Nitrates (mechanism, use, toxicity) Adverse effects of statins Niacin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam (mechanism,

use, toxicity) Ezetimibe Fibrates (gemfibrozil + -fibrates) (mechanism, use, toxicity) Digoxin and digitoxin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Class 1A antiarrhythmics Class 1B antiarrhythmics Class 1C antiarrhythmics Class 1 antiarrhythmics (general mechanism and toxicity) Class 2 antiarrhythmics Class 3 antiarrhythmics Toxicity of amiodarone Class 4 antiarrhythmics Adeosine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Magnseium (mechanism, use, toxicity) Treatment for prolactinoma Treatment of secondary hyperaldosteronism Treatment of carcinoid syndrome Rapid-acting insulins (3) Short-acting insulin (1) Intermediate-acting insulin (1) Long-acting insulins (2) Metformin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Tolbutamide, chlorpropamide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Glyburide, glimepiride, glipizide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone (mechanism, use, toxicity) Acarbose, miglitol (mechanism, use, toxicity) Pramlintide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Exenatide, liraglutide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Propylthiouracil (mechanism, use, toxicity) Methimazole (mechanism, use, toxicity) Levothyroxine, triiodothyronine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Oxytocin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Demeclocycline (mechanism, use, toxicity) Glucocorticoids (mechanism, use, toxicity) Cimetidine and ranitidine (mechanism, use, toxicity) -prazoles (mechanism, use, toxicity) Bismuth, sucralfate (mechanism, use, toxicity) Misoprostol (mechanism, use, toxicity) Octreotide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Toxicity of long-term antacid use

Infliximab (mechanism, use, toxicity) Sulfasalazine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Ondansetron (mechanism, use, toxicity) Metoclopramide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Can be used to prevent mast cell degranulation Treatment of lead poisoning Heparin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Enoxaparin, dalteparin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Warfarin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Alteplase, reteplase, tenecteplase (mechanism, use, toxicity) Aspirin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Clopidogrel, ticlodipine, prasugrel, ticagrelor (mechanism, use, toxicity) Cilostazol, dipyridamole (mechanism, use, toxicity) Abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban (mechanism, use, toxicity) Methotrexate (mechanism, use, toxicity) 5-fluorouracil (mechanism, use, toxicity) Cytarabine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Dactinomycin (actinomycin D) (mechanism, use, toxicity) Doxorubicin (Adriamycin), daunorubicin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Bleomycin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Carmustine, lomustine, semustine, streptozocin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Busulfan (mechanism, use, toxicity) Vincristine, vinblastine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Paclitaxel (mechanism, use, toxicity) Cisplatin, carboplatin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Etoposide, teniposide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Hydroxyurea (mechanism, use, toxicity) Prednisone (mechanism, use, toxicity) Tamoxifen, raloxifene (mechanism, use, toxicity) Trastuzumab (mechanism, use, toxicity) Imatinib (mechanism, use, toxicity) Rituximab (mechanism, use, toxicity) Vemurafenib (mechanism, use, toxicity) Bevacizumab (mechanism, use, toxicity) Ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, ketorolac, diclofenac (mechanism, use, toxicity) Celecoxib (mechanism, use, toxicity) Acetominophen (mechanism, use, toxicity) Alendronate (mechanism, use, toxicity) Allopurinol (mechanism, use, toxicity) Febuxostat (mechanism, use, toxicity) Probenecid (mechanism, use, toxicity) Colchine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Etanercept (mechanism, use, toxicity) Infliximab, adalimumab (mechanism, use, toxicity) Latanoprost (mechanism, use, toxicity) Morphine, fentanyl, cofeine, heroin, methadone, meperidine, dextromethorphan, diphenoxylate (mechanism, use, toxicity) Butorphanol (mechanism, use, toxicity) Tramadol (mechanism, use, toxicity) First-line therapy for simple partial seizures First-line therapy for complex partial seizures First-line therapies for tonic-clonic seizures (3) First-line therapy for absence seizures Phenytoin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Carbamazepine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Lamotrigine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Gabapentin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Topiramate (mechanism, use, toxicity) Phenobarbital (mechanism, use, toxicity) Valproate (mechanism, use, toxicity) Ethosuximide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Benzodiazepines (mechanism, use, toxicity) Tiagabine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Vigabatrin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Levetriacetam (mechanism, use, toxicity) Phenobarbital, pentobarbial, thiopental, secobarbital (mechanism, use, toxicity) Triazolam, oxazepam, midazolam (mechanism, use, toxicity) Barbituates vs. benzodiazepines (mechanism) Zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone (mechanism, use, toxicity) Ketamine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Order of sensory loss when using local anesthetics Succinylcholine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Tubocurarine, -curium drugs (mechanism, use, toxicity) Dantrolene (mechanism, use, toxicity) Levodopa/carbidopa (mechanism, use, toxicity) Selegiline (mechanism, use, toxicity) Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Sumatriptan (mechanism, use, toxicity) Trifluoperzine, fluphenazine, haloperidol (mechanism, use, toxicity) Chlorpromazine, thioridazine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone, aripripazole, ziprasidone (mechanism, use, toxicity) Lithium (mechanism, use, toxicity) Buspirone (mechanism, use, toxicity) Fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram (mechanism, use, toxicity) Venlafaxine, duloxetine (mechanism, use, toxicity) -iptyline, -ipramine, doxepin, amoxapine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Tranylcypromine, phenelzine, isocarboxazid, selegiline (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Bupropion (mechanism, use, toxicity) Mirtazapine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Maprotiline (mechanism, use, toxicity) Trazodone (mechanism, use, toxicity) Mannitol (mechanism, use, toxicity) Acetazolamide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Furosemide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Ethacrynic acid (mechanism, use, toxicity) Hydrochlorothiazide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Spironolactone, eplerenone (mechanism, use, toxicity) Triamterene, amiloride (mechanism, use, toxicity) Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril (mechanism, use, toxicity) Losartan, valsartan (mechanism, use, toxicity) Leuprolide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Finasteride (mechanism, use, toxicity) Flutamide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Ketoconazole (mechanism, use, toxicity) Clomiphene (mechanism, use, toxicity) Tamoxifen (mechanism, use, toxicity) Raloxifene (mechanism, use, toxicity) Anastrozole, exemestane (mechanism, use, toxicity) Mifepristone (mechanism, use, toxicity) Terbutaline (mechanism, use, toxicity) Tamsulosin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Sildenafil, vardenafil (mechanism, use, toxicity) Danazol (mechanism, use, toxicity) Treat methemoglobinemia with Diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, chlorpheniramine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Loratadine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, cetrizine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Albuterol (mechanism, use, toxicity) Salmeterol, formoterol (mechanism, use, toxicity) Theophylline (mechanism, use, toxicity) Ipratropium (mechanism, use, toxicity) Beclomethasone, fluticasone (mechanism, use, toxicity) Montelukast, zafirlukast (mechanism, use, toxicity) Zileuton (mechanism, use, toxicity) Omalizumab (mechanism, use, toxicity) Guaifenesin (mechanism, use, toxicity) N-acetylcysteine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Bosentan (mechanism, use, toxicity) Dextromethorphan (mechanism, use, toxicity) Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Difference in competitive vs noncompetitve inhibitors? What is Km?

