Greening Sanitation Programme

Centre for Science and Environment New-Delhi

Contents
1. Background and Context for the Stud ......................................................................1 !. Defining "Greening#.................................................................................................$ $. %he Conce&t of "Greening 'ural Develo&ment#.......................................................$ (. Potential of %SC for )ddre**ing Environmental +**ue*...........................................$ ,. ) 'eview of %otal Sanitation Cam&aign.................................................................., -. Environmental +m&lication* of %otal Sanitation Cam&aign....................................... /. Ca*e Studie* from +ndia0 Good Practice* of Green %SC........................................!( .. Conclu*ion* and 'ecommendation*......................................................................!1

1.

Background and Context for the Study

2o*t of the rural &o&ulation of +ndia de&end* on natural re*ource* for their *u3*i*tence and livelihood*. )t the national a* well a* glo3al level*4 there i* increa*ing focu* on environmental i**ue* and *u*taina3le develo&ment acro** variou* economic and *ocial *ector*. %he ma5or em&ha*i* of greening of develo&ment &rogramme* ha* 3een on 6a7 re*toring and con*erving natural re*ource* and eco* *tem* 637 develo&ing clean technological *olution* and infra*tructure and 6c7 innovation* for reducing car3on emi**ion* and environmental &ollution. %he greening develo&ment can *timulate rural economie*4 create 5o3* and hel& maintain critical eco* *tem *ervice* that are vital to the econom and human health and well3eing and4 al*o *trengthen re*ilience to climate-induced change &articularl of the rural &oor who are among*t the mo*t vulnera3le to the im&act* of climate change and natural re*ource* degradation1. %he %SC toda i* an effort to achieve thi* well 3eing for rural +ndia which align* with the vi*ion of 2ahatma Gandhi for rural +ndia. Em&ha*i8ing on the im&ortance of *anitation4 2ahatma Gandhi once *aid that *anitation i* more im&ortant that inde&endence. 9e had a dream of total *anitation for all. %he Cam&aign wa* launched 3 the De&artment of Drinking :ater and Sanitation4 2ini*tr of 'ural Develo&ment4 with a vi*ion of creating an environment that i* clean4 health and contri3ute* to the economic and *ocial well 3eing of all rural citi8en*. ) recent *tud 3 :orld Bank ha* e*timated that the total economic im&act of inade;uate *anitation in +ndia amount to '*. !.(( trillion a ear. %hi* further mean* '*. !41.< &er &er*on annual im&act!. %he 2ini*tr of 'ural Develo&ment 62='D7 ha* 3een the ke in*titution for

