
w
o5
x O
(-
CT
SS3U1S
UV3HS
length to diameter (L/DJ ratio of two or three to one will satisfy this
criterion.
however, that certain of the triaxial tests utilize a sample that is not
Such
stress analysis.
than two are more nearly comparable to the pavement surface prototype.
specimen.
(2)
internal friction ("0") are variables whose values depend upon the
details of the method of test.
the shear-strength parameters
It should be clearly understood that
"c'-
placed between the loading heads of the triaxial cell and sealed into
plage by means of an impervious rubber membrane that surrounds the
sample and is fastened to the heads* The space between the sample and
the walls of the cell is filled with a fluid (castor oil, glycerin,
Vertical deformations
the sample heads nay be left open or closed during the test.
case of the usual bituminous mixture, the drainage is the flow of air
from the specimen under a head resulting from the lateral pressure
applied to specimen.
At this point one of the variables in test procedure becomes
apparent.
shear strength and that in this equation the term p is the effective
up within the sample, this pressure acts against the applied load to
reduce the effective normal pressure and thus the measured shearing
resistance o
conditions permitted during the test will greatly influence the results
Fig.
Diagramatic
Constant
Sketch
Lateral
of
Triaxial
Cell
Pressure
Kay to Figure 2
1.
Rubber membrane
Test specimen
2.
3o
4=
5o
6o 7o So
9
Proving ring
10o
Ho
12o
13o
14o 1$. l6o 17o
Rubber gasket
Lower platen of testing machine
Cover plate
18 9
190
soils are tested in most eases and the drainage is composed of water
squeezed from the sample voids during the test, the various combinations
bituminous mixtures*
In other words,
to the sample.
as previously described, they are not unconfined testso Variable Lateral Pressure Tests
To this point the discussion has been confined to what might be
of the work of Hveem (15), Nijboer (11, 12) and Smith (13, 14) .
It has
A schematic diagram of the variable lateral pressure test cell is shown in Figure 3 (14)*
The basis for the analysis of the variable
A single
Bleeder
Valve
Testing
Head
Pressure
Gage
Upper Ring
Perforated
Plate
Outer
Neoprene Sleeve
Inner
Neoprene Sleeve
Perforated Inner Shell
Outer Shell
Perforated Plate
Lower Ring
Flexible Line
To Reservoir
Tapered Sleeve
Neoprene Gasket
Diagrom
of Testing Cell
Connected
Pressure Pla1
to
Air
Reservoir
Vacuum
i 1
*all
^-**x>
Threaded
Collar'
Adjustable
Base Plate
Testing
cell
Reservoir
Fig.
Diagramatic
Sketch
of
Triaxial
Cell
Variable Lateral
Pressure
(after
Smith)
(14)
150
140 130
120
110
y?
x^
ci
to
Q.
100
^ d
b o
*^
*>
> o < Q
I
90
80
Q UJ
_l 0. Q.
70
<
< >
60 50
40
30
/
/
/
V
2 ton (45*|
K
el
_J
O
cc UJ
'C
20
i
10
> /
10
20
30
PRESSURELateral
L- fps>)
40
LATERAL TRANSMITTED
Fig.
Typical
Results - Variable
Pressure
(I)
Test
(after
Asphalt
Institute)
12
of test, this scheme approaches the design problem by attempting to evaluate fundamental strength properties of the mixture under specified loading conditions.
The stress system that acts upon a sample during
the triaxial test approaches the system of stresses that are present
tos
arise from the cost and relative complexity of the necessary equipment.
ju3
Test. Variabl.
Some have been mentioned pre' Piously, such &sj the three-pha
majriLniUiJi
Investigations are proceeding in an attempt to define the effects of each of these variables*
However, to the authors" knowledge, there is
<.
(?}
valti
nd
teat temperatureo
but.
cohesion is pronounced*
o
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16
the t inder are related to both testing speed and t^st -temperature
Design Usa
The application
of
As a research
use<>
Pi
the previous discussion and from the reports of such well known
researchers as McLecd (9), Smith (13, 14), Kijbcer (11, 12) and others,
it
s
by-
molisd by a combination of
rodding of
arid
static compaction.
a'i
UP
F *nd
mini-iaum
Use in Research
illustrated by Figure 2.
used end the lower drainage connection is left open to the atmosphere.
Various rates of deformation have been utilized in an effort to define
the effect of this variable on the measured strength properties.
See
Figures 5 and 6.
Smaller samples
by Figure
Figure 7
and
H 0"
per cent asphalt cement and the variation in stability with per cent
asphalt at confining pressures of 0, 10 and 20 psio
Figure 8 illustrates
300
L=20
250
en CL
.200
L=I0
i
>
^
CD
150
100
Li0
50
^\
-
^ X
^^ n
_,
^
^
^v.