What is Vmax? What is bioavailability? Time to steady state depends on? What is rate of elimination in zero order kinetics? Give three drugs that are zero order eliminated. What is the rate of elimination for first order kinetics? How does ionization relate to urine pH? How do you treat overdose of weak acid? Give drug examples. How do you treat overdose of weak base? Give drug examples. What is phase I drug metabolism? What pt. population loses this? What is phase II metaboloism? What population depend on this? What is efficacy? What is potency? What happends to efficacy when a partial agonist and full agonist are mixed? What is therapetuic index? What is a therapeutic window? What are the two types of Nicotonic receptors? What kind of messenger do they use? Alpha-1 sympathetic receptor (G-protein class, major function) Alpha-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major function) Beta-1 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major function) Beta-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major function) M-1 Parasymp receptor(G-protein class, major function) M-2 Parasymp(G-protein class, major function) M-3 parasymp(G-protein class, major function) What receptor is responsible for miosis and accomadation? What receptor is responsbile for mydriasis? Dopamine D-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function) Dopamine D-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function) Histamine H-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function) histamine H-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function) vasopression V-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function) vasopression V-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function) Which receptors work via Gq -> Phospholipase C ->Pip2->DAG + IP3? DAG causes activation of what? IP3 causes increase in what? Which receptors work via Gi->Adenyly cyclase ->cAMP ->Protein Kinase A? Which receptors work via Gs->adenylyate cyclase ->cAMP->Protein Kinase A? What does protein kinase A do? What are the two classes of cholinomimetics? Bethanechol(mechanism,use,toxicity) Carbachol(mechanism,use,toxicity) Pilocarpine(mechanism,use,toxicity) methacholine(mechanism,use,toxicity) Neostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)

pyridostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity) edrophonium(mechanism,use,toxicity) Physostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity) Donepezil(mechanism,use,toxicity) signs of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning. treatment. Parathion(mechanism, treatment) Atropine, homatropine, tropicamide (mechanism, use, toxicity). Benztropine(mechanism,use,toxicity) Scopolamine(mechanism,use,toxicity) Ipratropium,tiotropium (mechanism, use, toxicity) Oxybutynin(mechanism,use,toxicity) Glycopyrrolate(mechanism,use,toxicity) Jimson Weed(mechanism, toxicity) Epinephrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity) Norepinephine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity) Isoproterenol(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity) dopamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity) dobutamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity) Phenylephrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity) Albuterol, salmetrol, terbutaline (Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity) Ritodrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity) Amphetamine (mechanism, use) Epinephrine(Mechanism, use, toxicity) Cocaine (mechanims, use). Why must B-Blockers be avoided in suspected cocaine intoxication? How does norepinephrine cause reflex bradycardia? How does isoproterenol cause reflex tachycardia? Clonidine, alpha-methyldopa(Mechanism, receptors bound, use) Phenoxybenzamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity) phentolamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity) Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin,Tamsulosin(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity) Mirtazapine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Describe what occurs when you alpha-blockade epi vs. phenylephrine. Give 6 applications of Beta-blockers in general. give general toxicites of b-blockers What are the B1 selective b-blockers? When are they useful? What are the nonselective ( b1 = b2) b-blockers? what are the nonselective a and b-antagonists? What are the partial B-agonists? Give treatment for acetaminophen overdose. Give treatment for salicylates overdose. give treatment for amphetamines overdose Give treatment for antimuscarinic and anticholinergic overdose. Give treatment for b-blocker overdose

Give treatment for digitalis overdose give treatment for iron overdose. give treatment for lead overdose give treatment for mercury, arsenix, gold overdose give treatment for copper, arsenic, gold overdose give treatment for cyanide give methemoglobin treatment Give Carbon monocide treatment give treatment for methanol, ethylene glycol overdose give treatment for opiods overdose give treatment for benzodiazepine overdose give treatment for TCA overdose give treatment for heparin overdose give treatment for warfarin overdose give treatment for tPA, Streptokinase, urokinase overdose give treatment for theophylline overdose give treatment for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors causes coronary vasospam causes cutaneous flushing causes dilated cardiomyopathy causes torsades de pointes causes agranulocytoisis causes aplastic anemia causes direct coombs positive hemolytic anemia causes gray baby syndomr causes hemolysis in G6PD-defiect patients causes megaloblastic anemia Causes thrombotic complications Causes cough causes pulmonary fibrosis causes acute cholestatic hepatits, jaundice causes focal to massice hepatic necrosis causes hepatits can lead to pseudomembranous colitis can lead to adrenocortical insufficiency can causes gynecomastia causes hot flashes causes hypergylcemia causes hypothyroidism causes fat redistribution causes gingival hyperplasia causes gout causes myopathies causes osteoporosis

causes photosensitivty causes rash/SJS cause drug induced lupus causes teeth problems causes tendonitis, tendon rupture, tooth damage causes diabetes insipidus causes fanconi's syndome causes hemorrhagic cystits causes interstital nephritis causes SIADH causes cinchonism causes parkinson-like syndome causes seizures causes tardive dyskinesia acts like an anti-muscarinic can cause a disulfiram like reaction can cause nephro/ototoxicity list p450 inducers list p450 inhibitors lists the sulfa drugs Difference between peniciliin G and V. Penicillin(mechanism,use,toxicity) Oxacillin,Naficillin,Dicloxacillin(mechanism,use,toxicity) Ampicillin, amoxicillin(mecanism,use,toxicity) Which has better bioavailibility; amoxicllin or ampicillin? What does clavulanic acid do? Ticarcillin,piperacillin(mechanism,use,toxicity) List the B-lactamse inhibitors Cephalosporin(mechanism,use,toxiciity) give use of cefazolin, cephalexin. give use of cefoxitin, cefaclor,cefuroxime` give use of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime,ceftazidime give use of cefepime. Aztreonam(mechanism,use,toxicty) what transpeptidase inhibitor can be used in penicillin allergy? imipenem/cilastatin,meropenem,etrapenem,doripenem(mechanism,use,toxicity) Vancomycin(mechanism,use,toxicty) How is redman syndrome prevented in vancomycin use? How does vancomycin resistant occur? List antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitors Gentamicin, neomycin, amikacin,tobramycin,streptomycin(mechanism,use,toxicity) how does resistenace to aminoglycosides occur? tetracycline, doxycycline, demecycline,minocycline(mechanism, use, toxicity) how does resistance to tetracyclines occur?

Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin(mechanism,use,toxicity) how does resitance to macrolides occur? Chloramphenicol(mechanism,use,toxicity) what causes grey baby syndrome? How does resistance to chloramphenicol occur? clindamycin(mechanism,use,toxicity) Sulfamethoxazole(SMX), sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine(mechanism, use, toxicity) how does resistance to sulfonamides occur? Trimethoprim(mechanism,use,toxicity) ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, etc...(mechanism, use, toxicity) how does resistance to fluroquinolones occur? What groups are susceptible to fluorquinolone tendon rupture? Metronidazole(mechanism, use, toxicity) Isoniazid(mechanism,use,toxicity) Rifampin(mechanism,use,toxicity) Pyrazinamide(mechanism, use, toxicity) Ethambutol(mechanism,use,toxicity) Amphotericin B(mechanism, use, toxicity) nystatin(mechanism,use,toxicty) Fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole, voriconazole(mechanism, use,toxicity) Flucytosine(mechanism, use, toxicity) Caspofungin, micafungin(mechanism, use, toxicity) terbinafine(mechanism,use,toxicity) Griseofulvin(mechanism,use,toxicity) Pyrimethamine use suramin and melarsoprol use nifurtimox use sodium stibogluconate use Chloroquine(mechanism,use,toxicity) quinidine use artemether/lumifantrine use Zanamivir,oseltamivir(mechanism,use) Ribavarin(mechanism,use,toxicity) Acyclovir,valacyclovir(mechanism, use, toxicity) Famciclovir use mechanism for resistance to acyclovir Ganciclovir,valgangciclovir(mechanism,use,toxicity) mechanism for resistance to acyclovir Foscarnet(mechanism,use,toxicity) mechanism for resistance to foscarnet cidofovir(mechanism,use,toxicity) HAART consist of what? give mechanism and toxicity of protease inhibitors Ritonavir does what to be a "booster"