effecting change in rural area* through *everal &rogramme* aimed at &overt alleviation4 em&lo ment generation4 infra*tructure develo&ment and *ocial *ecurit . +t* main o35ective through the*e &rogramme* i* to alleviate rural &overt and en*ure im&roved ;ualit of life for the rural &o&ulation. %he to&ic of thi* &a&er i* the %otal
2u* oki ). 6>une !<1!74 "%he Emerging Polic for Green Econom and Social Develo&ment in ?im&o&o4 South )frica#. =cca*ional Pa&er Eight. Social Dimen*ion* of Green Econom and Sanitation Develo&ment. @nitted Nation* 'e*earch +n*titute for Social Develo&ment. 2 :orld Bank 6!<1<7.#%he economic im&act* of inade;uate *anitation in +ndia#.
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Sanitation Cam&aign 6%SC74 the flag*hi& rural *anitation &rogramme of the 2ini*tr of Drinking :ater and Sanitation $ 62D:S7. :hile originall envi*aged a* a mean* to achieve univer*al *anitation coverage4 it ha* *ignificant &otential for hel&ing im&rove the natural re*ource 3a*e and rural environment* 3e ond the narrow &erceived mandate of toilet con*truction. %SC ha* demon*trated a *ignificant &otential for im&roving a com&onent of the rural environment. Aor exam&le4 the Communit -?ed %otal Sanitation 6C?%S7 in which &eo&le are hel&ed conduct their own a&&rai*al and anal *i* of o&en defecation and take their own action to 3ecome o&en defecation free 6=DA7. 2o*t im&ortantl 4 C?%S focu*e* on 3ehaviour change4 e**ential for achieving and maintaining =DA4 rather than 3uilding infra*tructure. %he Government of +ndia 3uttre**ed %SC with an award *cheme Nirmal Gram Puru*kar 6NGP7 in which =DA &ancha at* are given a ca*h award. )* a re*ult of thi* cam&aign4 there ha* 3een an ex&onential increa*e in acce** to *anitation facilitie*. %here ha* 3een almo*t (., &er cent increa*e each ear in *anitation coverage com&ared to 1 &er cent coverage each ear 3efore the launch of thi* &rogramme(. %he %otal Sanitation Cam&aign 6%SC7 aim* at 1. Bring a3out an im&rovement in the general ;ualit of life in the rural area*. !. )ccelerate *anitation coverage in rural area* to acce** to toilet* to all 3 !<1/. $. 2otivate communitie* and Pancha ati 'a5 +n*titution* 6P'+*7 &romoting *u*taina3le *anitation facilitie* through awarene** creation and health education (. +n rural area*4 cover *chool* and )nganwadi* 3 2arch !<1$4 with *anitation facilitie* and &romote h giene education and *anitar ha3it* among *tudent*. ,. Encourage co*t effective and a&&ro&riate technologie* for ecologicall *afe and *u*taina3le *anitation
2ini*tr of Drinking :ater and Sanitation wa* &reviou*l known a* "De&artment of Drinking :ater Su&&l 6DD:S7# which wa* formed under the mini*tr of rural develo&ment in 1111. +n !<1<4 DD:S wa* renamed a* 2ini*tr of Drinking :ater and Sanitation* and conferred the *tatu* of "the mini*tr # in !<11. %he mini*tr of Drinking :ater and Sanitation i* re*&on*i3le for overall &olic 4 &lanning4 funding and coordination of drinking water and *anitation4 and headed 3 the 2ini*ter of 'ural Develo&ment. 4 De&artment of Drinking water and Sanitation 6>ul !<117. "%oward* Nirmal Bharat B 'ural Sanitation and 9 giene Strateg #. 2ini*tr of 'ural Develo&ment. Government of +ndia.
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-. Develo& communit managed environmental *anitation * *tem* focu*ing on *olid C li;uid wa*te management

2. Defining Greening +n it* *im&le*t4 the term "green# im&lie* to "environmental friendl #. %herefore4 "greening develo&ment# im&lie* to the environmental friendl develo&ment. outcome* of

3. The Concept of Greening Rura De!e op"ent %he conce&t of "greening rural develo&ment# im&lie* the kind of develo&ment that induce* the de*ired im&rovement* in the environment and al*o at the *ame time &rovide* the *u*taina3ilit of livelihood* and income* and mitigation of *carcit . %he greening rural develo&ment aim* to im&rove the ;ualit and carr ing ca&acit of eco* *tem*4 *trengthen the re*ilience of eco* *tem* and4 reduce the ecological foot&rint* of develo&ment intervention*. %he %otal Sanitation Cam&aign 6%SC7 i* inherentl a green &rogramme that intend* to &romote the livelihood* 3a*ed on environmentall *u*taina3le u*e of their local environment and natural re*ource*. #. $otentia of TSC for %ddressing &n!iron"enta 'ssues %SC4 which i* inherentl a green &rogramme ha* huge &otential to addre** a num3er of environmental i**ue* without com&romi*ing the *ocio-economic develo&ment4 *uch a*: +t can *trengthen the livelihood* without ri*king environmental *u*taina3ilit . +f a&&lied &ro&erl 4 the greening *anitation &rogramme* have a huge &otential to *trengthen livelihood* while enhancing the environmental *u*taina3ilit . +t i* &o**i3le to eliminate wa*te water and *olid generation 3 converting all t &e* of wa*te into u*a3le material which not onl hel& livelihood* financial 3ut al*o im&rove* the ;ualit of environment. Aor exam&le the excreta i* converted to manure and can a&&lied in the field*. Similarl @rine i* collected4 diluted and a&&lied in the field* for the &ho*&horu* and nitrogen need* of cro&*. =rganic *olid wa*te4 which i* the 3ulk of rural gar3age4 i* collected4 com&o*ted 6or vermin-com&o*ted7 and u*ed a* manure. Aurthermore4 *uch environmentall *u*taina3le develo&ment initiative would not onl encourage $