Q
UJ _J
UJ
60
O
o o
cr
z-
ct UJ
Variation
of
Test
Properties
with
(6)
Percent
Asphall
(after
Goetz)
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21
of the aggregate.
scheme for introducing the sample into the cell from the bottom that
Carpenter,
"In
the free-sleeve type, the upper end of the rubber sleeve is attached
not to the top plate of the cell but to an upper bearing plate which
Temperature
The cell is
designed for 4 in. diameter specimens and may be used with specimens
of various heights with 4 in* and 8 in. being the most commonly usedo The samples are deformed at a rate of 0*05 in. per min. per in. of
specimen height*
HOT WATER
SEPARABLE
CONNECTION
RUBBER GASKET
TIE
ROD
LUCITE
CYLINDE
AT TOP AND
BASE LATCH
Fig. 10
Diagramatic
(after
Sketch
of
Bureau
of
Public
Roads
(2)
Cel
Carpenter,
Goode
and
Peck)
The
load,,
In soil mechanics
friction*
failure, the failure load may be defined as the load causing a given
There are two very well known forms of the variable lateral
Both the
are the size of specimen tested and the compressibility of the fluid
in the system*
3o82 ino in diameter and 8 in. high, while the stabilometer specimen
is 4 in in diameter and 25
in<>
in height.
An incompressible fluid
Other procedural
Smith Method
In the Smith triaxial method of design, a testing temperature of 75 * 2 F is used and the axial load is applied in increments.
The
the viscous resistance of the binder to a negligible quantity.. each load increment is in equilibrium with the confining liquid
When
plot a curve of P^ vs
P,
(1).
adequate performance.
CO
Q.
O
en en UJ
(T Q.
o o
16
20
24
OF
28
32
36
40
ANGLE
Fig.
II
INTERNAL FRICTION
of
Triaxial
Test
Evaluations
Asphaltic
(I)
Concrete
(after Asphalt
Institute)
26
i^iany
Chief among these is the use of only one sample to define the measured
Hveem Method
F.
0)
O
00
o o
c/>
X
*
>
'>
a>
-a:
D C
O
D E a w. O
o
a>
O
CO
28
where
Pj,
of 400 psli
an
established
Prior to sample
used in the equation for relative stability corrects for any variation from this fixed amount that occurs when a bituminous mixture specimen
is testedo
components .
of a Cofoesiometer test*.
SUMMARY
The
<,
merit.
Each method ha6 soms history of a successful use for the design
Unfortunately, however, the
a positive need for the separation and evaluation of the test variables
as well as for the creation of a procedure that will define the shearing
of
pavement loading.
laboratoryo
30
lo
Asphalt Institute, Mix Design Methods for Hot-Mix Asphalt Paving. Manual Series Ko. 2, 1956o
C. Ao Carpenter, Jo F Goode, and R. A, Peck, "An Improved Triaxial Cell for Testing Bituminous Mixtures Paving Mixtures", Proceedings . The Assoc, of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Volo 20, 1951o
2o
3o
Vo Ao ^nd-rsby, "The Analytical Mechanical Testing of Bituminous Mixes", Proceedings . The As?oco of Asohalt Paving Technologists,
\jid?rsby, "The Iiistory and Theory of Triaxial Testing, and the Preparation of Realistic Test Specimens - A Report of the Triaxial Institute^ ASTK Special Technical Publication 106, Triaxial Testing of Soils and bituminous Mixes . 1951.
Ho Goetz and Co Co Chen, "Vacuum Tri-xial Technique Applied to Bituminous-Aggregate Mixtures", Proceedings . The Assoc, of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 19, 1950.
v.
60
V..
H. Goetz, "Comparison of Triaxial and Marshall Test Results", Proceedings. The Assoc, of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 20, 1951
E<, Wood, "Load-deformation Characteristics of Bituminous Mixtures Under Various Conditions of Loading", Proceedings The Assoc, of Asphalt Paving Technologists,
"Effect of Aggregate Shape on Stability of Bituminous Mixes", Proceedings, Highway Research Board, Vol. 33, 1954-
Paving Mixtures", Proceedings , The Assoco of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 19, 1950
10.
0, Mohr, Qbhandlungen Aus dem Geliete der Technischen Mechanik . Ernst, Berlin, 1914*
11.
W. Nijboer, Plasticity as a Factor in frhe Design of Dense Bituminous Road Carpets . Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Holland, 1948.
L.
12.
Nijboer, "Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Materials and Structural Design of Asphalt Roads", Proceedings . Highway Research Board, Vol. 33, 1954L. W.
13.
Smith, "Triaxial Stability Method for Flexible Pavement Design", Proceedings . The Assoc, of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 18, 1949.
V. R.
14.
V. R. Smith, "Application of the Triaxial Test to Bituminous Mixtures - California Research Corporation Method", ASTM Special Technical Publication 106, Triaxial Testing of Soils and Bituminous Mixes . 1951.
31
15
T H. Stanton and Fo N. Hveem, "Role of the Laboratory in the Preliminary Investigation and Control of Materials for Low Cost Bituminous Pavements" , Proceedings Highway Research Board, Volo
14, 1935.
16
H. E.
Worley, "Triaxial Design Correlated with Flexible Pavement Perfprmance in Kansas", ASTM Special Technical Publication 106, Tri axial Testing of Soils and Bituminous Mixes . 1951o
17.
State of California Department of Public Works, Division of Highways, Materials Manual - Testing and Control Procedures . Vol. 1,
'
1956o