Tenofovir, emtricitabine, abacavir, lamivudine, zidovudine, didansoine, stavudine(mechanism,use,toxicity Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine(mechanism,use,toxicity) Raltegravir(mechanism,use,toxicity) Interferons(mechanism,use,toxicity) What antibiotics must be avoided in pregnancy? cause direct toxicity to nerves By what mechanism does isoniazid cause B6(pyridoxine) loss? What medications can be given before Amphotercin B infusion to lessen side effects? Does digoxin cause hyper or hypokalemia? which states increases patient susceptibility to digoxin toxicity? list signs of ammonia overdose cause restrictive lung disease Contrast urine Ca with loop diuretics and thiazides What is a sensitive indicator of alcohol abuse? What is the treatment for delirium tremens? Why is the naloxone-buprenorphine combo used for heroin addiction treatment?
What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome? What is the treatment? What is tardive dyskinesa? Is it reversible? What is serotonin syndrome? what is the treatment? What can long term Phenactin use cause? What are the teratogenic effects of ACE inhibitors? What are the teratogenic effects of alkylating agents? What are the teratogenic effects of aminoglycosides? What are the teratogenic effects of carbamazepine? What are the teratogenic effects of diethylstilbestrol? What are the teratogenic effects of folate antagonists? What are the teratogenic effects of lithium? What are the teratogenic effects of phenytoin? What are the teratogenic effects of tetracyclines What are the teratogenic effects of thalidomide What are the teratogenic effects of valproate? What are the teratogenic effects of warfarin? At what time period is a fetus most susceptable to teratogens? What are the teratogenic effects of vitamin a? What are the teratogenic effects of cocaine? What are the teratogenic effects of smoking? What drug is the leading cause of birth defects and mental retardation? What are the toxicities of Loop diuretics? What are the toxicites of HCTZ? By what mechanisms do thiazides and loop diutetics cause metabolic alkalosis? What drugs can stimulate prolactin secretion? What is a difference in the mechanism of PTU and methimazole? Can sulfonylureas be used in type 1 DM? What drugs can be used to treat type 1 AND 2 DM? What drug is used to prevent tumor lysis urate neuropathy? List acute and chronic gout drugs. probenacid(mechanism, use, tox) febuxostat(use, mechanism) Polymixin B(mechanism, use, toxicity) Methylphenidate, destroamphetamine, methamphetamine(mechanism, use)

Phytonadione(use) Leucovorin(use,mechanism) Protamine sulfate (use, mechanism) What is tyramine crisis caused by? Why is phenoxybenzamine prefered over phentolamine for presurgery pheochromocytoma surgery? Why is Lactulose fed to people with hepatic encephalopathy? Eculizumab(mechanism, use) Cladribine(mechanism, use) Trans-retinoic acid(use) Is an increase in serum creatinine normal after starting ACE inhibitors? Daptomycin(mechanism, use, toxicity) Ondansetron acts on 5HT3 receptors in what location, in order to decrease nausea? Why must mu agonists be avoided in suspected pancreatic or biliary pain? What drugs inhibit dihydrofolate reductase? Varenicline(mechanism, use) What class of drug can precipitate mania in those with bipolar disorder? What is the treatment for sleep enuresis? In general, what is the best drug to use for edema of any kind? Which drug used for hyperthyroidism decreases peripheral T3->T3 conversion? Can atropine be used to block gastric secretions? why or why not? Fomepizole(mechanism, use) Disulfiram(mechanism, use) What can be given to those suffering from hyperammonia caused by a metabolic derangement? What is first dose effect, typically seen in A1 blockers? Which nitrate can be given PO? Colchine stops what specific cell to decrease gout symptoms? What is the first line drug used to treat hypertension in pregnancy? Why is MRSA resistant to Naficillin but normal S. Aureus is not? Palizumab(mechanism, use) Rhogam(mechanism, use) Entacapone, Tolcapone (mechanism, use, tox) What opioid effect is most resistant to tolerance? Aldesleukin (mechanism, use) Epoetin Alfa(mechanism, use) Filgrastim, Sargramostim (mechanism, use) alpha-inerferon(use) B-Interferon(use) gamma-interferon(use) Oprelvekin(mechanism, use) thromopoietin(use) Muromonab-CD3 (mechanism, use) Digoxin Immune Fab(mechanism, use) Rasburicase (mechanism, use) denosumab(mechanism, use)

What keeps heparin from crossing the placental barrier? cyclosporine(mechanism, use, toxicity) Isotretinoin, tretinoin, Acitretin(mechanism,use,toxicity Calcipotrol(mechanism, use) Orlistat(mechanism, use) giving what drug 30 minutes before Niacin can help reduce flushing? Paclitaxil or sirolimus are commonly used in cardiac stents. why? What is the drug used for Pre-eclampsi and ecplamsia? Bortezomib(mechanism,use, toxicity) What causes nitroprusside toxicity? What is the antidote? Memantine(mechanism, use, toxicity) What vitamin is used in alzheimer's treatment? In gas anesthesias, what is the lipid solubility and the blood solubility? Calcitrol, calcipotriene, tacalcitol (mechanism, use) Usetekinumab(mechanism, use) Why is it required to wait 14 days after stoping a MAO-i before starting an SSRI? Lepirudin, Bivalirudin (mechanism, use) Ropinirole, Pramipexole (mechanism, use) what are the uses of amantidine for parkinsons? What compound can cause sickling of sickle cell trait RBC's? How do atypical antipsychotics avoid causing parkinson's symptoms and tardive dyskinesia? Which anti-inflammatories will not impair platlet aggregation? why? Natalizumab(mechanism, use, toxicity) What drugs are preferred in medication induced parkinson's treatment? why? What defines induction and potency in gas anesthetics?

Cause NO release -> vasodilation (veins >>> arteries); used in angina; fast tolerance, hypotension, flushing, headache Hepatoxicity and muscle breakdown Inhibits lipolysis and reduces VLDL secretion, lowering LDL and raising HDL; hyperlipidemia; flushing and hyperuricemia Inhibits reabsorption of bile acids -> lower LDL with slight increase in HDL; unpigmented gallbladder stones and malabsorptio Prevents cholesterol reabsorption -> lower LDL Upregulates LPL -> lower triglycerides, slightly inc. HDL and slightly dec. LDL; myositis and hepatoxicity Inhibits Na/K ATPase -> indirectly inhibits Na/Ca exchanger -> inc. calcium levels -> inc. contractility; stimulates the vagus; ca Quinidine, procainamide, and disopyramide; inc. AP duration and QT interval; can cause torsades de pointes, cinchonism (qu Lidocaine, mexiletine, and tocainide; dec. AP duration especially in depolarized/ischemia tissue; best following MI Flecainide, propafenone; no effect on AP, used in ventricular tachycardias; do not use post-MI due to risk for arrhythmias Blocks Na channels, decreasing the slope of phase 0 depolarization; toxicity exacerbated by hyperkalemia Beta-blockers; reduces cAMP, slowing SA and AV node activity, increases PR interval; adverse effects include impotence, asth Amiodarone, ibutilide, dofetilide, sotalol; K channel blockers; inc. AP duration and QT interval Pulmonary fibrosis, hepatotoxicity, thyroid dysfunction Ca channel blockers; verapamil and diltiazem; dec. conduction velocity and inc. PR interval; cause constipation, flushing, and Inc. K efflux, hyperpolarizing the cell; used in supraventricular tachycardias; can cause flushing, hypotension, and chest pain Used in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicity Bromocriptine or cabergoline (dopamine agonists) Spironolactone (or other AT2 antagonist) Octreotide (somatostatin analogues) Lispro, aspart, and glulisine Regular NPH Glargine and detemir Biguanide; unknown mechanism; increases insulin sensitivity and glycolysis and decreases gluconeogenesis; can cause lactic First-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels, causing depolarization and increased insulin release; causes disulfu Second-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels, causing depolarization and increased insulin release; causes hyp Thiazolidinediones; activates PPAR-gamma, increasing insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels; causes weight gain, hepatot Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; prevent sugar hydrolysis and absorption, reducing blood sugar levels Amylin analog; reduces glucagon secretion; causes hypoglycemia GLP-1 analogues; increase insulin, decrease glucagon secretion; causes pancreatitis DPP-4 inhibitors; increase insulin, decrease glucagon secretion; causes mild urinary/respiratory infections Blocks thyroid peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase; used to treat hyperthyroidism; causes agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, hepato Blocks thyroid peroxidase; used to treat hyperthyrodism; teratogenic Thyroid hormone analogs; causes thyrotoxicosis Used to control uterine hemhorrage ADH antagonist used to treat SIADH; can cause photosensitivty and bone/teeth abnormalities Inhibits phospholipase A2 activity and expression of COX-2; used for immune suppression; can cause Cushing's syndrome, ad H2 antagonists; used to treat hyperchloridia; cimeditine is a P-450 inhibitor and has antiandrogenic effects, both reduce crea Irreversibly inhibit the H/K pump; used to treat hyperchloridia; increased risk of C. difficile infection and hypomagnesemia Coats ulcer base and protects underlying tissue PGE1 analog that decreases acid production and increases bicarb production; used to prevent NSAID ulcers; abortifacient Somatostatin analog; used to treat VIPoma and carcinoid syndrome Hypokalemia