ecological &ractice* that ena3le meeting the need* of future generation*4 3ut al*o &romote change in &roduction and con*um&tion &attern* in an e;uita3le manner where3 re*ource* which are currentl 3eing wa*ted are *aved and channeled to meeting the need* of ever one toda a* well a* the need* of future. %SC can 3e extremel u*eful in reducing ecological foot&rint* of develo&ment initiative*. %he greening *anitation &rogramme* have the &otential to enhance an efficient u*e of natural re*ource* and increa*e the u*e of renewa3le and locall availa3le material to reduce the generation of environmentall ha8ardou* *u3*tance*. Aor exam&le4 human excreta and cow-dung can 3e com3ined and u*ed in 3ioga* &lant* to re&lace 3ioma**. %hi* can 3e an excellent wa to *afel di*&o*e human excreta4 &roviding one or more hou*e* with *ome cooking ga*4 which in turn hel&* reducing the car3on dioxide in the atmo*&here. %he di*charge from the 3ioga* &lant* can 3e an in&ut for com&o*ting and thereafter4 u*e a* fertili8er. %hi* reduce* the need to u*e chemical fertili8er* which add to the G9G* in the atmo*&here. :a*te water i* u*ed directl in kitchen garden* or collected through drain*4 treated at a centrali8ed location and di*charged into a riverD&ond. %he wa*te c cle therefore generate* fertili8er and energ that can 3e u*ed locall to re&lace chemical fertili8er* and 3ioma**. ) green %SC ha* the &otential to enhance the eco* *tem re*ilience. 9uman well-3eing and develo&ment 3oth de&end on the eco* *tem re*ilience. Greening *anitation &rogramme* can 3e extremel u*eful in enhancing the ca&acit of eco* *tem* to co&e with di*tur3ance* re*ult from climate change4 &ollution and other human activitie*. B converting the wa*te into u*eful re*ource not onl &rotect the nature and it* valua3le re*ource from ex&loitation 3ut al*o hel&* maintain it* health and re*ilience. Greening %SC can hel& &rotect and even augment local water re*ource* *uch a* lake* and &ond* in village*. Each village ha* at lea*t one of the*e *tructure*4 and more have 3een made under other government &rogramme* *uch a* the 2ahatma Gandhi National 'ural Em&lo ment Guarantee Scheme. %he*e are crucial to local water *ecurit and hel&ing communitie* mitigate the effect* of climate

varia3ilit . B en*uring &ro&er S?:2 %SC can &re*erve the ;ualit ;uantit of water in the*e water *tructure*. Potential of TSC: Waste Analysis Table Rura (ouseho d )aste 9uman Excreta Aaece* Treat"ent *utput+ Benefits

and

$er ,nit Cost -. /e"0ers 1a"i y2

)naero3ic dige*tion

Aertili8er* 6*oil im&rovement74 Bioga* 6in com3ination with )nimal Excreta7 Aertili8er for Plant* Aertili8er4 Bioga*

@rine )nimal Excreta )nimal ExcretaDDung Dome*tic :a*te ?i;uid :a*te

Decontamination )naero3ic dige*tion4 Dr ing4 Com&o*ting Con*tructed :etland*4 :a*tewater Pond*4 Biological %reatment Com&o*ting

Eco*an toilet '* 1.4<<< Bioga* &lant4 '* !<4<<< B $<4<<< Nil Bioga* &lant4 '* !<4<<< B $<4<<<

Direct reu*e for gardening4 +rrigation4 Ground :ater 'echarge

'* $<<< 6ha3itationlevel unitD,<< hou*ehold* average7

Solid =rganic :a*te

Aertili8er*

.. % Re!ie3 of Tota Sanitation Ca"paign %here are a num3er of &rogramme* initiated 3 the 2ini*tr of 'ural Develo&ment that are alread linked to Egreen outcome*F or have im&lication* for environmental &rotection4 con*ervation4 and maintenance of natural re*ource*. %hi* &a&er look* at %SC. Providing 3a*ic *anitation facilitie* i* among the more critical develo&ment challenge* for develo&ing countrie*4 and "greening *anitation# i* an e**ential com&onent for achieving a *u*taina3le develo&ment. %he greening *anitation &rogramme contri3ute* toward* 3oth the environmental condition* a* well a* the ,

*ocio-economic condition* of communitie* 3 allowing them to have acce** to a clean and h gienic environment4 &roviding them an o&&ortunit to turn their wa*te into income 63 converting their wa*te into fertili8er*7 and &rotect their dignitie*. 9owever4 the 3a*ic *anitation *till remain* +ndiaG* foremo*t challenge with .1( million &eo&le *till lacking a toilet,H lakh* of village* do not have ade;uate *olid and li;uid wa*te management. %SC ha* focu*ed on &oint* 1 and ! *ince it* ince&tion in 1111 at the ex&en*e of the other &oint*. +nformation4 education and communication 6+EC7 i* the ke motivating communitie* and P'+* to ado&t *u*taina3le *anitation 3 excu*ed to *&end the allocation without devi*ing an to creating a

demand 3ut it ha* never 3een executed *eriou*l H in fact4 +EC ha* alwa * 3een *trateg . %he re*ult i* an incom&lete and ineffective +EC &lan for an *anitation cam&aign4 and little or no demand for *anitation from u*er communitie*. %he &erformance of *chool and anganwadi *anitation ha* al*o 3een &atch 3ecau*e of an overla& with Sarva Shik*ha )3hi an 6SS)7 and the +ntegrated Child Develo&ment Scheme 6+CDS74 3ecau*e of which the %SC target of &romoting *anitation facilitie* in School* and )nganwadi* get* neglected. Even though 1- &er cent *chool* re&ortedl have toilet*4 5u*t $1 &er cent have *e&arate toilet* for girl* and 3o *H /- &er cent anganwadi* have toilet*. Eco*an ha* 3een incor&orated into the %SC guideline* for !<114 3ut little ha* 3een done to o&erationali*e it and &o&ulari8e thi* method of *e&arating *olid and li;uid excreta 6+m&act )**e**ment of Nirmal Gram Pura*kar )warded Pancha at* 4 !<<.7 -. Ier little4 if an thing4 ha* 3een done to &romote *olid and li;uid wa*te management 6S?:27.%he re*ult* have 3een far 3elow ex&ectation*. %he *ituation of S?:2 i* extremel alarming. )* man a* (1 &er cent &eo&le throw gar3age on the *treet*4 while the re*t variou*l throw it in a com&o*t 3in 6$( &er cent74 have hou*ehold collection or throw it in a wa*te 3in 6+m&act )**e**ment of Nirmal Gram Pura*kar )warded Pancha at*4 !<<.7. Even the latter o&tion* are not *ati*factor *ince &ancha at* or munici&alitie* 6in &eri-ur3an area*7 collect and throw
@N+CEA and :orld 9ealth =rgani*ation 6!<1!74 "Progre** on Drinking :ater and Sanitation#. 6 Nirmal Gram Puru*kar )warded Pancha at*0 ) Statu* Stud 4 %)'@4 @N+CEA and :SP4 Novem3er !<<.
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gar3age from hou*ehold* and 3in* in the neare*t de&re**ion. %herefore4 5u*t a third of the *olid wa*te in rural area* re&ortedl make* it wa to a com&o*ting unit 6+m&act )**e**ment of Nirmal Gram Pura*kar )warded Pancha at*4 !<<.7. Aurthermore4 wa*te water 6here refer* to 3oth the 3lack and the gre water7 ex&ectedl find* it* wa to the neare*t water 3od . ) who&&ing ,( &er cent re&ort their wa*te water flow* into a &ond4 well or other de&re**ion. )nother !< &er cent *a it flow* into a communit drain4 whence it again goe* to a water 3od . >u*t !- &er cent u*e the water for kitchen gardening or direct it to *oak &it* 6+m&act )**e**ment of Nirmal Gram Pura*kar )warded Pancha at*4 !<<.7. Due to the lack of 3etter infra*tructure and management4 thi* lead* to lo**e* in 3iodiver*it and eco* *tem re*ilience. )t a glo3al level4 the *ituation i* dire. =ne e*timate i* that in develo&ing countrie*4 1< &er cent of wa*te water i* directl let into river*4 lake* or ocean*./ %he &oor condition of S?:2 cou&led with low u*e of toilet* ha* the making* of a human health di*a*ter and ma5or im&act* on the ;ualit of natural re*ource*. %he health 3enefit* of *anitation 3ecome a&&arent onl with 1<< &er cent toilet u*age and &ro&er S?:2. a* &oor *olid wa*te di*&o*al &ollute* the *oil with &la*tic and other material*H leachate* from *o-called gar3age dum&* &ollute *hallow a;uifer* that &rovide drinking water for local &eo&le through hand-&um&* and dug well*. Similarl 4 *urface water 3odie* &olluted 3 wa*te water al*o contaminate *hallow a;uifer*. %herefore4 an lackD*hortage in &ro&er S?:2 and the toilet u*age will alwa * mitigate the total 3enefit* of *anitation facilitie*. %hu*4 human excreta4 3oth li;uid and *olid4 &ollute water and eutro&hie* *urface water 3odie*. :a*te water degrade* 3oth *urface and groundwater ;ualit . Solid wa*te degrade* other natural re*ource* *uch a* fore*t* and gra**land*. )ll the*e t &e* of wa*te generate greenhou*e ga*e* 6G9G*7 that a3*or3 the infrared radiation and tra& the heat in the atmo*&here. %hi* ri*ing in tem&erature4 in turn4 &roduce* change* in
/