Anti-TNF; used to treat IBD and RA; can cause activation of latent microbes Combination of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (anti-inflammatory); used to treat IBD; causes oligospe 5-HT3 antagonist; used as an antiemetic D2 antagonist; used to increase gut muscle activity and as an antiemetic; causes parkinson signs Cromolyn sodium Dimercaprol and EDTA, succimer in kids Activates antithrombin, which inactivates thrombin and Xa; used for immediate coagulation and in pregnant women; some p Same actions as heparin, but has a longer half-life, does not have to be monitored as closely, and has a reduced risk of HIT Inactivated gamma-carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X, C, and S; used for long-term and non-immediate anticoagulation; can Converts plasminogen to plasmin; used as a thrombolytic Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2; anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory; gastric ulcers, tinnitus, Reye's syndrome in childh Irreversibly blocks ADP receptors on platelets, preventing degranulation; used for acure coronary syndrome; ticlodipine caus Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increases cAMP and decreases ADP, preventing platelet degranulation; nausea, headache, facia GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors, preventing platelet aggregation; bleeding, thrombocytopenia Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting DNA synthesis; myelosuppression, macrovesicular fatty change in liver Pyrimidine analog that is activated and inhibits thymidylate synthase, inhibiting DNA synthesis; myelosuppression, photosen Pyrimidine analog that inhibits DNA polymerase; leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, megaloblastic anemia Purine analogs that are activated by HGPRT and inhibit purine synthesis; toxicity is increased with allopurinol, causes bone m DNA intercalator; used for childhood tumors; myelosuppression Generates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; dilated cardiomyopathy(Dexrazoxone, an iron chelator, prevents this) Generates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; pulmonary fibrosis with minimal myelosuppression Crosslinks DNA (must be activated by liver); myelosuppression, hemhorragic cystitis (can be minimized with mesna) Used to treat CNS tumors Alkylates DNA; pulmonary fibrosis, hyperpigmentation Block microtubule polymerization; vincristine causes neurotoxicity, vinblastine causes bone marro suppression Blocks microtubule breakdown; myelosuppression Crosslinks DNA; nephrotoxicity (minimize with chloride diuresis, amifostine), acoustic n. damage Inhibits topoisomerase II; myelosuppression, GI upset, alopecia Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and increases HbF; used in cancers and HbSS disease; bone marrow suppression Unknown but may trigger apoptosis in dividing cells; Cushingoid symptoms Prevents estrogen receptor binding; used in breast cancer and prevention of osteoporosis; tamoxifen increases the risk of en Antibody against HER-2 receptor; cardiotoxicity Antibody against bcr-abl tyrosine kinase Antibody against CD20; used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis B-raf kinase inhibitor (V600 mutation); used in metastatic melanoma Antibody against VEGF Reversible COX inhibitor; gastric ulcers, renal ischemia (due to constriction of afferent arteriole) Reversible COX-2 inhibitor; anti-inflammatory without damage to gastric mucosa; sulfa allergy, thrombosis COX inhibitor in the CNS (not anti-inflammatory); causes hepatic necrosis Pyrophosphate analog that inhibits osteoclasts; used to treat osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, and Paget's disease; corrosive es Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, reduces production of uric acid Xanthine oxidase inhibitor Inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in PCT Inhibits microtubule polymerization, preventing neutrophil extravasation

TNF-alpha receptor that binds free TNF-alpha Anti-TNF-alpha antibody PGF2 analog that increases the outflow of aqueous humor; can cause darkening of the iris Mu opioid agonists that open K channels and close Ca channels, inhibting synaptic transmission; addiction, respiratory depre Mu opioid partial agonist; used to treat severe pain; causes withdrawal if being treated with full agonist Weak opioid agonist that inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake; increases risk for seizures Carbamazepine Carbamazepine Carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate Ethosuximide Increases Na channel inactivation and inhibits glutamate release; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and sta Increases Na channel inactivation; first-line for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and trigeminal neuralgia; agranuloc Blocks Na channels; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures; Steven-Johnson syndrome Inhibits Ca channels; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures, migraine prophylaxis, peripheral neuropathy, bipola Blocks Na channels and increases GABA secretion; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and migraine preventi Increases GABA channel action; first-line for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures in children; P450 inducer Increases Na channel inactivation and increases GABA levels; first-line for tonic-clonic seizures, used for simplex, complex, to Blocks thalamic Ca channels; first-line for absence seizures; GI distress, Steven-Johnson syndrome Increases frequency of GABA channel opening; first-line for status epilepticus (diazepam, lorazepam), used for eclampsia seiz Inhibits GABA reuptake; used for simple and complex seizures Irreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase, increasing GABA concentration; used for simple and complex seizures Unknown mechanism; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures Increase duration of GABA channel opening; induction of anesthesia, sedative; CNS depression, P450 inducer, contraindicate Short-acting benzodiazepines; more addictive potential Increase duration vs. increase frequency BZ1 subtype GABA channel agonists; used to treat insomnia Blocks NMDA receptor; used as an anesthetic; increases cardiac activity, hallucinations, bad dreams Pain -> temperature -> touch -> pressure ACh receptor agonist, produces sustained depolarization and desensitization; used as a paralytic; hypercalcemia, hyperkalem ACh antagonists; used as paralytics Inhibits release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum and skeletal muscle; used to treat malignant hyperthermia and neurolept Converted to dopamine by dopa decarboxylase in CNS/inhibits peripheral dopa decarboxylase activity; used to treat parkinso MAO-B (prefers dopamine for breakdown) inhibitor, inhibits dopamine breakdown; used to treat parkinson symptoms; enha ACh esterase inhibitors; used to treat Alzheimer's disease; cholinergic symptoms Agonist at 1B/1D serotonin receptors; used to treat acute migraines and cluster headaches; coronary vasospasm High potency antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors; used to treat schizoprehnia, psychosis, mania, and Tourette's; hyp Low potency antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors; used to treat schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, and Tourette's; cor Atypical antipsychotics with unknown mechnism; used for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, OCD, and others; weight gain (ola Unknown mechanism; used for bipolar disorder and SIADH; tremor, sedation, edema, hypothyroidism, polyuria Agonizes 1A serotonin receptors; used for generalized anxiety disorder; no side effects, but takes 1-2 weeks for improvemen Block reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft; depression and others; sexual dysfunction, sertonin syndrome (hyperthe Block reuptake of NE and serotonin from synaptic cleft; depression, diabetic neuropathy (duloxetine); hypertension TCAs, block reuptake of NE and serotonin; depression, bewetting (imipramine), OCD (clomipramine); convulsions, coma, arrh Inhibit breakdown of NE, serotonin, and dopamine; used for atypical depression, anxiety, and hypochondriasis; hypertensive

Increases NE and dopamine; used for smoking sensation, depression; seizures Alpha-2 antagonist, increases NE and serotonin release, and serotonin receptor agonist; used for depression; sedation, incre Blocks NE reuptake; used for depression; sedation, hypotension Inhibits serotonin uptake; used for insomnia; pripism Osmotic diuretic; used to treat drug overdose and increased ICP; pulmonary edema, CHF Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; used for glaucoma, metabolic alklalosis; hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, ammonia toxicity, Inhibits NKCC channel, preventing urine concentration; used in hypertension, CHF, hypercalcemia; ototoxicity, hypokalemia, Inhibits NKCC channel; used in patients with furosemide (sulfa) allergy; hyperuricemia Inhibits NaCl reabsorption in DCT and increases Ca reabsorption; hypertension and hypercalcinuria; hyperglycemia, hyperlipi Aldosterone receptor antagonists; hyperaldosteronism, CHF, hypokalemia; hyperkalemia (arrhythmias), antiandrogen effect Block sodium channels in cortical collecting duct; hyperaldosteronism, CHF ACE inhibitor, leads to reduced angiotensin II levels and decreases GFR; prevents heart remodeling, hypertension, CHF; coug Angiotensin II receptor antagonists; similar to ACE inhibitors, but do not cause cough due to normal metabolism of bradykini GnRH analog that acts as an agonist in pulsatile doses and an antagonist in continuous doses; used as an agonist for infertilit 5-alpha reductase inhibitor; used for BPH and male-pattern baldness Testosterone receptor antagonist; used in prostate cancer Inhibits 17,20-desmolase, stopping sex steroid synthesis; used to treat polycystic ovarian syndrome Partial estrogen agonist in the hypothalamus, increases release of LH and FSH, stimulating ovulation; used for infertility and Estrogen receptor antagonist at the breast; used for breast cancer; partial agonist at the uterus, can cause endometrial hype Estrogen receptor agonist at bone, inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates osteoblast activity; used to treat osteoporosis Aromatase inhibitors; used in breast cancer Progesterone receptor antagonist, given with misoprostol for abortion; abortifacient; bleeding, abdominal pain Beta-2 agonist, inhibits uterine contractions Alpha-1 antagonist; used to treat BPH Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, causing inc. cGMP levels and smooth muscle relaxation; used in erectile dysfunction; impaire Partial androgen receptor agonist; used to treat endometriosis and hereditary angioedema; weight gain, acne, hirsutism, low Methylene blue (First generation) H1 antagonists; used in allergies, motion sickness, insomnia; sedation, antiadrenergic, antiserotonergic, an H1 antagonists, 2nd gen; used in allergies; less fatigue than 1st gen antihistamines due to decreased CNS penetration Short-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma Long-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma; tremor, arrhythmias Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increases cAMP and causes bronchodilation; asthma; cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity Muscarinic antagonist, prevents bronchoconstriction; asthma and COPD Inhibit cytokine synthesis, reducing inflammation due to asthma; 1st line for chronic asthma Leukotriene receptor antagonists; especially useful in aspirin-induced asthma Inhibits activity of 5-lipoxygenase, inhibiting leukotriene production; reduces inflammation Anti-IgE antibody; used in refractory allergic asthma Thins respiratory secretions Loosens mucus plugs; used in CF patients and as an antidote to acetominaphen posioning Antagonizes endothelin-1 receptors, reducing vascular resistance in the pulmonary vessels; used in pulmonary hypertension Antagonizes NMDA receptors, inhibiting coughing; produces opioid effects in large doses and carries mild abuse potential Alpha-1 agonists that reduce edema and nasal congestion; rhinitis; hypertension, quick tolerance (recurrence of symptoms d competitive = decrease potency, noncompetitive = decrease efficacy. Inverse relation of affinity of enzyme for its substrate.

Direct proportion to enzyme concentration Fraction of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged. depends on half-life. Does not depend on frequency or size of dose. constant amount eliminated per time. PEA - phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin. A constant FRACTION is eliminted, variable by concentration! Ionzied species are trapped in urine and not resorbed. Neutral can be resorbed. Treat with Bicarb to make neutral. Exp: phenobarbital, methotrexate, aspirin. Treat with ammonium chloride. exp: amphetamines. Reduction, Oxidation, hydrolysis with CYP450. Often gives neutral products. Geriatrics lose this phase. Conjugation (Glucuronidation, Acetylation, and Sulfation.) Gives charged products. Geriatrics depend on this, old people hav maximal effect a drug can produce. amount of drug needed for the same effect. DECREASED efficacy. fight for same binding site, full agonist cant exert full effect. LD50/ED50. Median lethal dose divded by median effective dose. Safer drugs have a higher TI. Minimum effective dose to minimum toxic dose. Think of it as range of use. 1. Nicotinic - Ligang gated Na/K channels. Two nicotinic types: Nm(NMJ) and Nn(autonomic ganglia. 2. Muscarinic - G-protein q, increase: vasc. smooth muscle contraction, pupillary dilator muscle contraction, intestinal and bladder sphincter contactio i, decrease: sympathetic outflow, insulin release, lipolysis. increase: platlet aggregation. s, increase: heart rate, contractilty, renin release, lipolysis s, vasodilation, brochodilation, increase: heart rate, contractility, lipolysis, insulin release, aqueous humor production. decre q, CNS, enteric nervouse system. i, decease: heart rate, contractility of atria increase: exocrine gland secretion (tears, gastric, etc), gut peristalsis, bladder contraction, bronchoconstriction, pupillary spin Parasympathetic M-3. Sympathetic Alpha-1. s, relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle i, modulates transmitter release especially in brain. q, increase: mucus production, contraction of bronchioles, pruritus, pain. a, increase gastric acid secretion q, increase: vascular smooth muscle contraction s, increase water permeability and reabsorption in kidneys. (V2 found in 2 kidneys). H1,Alpha1,V1,M1,M3. (remember HAVe 1 M&M) Protein Kinase C. Calcium -> smouth muscle contraction M2, Alpha2, D2. (remember MAD 2's.) Beta1, Beta2, D1, H2,V2. increase calcium release in heart and blocks myosin light chain kinase. 1. direct agonsts 2. indirect agonists (anticholinesterases). Direct cholinomimetic. Postop or neurogenic ileus, urinary retention. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. Direct Cholinomimetic. Identical to Ach. Glaucoma, pupillary contraction, relief of IOP. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic u Direct Cholinomimetic. Stimulates tears, salvia, sweat. Open and closed-angle glaucoma.COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic Direct Cholinomimetic. challenge test of asthma diagnosis. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. Indirect cholinomimetic agonist. NO cns penetration. Postop and neurogenic ileus, myasthenia gravis, reversal of NMJ block.

indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Long acting myasthenia gravis treatment. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Short acting, for myasthenia gravis diagnosis. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. indirect cholinomimetic agonist. for anti-cholinergic overdose, crosses BBB. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Alzheimers disease. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. DUMBBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchospasm, bradycardia, excitation of skeletal muscle +CNS, lacrimation, sweat Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor, ACH overdose. Tx: atropine + pralidoxime. Muscarinic antagonist. produces mydriasis and cycloplegia. (Atropine also used for bradycardia). Causes hot as a hare, dry as Muscarinic antagoist. Parkinsons disease (park my benz). Can be used in haloperiodal O.D, whihc causes torticolliosis. Causes Muscarinic antagonist. Motion sickness. causes hot as a hare, dry as a cone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter. Muscarinic antagonist. COPD, Asthma. Causes hot as a hare, dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter. Muscarinic anatagonist. reduces urgency in mild cystitis and reduce bladder spasms. causes hot as a hare, dry as a bone, red Muscarinic anatagonist. IP: given in preop to reduce airway secretions. oral:reduce drooling, peptic ulcer. Can cause hot as a muscarinic antagonist, causes gardner's pupil (mydriasis). Direct Sympathomemetic. A1,A2,B1,B2. Anaphylaxis, open angle glaucoma, asthma, hypotension. direct sympathomemetic. A1,A2, some B1. used in hypotension but it decrease renal perfusion. Direct sympathomemetic. B1, B2. Used in Torsade de pointe and bradyarryhmia. Can cause tachycardia and worsen cardiac i Direct sympathomimetics. Receptors depend on dose. low = D1, med = D1,B2,B1, high = A1,A2,B1,B2,D1. Used in shock and Direct sympathomimetic. Mostly B1, little a1,a2,b2. Used in heart failure and cardiac stresstest (ionotrpic and chronotropic) Direct sympathomimetic. A1, A2. Used in hypotension, to cause mydriasis, and rhinitis (decongestant). Direct sympathomimetic. Mostly B2, some b1. Sal = long term ashtma or copd. Albuterol for short term asthma. Terbutaline Direct sympathomimetic. B2 only. Used to reduce premature uterine contractions. indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for narcolepsy, obesity, ADD. indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for nasal decongestion, urinary incontience, hypotension. direct sympathomimetic. Reuptake inhibitor. Causes vasoconstriction and local anesthesia. mixing them can lead to unopposed A1 activation and extreme hypertenion. stimulates A1>B2. Causes increased vasoconstrciton -> increased BP. This causes reflex bradycardia and slowing of HR. Stimulates B2>A1. This cause vasodilation and dropping of BP. B1 is stimulated and causes tachycardia. Centrally acting alpha-2 agonists, this causes LESS peripheral sympathetic release.Used in hypertension, especially renal dise IRREVERSIBLE nonslective alpha blocker. Used in pheochromosytoma BEFORE surgery! toxic: orhtostatic hypotension, reflec REVERSBILE nonselective alpha blocker. give to patients on MAOI who each tyramine contraining foods. Alpha-1 blocker. Used in hypertension, urinary rentention in BPH. tox:orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache. Alpha-2 blocker. Used in depression. tox: sedation, hypercholesterolemia, increased apetite. Before blockade: Both epi and phen RAISES BP. After alpha blockade: only epi raises, no change in phenyl. Why: Epi has B bin Angina - decreases HR and contractility, decreasing oxygen use. MI - decrease mortality. SVT - decrease AV duction. Hyperte impotence, asthma exacerbation, bradycardia, seizures, sedation, hides hypoglycemia. A BEAM. acebutolol, betaxolol, Esmolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol. Useful in comorbid pum. disease. Please Try Not Being Picky. Propranolol, Timolol, Nadolol, Pindolol. B = B-blocker. Carvedilol, labetalol. Pindolol, Acebutolol. N-Acetylcysteine (replenishes glutathione). NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine) NH4Cl (acidify urine) Phygostigmine and control the hyperhermia. Glucagon

(KLAM) normalize K, Lidocaine, Anti-dig fab fragments, Mg2 deFEroxamine, deFErasirox. CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine Dimercaprol, succiner penillamine nitrite + thiosulfate, hydroxocobalamin Methylene blue, vitamin c 100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen Fomepizole>Ethanol, dialysis naloxone/naltrexone flumazenil NaHCO3 (alkalinize plasma) protamine Vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma aminocaproic acid B-Blockers atropine + pralidoxime cocaine, sumatriptan, ergots (VANC) Vancomycin, Adenosine, Niacin, Ca blocker doxorubicin, daunorubicin class III (sotalol) and class Ia (quinidine) Clozapine, Carbamazepine, Colchine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole, Dapsone chloramphenicol, benzene, NSAIDs, propylthiouracil, methimazole methyldopa, penicillin chloramphenicol (hemolysis IS PAIN)isoniazid, sulfonamides, primaquine, aspirin, ibuprofen, nitrofurantoin (females with PMS are on full BLAST mode) Phenytoin, Methotrexate, Sulfa drugs OCPs like estrogen ACE inhibitors Bleomycin, amiodarone, Busulfan erthryomycin Halothane, Amanita Phalloides, Valrpoic acid, Acetaminophen isoniazid clindamycin, ampicillin glucocorticoid withdrawl via HPA suppression `(Some drugs create awkward knockers) spironolactone, digitalis, cimetidine, chronic alcohol use, ketoconazole estrogen, clomophene niacin, tacrolimus, protease inhibitor, HCTZ, corticosteriods lithium, amiodarone, suldonamides glucocoricoids, protease inhibitors phenytoin, verpamil furosemide, thiazides, niacin, cyclosporine fibrates, niacin, colchine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon-alpha, penicillamine, statins, glucocorticoids corticosteroids, heparin

(SAT for a PHOTO) Sulfonamides, amiodarone, tetracycline penicillin, ethosuximide, carbamazepine, sulfa drugs, lamotrigine, allopurinol, phenytoin, phenobarbital Hydralazine, isonizid, procainamine, phenytoin tetracyclines fluoroquinolones lithium, demeclocycline expired tetracycline Cyclophosamide, ifosfamide methicllin, NSAID, furosemide carbamazepine, cyclophosamide Quinidine, qunine antipsychotics, resperine, metoclopramide (with seizures, I BITE My tongue) isoniazid, Buproprion, imipenem, Tramadol, Enflurane, Metoclopramide antipsychotics Atropine, TCA, H1-blocker, neuoleptics metronidazole, some cephalosporins, procarbazine, 1st gen sulphonoureas aminoglycosides, vancomycin, loop dieuetics, cisplatin (Momma Barb Steals Phen-phen and Refuses Greasy Carbs Chronically)Modafinil, Barbiturates, St. John wart, phenytoin, rifa (MAGIC ROCKS in GQ) Macrolides, amiodarone, grapefruit juice, isoniazid, cimetidine, ritonavir actue alcohol use, ciprofloxac (Popular FACTSSS) probenacid, furosemide, acetazolamide, celecoxib, thiazide, sulfonamide antibiotics, sulfaasalazine, sulfon G = IV and IM. V = oral. Bind penicillin-binding proteins(transpeptidases), block cross linking of peptidoglycans;most effective on G+, also N. Meningi bind transpeptidases, penicillanse resistant due to bukly r-group blocking B-Lactamse; S. Aureus, except MRSA; hypersensitiv bind transpeptidases, wide spectrum and more penicillinase sensitive. combo with claculanic acid to protect from B-lactams; amOxicllin has better Oral bioavilability. B-lactamse inhibitor transpeptidase inhibitor but extended spectrum;pseduomonas and g- rods, use with claculanic acid due to B-lactamse suspe (CAST) Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam,Tazobactem. inhibit cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to B-lactamases, are bactericidal;use depends on generation, there are four 1st generation cephalosporins. PEcK. Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella. Cefazolin used preop to prevent A.aureus infections. 2nd generation cephalosporins. HEN PEcKs. H.ib, Enterbacter, Neisseria, Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella, Serratia. 3rd gen. cephalosporins. Serious gram - infections. Ceftriaxone = meningitis and gonorrhea. Ceftazidime = pseudomonas. increased activity against pseudomonas and G+ bugs. a monobactem resistant to B-lactamases, prevents binding to PBP3 and is synergistic with aminoglycosides;gram - rods only; aztreonam. broad spectrum, B-lactamase resistent but imipenem needs cilastatin to inhibit renal dehydropeptidase. later carbepenems inhibits cell wall binding peptidoglycan formation by binding D-ala percursors, is bacterialcidal; G+ only, especially for multid slow infusion and rate and antihistamines. amino acid change of D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac. AT 30, CCEL at 50. 30S = Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines. 50S = Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Linezolid. aminoglycosides, bacterialcidal, block translocation but require oxygen for uptake;ineffective in anaerobes,use in gram - rod transferase enzymes that inactivate the drug by acetylation, phosphorylation, or adenylation. bacteriostatic, prevents aminoacyl-tRNA binds;Borrela, M. Pneuomo, Rickettsia, Chlamysia; can't take with milk, antacids, iro decrease uptake into cells or increased efflux by pumps.