Corcoran4 E.4 C. Nellemann4 E. Baker4 '. Bo*4 D. =*3orn4 9. Savelli 6ed*7. !<1<. Sick :aterJ %he central role of wa*tewater management in *u*taina3le develo&ment. ) 'a&id 'e*&on*e )**e**ment. @nited Nation* Environment Programme4 @N-9)B+%)%4 G'+D)rendal. www.grida.no 8 DD:S 6!<<.7. Sanitation Be ond %oilet*. %echnical Se**ion. %hird South )*ian Conference. New-DElhi.

weather4 *ea level* and land u*e &attern*. %hi* &henomenon i* commonl a* climate change. )t *olid wa*te di*&o*al *ite* 6*uch a* landfill* and wa*te dum&*74 the degrada3le organic car3on &re*ent in the wa*te i* decom&o*ed 3 3acteria under certain aero3ic and anaero3ic condition* and &roduce green hou*e ga**e* *uch a* methane. 4. &n!iron"enta '"p ications of Tota Sanitation Ca"paign %hi* *ection di*cu**e* 3oth the &o*itive and negative im&lication* of total *anitation Cam&aign. 4.5 $ositi!e &n!iron"enta '"p ications of TSC %here have 3een *everal &o*itive im&act* of %SC a* well4 e*&eciall where toilet con*truction ha* 3een executed well with an effective environmental a**e**ment and in coordination to the other o35ective* of %SC. +f *olid and li;uid excreta are collected and treated a* a re*ource4 the can 3e a good in&ut for agriculture if *e&arated4 &roce**ed and a&&liedH the crucial a*&ect i* h gienic collection and *e&aration of excreta. ) large &ercentage of *olid wa*te from rural hou*ehold* i* organic and can 3e com&o*tedH here again the crucial factor i* *egregation and *u3*e;uent &roce**ing and u*e. Gre water4 mo*t of the wa*te water in rural area*4 can 3e u*ed for kitchen garden* or in agriculture. Iillage* generate large ;uantitie* of organic wa*te and gre water. %he 2ini*tr of Drinking :ater and Sanitation e*timate* their ;uantit to 3e <.$ B <.( million tonne*4 and 1,4<<< B 1.4<<< million litre* each da 1. %hi* i* a *ignificant nutrient* re*ource and if harne**ed &ro&erl 4 can mitigate the current demand for chemical fertili8er*. :hile %SC em&ha*i8e* reu*e and not di*&o*al4 the fund* allocated for village level &lan* are a &itiful 1< &er cent. Some of the*e &o*itive environmental 3enefit* include0 1) Contro ing 3ater po ution. %he full u*e of toilet en*ure* that one ma5or *ource* of &ollution i* removed. =ften due to the lack of ade;uate *anitation facilitie*4 the local water 3odie* 3ecome the rece&tacle* of *ewage. Pro&er di*&o*al of human excreta reduce* the flow of &ollutant* into local water 3odie* and thu* reduce* the &re**ure on fre*h water 3odie*. %hu*4 wa*te di*charge i* controlled at *ource and not allowed to flow into drain* to local
DD:S 6!<1!74 Scaling u& Solid and ?i;uid :a*te 2anagement in 'ural )rea*. :::.ddw*.gov.in
9