bacteriostatic, blocks translocation; atypical pneumonias, chlamydia, gram + cocci; MACRO: increased Motility, arrhythmia, C methylation of 23s rRNA binding site. Bacterialstatic, blocks peptidlytransferase; Meningitis in adults, used in power countries due to being cheap; dose dependen use of chloramphenicol in premature infants, they lack UDO-glucuronyl-transferase. plasmid-encoded acetyltransferase. Bacteriostatic. Blocks peptide transfer; anaerobic infections in lung infections and oral anerobes; C. Diff infection, fever, diar Bacteriostatic, PABA metabolites inhibit dihydropteroate synthase; Gram +, G-, Nocardia, Chlamydia, UTI; hypersensitivty, he altered bacterial dihydropteroate or increased PABA synthesis. Bacteriostatic, inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, blocks folate synthesis; used in UTI, PCP (prophylacis and treatmen bactericidal, inhibits DNA gyrase(topo II and IV);G- rods of urinary and GI tracts, Neisseria, some G+;( lones hurt the bones) te mutation in DNA gyrase or efflux pumps. older than 60 or taking prednisone bacterialcidal, forms free radical toxic metabolites that damge bacterial DNA damage; (GET GAP) Giardia, Entamoeba, tricho decrease synthesis of mycolic acids, bacterial catalase peroxidase(KatG) must activate INH; TB drug, only one used as prophy inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase; TB, Leprosy, prophylaxis in meningococcus and Hib type B; hepatotox, p450 induc unknown; TB; hyperuricemia, hepatotoxic. decreased carbohydrate polymerization of TB cell wall, blocks arabinosyltransferase; TB; optic neuropathy(red-green color b binds fungal ergosterol, causes holes in membranes; use in systemtic and CNS mycoses infections; fever/chills, hypotension, binds fungal ergosterol;topical only due to high toxicity, used for oral thrush and topical diaper rash or vaginal candidiasis. inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis by binding p450;Fluconazole for suppression of cryptococcus in AIDs patients, itraconazle inhibits fungal DNA and RNA synthesis by conversion to 5FU; used in systemic fungal infections, especially cryptococcus; bon inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibiting B-glucan synthesis; invasive aspergillosis, candida; flushing via histamine releae inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase; treat dermatophytes - toe nail infection especially;abnormal LFT, visual disturbances. interferes with microtubules, stops mitosis in fungi;deposits in keratin so used in superficial infections, stops dermatophytes toxoplasmosis trypanosoma brucei trypanosoma cruzi leshmaniasis blocks formation of heme into hemozoin. Heme accumulates and is toxic to plasmodia;used on all species but falciparum(too lifethreatening malaria p. falciparum killing inihibits influenza neuraminidase, stops progeny release; treamt of influenze a and b inhibits sythesis of guanine nucleotides by competitvely inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase; RSV, chronic hep C; hemolytic anemi Guanosine analog, inhibits viral DNA polymerase; monophosphorylated by thymidine kinase in HSV/VZV so active in lesions a used in herpes zoster active infections mutated viral thymidine kinase guanosine analog, 5'-monophosphate formed by CMV viral kinase, inhibits viral DNA polymerase;CMV infections;leukopenia mutated CMV DNA polymerase or lack of viral kinase viral DNA polymerase inhibitor, binds to pyrofosphate binding site, doesn't need viral kinase activation;CMV retinitis when g mutated DNA polymerase inhibits DNA polymerase, doesn't require activiation by viral kinase; CMV retenitis, acyclovir resistant HSV; nephrotoxic(coad [2 NRTI] +[1 NNRTI OR 1 protease inhibitor OR 1 integrase inhibitor] all end in -NAVIR! stops HIV mRNA cleavage into functional parts; hyperglycemia, GI upset, lipodystrophy. inhibits cytochrome p-450, boosting concentration of other drugs.

(NRTI)competitively blocks binding of nucleotide to reverse transcriptase, only tenofovir doesn't need to be activated;all NRT (NNRTI) bind at a site different from NRTIs, no don't require activation don't compete with nucleotides; bonow marrow supp inhibits integrase, which stops HIV integration into host cells;HIV;hypercholesterolemia glycoproteins synthesized my virus infected cells, block RNA and DNA virus replication; INFa- chronic hep b and c, Kaposi sarc SAFe Children Take Really Good Care. sulfonamides(kericterus), aminoglycosides(ototox), fluoroquinolones(cartilage damage vincristine and paclitaxil isoniazid structurally similar to B6, which causes renal excretion of B6 and competes for B6 binding sites. antihistamines and antipyretics. digoxin causes hyperkalemia. HOWEVER, a HYPOkalemic state increses patient susceptibility to digoxin toxicity. ataxia, slurred speech, somnolence, vomiting bleomycin, busulfan, amiodarone, methotrexate loop diuretics: increased urine Ca via decreased reabsorption. thiazides: decreased urine Ca. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase. benzodiazepenes The naloxone is only active if inected, making it hard to abuse the combo.

rigidity, myoglobinuria, autonomic instability. seen with antipsychotics overdose. treatment: dantrolene and bromocriptine (d2 ag sterotypical oral-facial movements, from long term antipsychotic use. often NOT reversible. occurs with any drug that increases serotonin (MAO inhibitor, SNRI, TCA) hyperthermia, confusion, myoclonus, cardio collapse Translitional cell carcinoma of the bladder renal damage absence of digits, toes CV VIII toxicity neural tube defects, craniofacial defects vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, congenital mullerian anomalies neural tube defects ebstein's anomaly -> atrialized right ventricle fetal hydantoin syndrome->microcephaly,dysmorphic face discolored teeth limb defects like flipper arms inhibitor of maternal folate absorption ->neural tube defects bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion 3rd -8th week. extremely high risk for spontaneous abortion placental abruption, developmental abnormalities preterm labor, placental problems, ADHD alcohol (OH DANG) Ototox, hypokalemia, dehydration, allergy(sulfa), Nephritis, Gout (hyperGLUC) hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia. 1. Volume contraction ->AT II increases ->increased bicarb absorbed in PT. 2. K loss leads to K leaving all cells and thus H ent OCP and dopemaine antagonists (antipsychotics) PTU disables peroxidase AND 5'-deiodinase. Methimazole only inhibits peroxidase. NO, they require some islet function to release insulin. type 1 - those cells are dead. Insulins, amylin analongs(pramlintide). allopurinol stops urate crystal collection -> no gout. acute: NSAID, indomethicin. Chronic: allopurinol, febuxostat, probenacid, colchicine used in chronic gout; inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in the proximal tubule; inhibits secretion of penicillin; do NOT use in renal used in chronic gout, inhibits xanthine oxidase. binds to G- cell membrane phospoholipids, disrupting them; only works in g-; peripheral neuropathy, dizziness, nsytagmus, nep increase catecholamines at synaptic cleft, especially NE + dopamine; ADHD, nacrolepsy, appetite control

this is vitamin K, used in warfarin overdose folinic acid, it is a metabolite of folic acid; given with methotrexate to replish the body's folate stores. antidote to heparin overdose. Protamine is a postive ion that binds to negative heparin, inactivating it. When someone taking MAO inhibitors eats hard cheeses and drinks wine, causing a crisis. it has a MUCH longer half life, plus it is irrversible while phentolamine is reversible It is broken down in the gut into an acid. This acid acts as both as osmotic (draws out some ascites) and also it gets rid of exce Complement inhibitor, used in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria. adenosine analog, used in treatment of hairy cell leukemia Used in treating the M3, promyelocytic subtype of AML. Yes, they lower GFP by stopping efferent arteriole constrinction. Creatinine can increase up to 30% and should peak by 1 weak causes depolarization of cellular membrane; used in invasive MRSA; myopathy, raised CPK, inactivated by pulmonary surfacta chemoreceptor trigger zone (area postrema), the solitary nucleus, and in the presynpatic vagus nerve. They cause constriction of the spinchter of oddi -> increased billiary pressures -> billiary colic. trimethoprim, methotrexate, pyrimethamine. partial agonist for nicotinic aCh channels in CNS. fights with ciggeratte nicotine for channel. reduces nicotine withdrawl cravings antidepressants Desmopression (sleep enuresis = bed wetting) furosemide. TAL of Henlee absorbs the most NA here compared to where over diuretics work. will reduce edema quickly. PTU does. Methimazole does NOT. NO. G cells are under vagal influence but they do not use ACh as a neurotransmitter. Instead, they use GRP. Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase; used as an antidote to methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning. Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, makes acetaldehyde accumulate leading to hanger; used in alcohol abuse. Benzoate or Phenylbutyrate will bind amino acids and lead to excretion. On first dose, patient gets severe hypotension. Correct this by starting with a small dose. Isosorbide mononitrate can be swallowed. It has an almost 100% biavailability that way. Others cannot due to first pass metabo Stops chemotaxis of neutrophils methlydopa All S. Aureus has Beta-lactamases. Naficillin fights this. But MRSA has this AND altered penicillin binding proteins, which preve antibody against F protein, prevents pneumonia from RSV in infants IgG anti-RH antibodies. given to mom at 28 weeks and also at birth, it sticks to the RH antigens in the MOM's blood, keeping he COMT blockers, which increase DOPA levels; Both stop peripheral methylation and only Tolcapone stops central methylation; t Constipation IL 2; used in RCC, metastaic melanoma erythropoietin; anemias, especially in renal failure Fil = GC-SF, Sar = GM-CSF; both used in recovery of bone marrow, aplastic anemia hepatitis B and C, Kaposi sarcoma, Leukemias, Malignany Melanoma Multiple sclerosis Chronic Granulamatous disease IL-11; thrombocytopenia thrombocytopenia antibody to CD3; used in acute transplant rejection antibody to digoxin; used as antidote to digoxin intoxication Recombinat version of Urate oxidase, breaks uric acid down into allantoin; use in tumor lysis syndrome and gout monoclonal anitbody that binds to RANKL and prevents its interaction with RANK, inhibiting osteoclasts; decreases bone loss in

It's high water solubility. Things with a high lipid solubility (unconjugated bilirubin) tend to cross the placenta while things with hig Used in transplant anti-rejected, treatment of graft-vs-host disease, and psoriasis; binds calineurin on T cells, stopping IL2 from a retinoid that has immunomodulatory effects, binds nuclear receptors; psorisias and acne; severe teratogen vitamin D analog; used in topical psoariasis treatment Inhibits intestinal lipase, decreasing fat absorption; used to treat obesity aspirin. Niacin increases prostaglandin D2. release. asprin blocks this release = lower flushing Prevent growth of intima by inhibiting cellular growth = no restenosis IV magnesium sulfate for seizures Protease inhibitor, proteases are overactive in some cancers and can destroy pro-apototic proteins; used in multiple myeloma; Nitroprusside degrades into cyanide. Give thiosulfide to inactivate. blocks NMDA-type glutamate receptors; used in alzheimers; confusion Vitamin E (generic name is alpha-tocopherol) Lipid solubility = potency (MAC). Blood solubility = speed of induction. topical vitamin D analogs, activate nuclear receptors that inhibit keratinocyte proliferation and enhance keratinocyte differentiati monoclocal antibody that binds IL-12 and IL-12 thus inhibiting activation of Th1 cd4+ t cells; used in psoriasis MAO-inhbitors (phenelzine) inactive the MAO-I enzymes. It takes 2 weeks for them to get re-synthesized. If both SSRI and MAO from leeches, inhibit thrombin; used as an alternative to heparin in HIT. are D2 agonists that DON'T need to be activated like l-dopa does; used in parkinsons and restless leg syndrome indirect and direct D agonist, also some anticholingergic functions which reduces tremors sodium metabisulite, found as a food additive and sanitizer They act on D4 instead of D2 receptors -> no risk of tardive dyskinesia or parkinson's like symptoms Celecoxib. It only impairs COX2. COX1 is predominate in platlets. binds alpha-4 integrin, which blocks movement of WBC into orgrans;used in crohns and MS; can cause PML and hepatotoxicit Anti-muscarinics (Benzotropine). Giving dopamine agonists would exacerbate psychosis. induction = lower solubility in blood, quicker induction. potency = higher with higher lipid solubility =1/MAC.

Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology

Cardio Cardio Cardio Cardio Cardio Cardio Cardio Cardio Cardio Cardio Cardio Cardio Cardio Cardio Cardio Cardio Cardio Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine Endocrine GI GI GI GI GI GI

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GI GI GI GI Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Heme/Onc Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal

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Psychiatry Psychiatry Psychiatry Psychiatry Renal Renal Renal Renal Renal Renal Renal Renal Renal Reproductive Reproductive Reproductive Reproductive Reproductive Reproductive Reproductive Reproductive Reproductive Reproductive Reproductive Reproductive Reproductive Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory General General

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General General General General General General general general general general general general general general general general general autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics

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autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics autonomics overdose overdose overdose overdose overdose

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overdose overdose overdose overdose overdose overdose overdose overdose overdose overdose overdose overdose overdose overdose overdose overdose overdose reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions

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reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro

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micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro micro

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micro micro micro micro micro reactions micro micro cardio overdose reactions renal psych psych psych
psych psych psych renal reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions reactions endocrine endocrine endocrine endocrine MSK MSK MSK MSK micro psych

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heme/onc

heme/onc heme/onc reactions autonomics GI heme/onc heme/onc heme/onc renal micro GI neuro general neuro psych renal renal endocrine GI neuro neuro general cardio cardio GI repro micro micro repro neuro Neuro heme/onc heme/onc heme/onc heme/onc heme/onc heme/onc heme/onc heme/onc heme/onc heme/onc endocrine heme/onc

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general heme/onc heme/onc heme/onc GI GI cardio repro heme/onc reactions neuro neuro neuro msK msK neuro heme/onc neuro neuro reactions neuro heme/onc msk psych neuro