water 3odie*. En*uring full toilet u*e al*o &revent* &eo&le from defecating around &ond*4 that are another direct *ource of water &ollution. 2) Recyc ing and reuse. :a*te water i* not allowed to flow on *treet* or drain* 3ut u*ed for kitchen gardening or diverted to *uita3l con*tructed *oak &it*. %hi* reduce* the de&endence on fre*h water *ource* i.e.4 groundwater and *urface water for the horticulture. %he wa*te water ha* *ome nutrient* that are u*eful for &lant*. Decom&o*ed fKce* from &it toilet* can 3e extracted and u*ed a* manure once the toilet &it i* filled. %oilet* im&rove the health and *afet of women4 and *chool attendance. 3) So id 3aste co"posting for "anure. 2o*t *olid wa*te &roduced in rural +ndia i* wet kitchen wa*te4 ver *uita3le for com&o*ting. Com&o*ting can 3e done at the hou*ehold or communit level. %he wa*te i* *egregated into 3iodegrada3le and non-3io-degrada3le at *ource4 and the former i* com&o*ted. %he latter i* either rec cled or *ent to a *uita3l &re&ared landfill. %hi* not onl &rovide* manure to local farming 3ut al*o reduce* need for landfill*4 &rotecting other natural re*ource* *uch a* fore*t* or gra**land* that often 3ecome rece&tacle* for gar3age. Aurthermore4 the organic material hel&* develo& the humu* content of the *oil which enhance* the water retention ;ualit of *oil. 4) $ro!ides eco6friend y fue +energy. 9uman excreta and cow-dung can 3e mixed and u*ed a* feed for 3io-ga* &lant*. %here are mental 3lock* to u*ing thi* ga* for cooking4 3ut a communit &lant can &rovide ga* for lighting. +n *everal ca*e* though &eo&le cook with thi* fuel. %hi* further reduce* the 3urden on women for fetching firewood4 hel& *aving the natural fo**il re*ource* and reduce* air &ollution. %he 3 &roduct of thi* &roce** can 3e further u*ed a* manure. =ne of the widel acknowledged exam&le of 3io-ga* fuelDenerg 3enefit* at the communit level i* the Pura communit ex&eriment in 11/.1<. 5) (e ps in sa!ing i"ited resources. @rine contain* 1< &er cent of the nitrogen &ho*&horu* and &ota**ium 6NPL7 in human excreta. +f di*&o*ed in water4 it can lead to eutro&hication. 9owever4 the*e *u3*tance* are extremel valua3le for agriculture. Eco-*anitation a* &ro&o*ed under the %SC guideline* offer* a
'edd ). L. N. 6!<<(7. G?e**on* Arom the Pura Communit Bioga* Pro5ectG. Energy for Sustainable development. Iolume.. No.$
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convenient wa

to *e&arate *olid and li;uid excreta and u*e them for

agriculture. %hi* i* im&ortant *ince it ha* 3een e*timated that the re*erve amount of &ho*&horou* that can 3e extracted economicall will la*t onl for another 1<< ear*11. Similarl the re*erve* of *ul&hur and oil which are u*ed to &roduce nitrogen will la*t for another $<-(< ear* 1!. %herefore4 the*e toilet* can &re*erve our mineral re*ource*. 6) Sa!es 3ater -Eco-*anitation al*o *ave* water *ince the toilet* do not need an water to flu*h unlike &our-flu*h toilet* that need !-( liter* after each u*e. 4.2 Greening Sanitation through &ffecti!e So id )aste /anage"ent %hi* *ection* deal* with non-excreta *olid wa*te. %he %SC guideline* *tate EPancha ati 'a5 +n*titution* 6P'+*7 are re;uired to &ut in &lace mechani*m* for gar3age collection and for &reventing water logging. @& to 1< &er cent of the &ro5ect co*t can 3e utili8ed for meeting ca&ital co*t* incurred under thi* com&onent. %he fund *haring &attern 3etween the Centre4 State and Pancha at DCommunit would 3e in the ratio of -<0!<0!<. @nder thi* com&onent activitie* like common com&o*t &it*4 low co*t drainage4 *oakage channel*D &it*4 reu*e of wa*te water4 * *tem for collection4 *egregation and di*&o*al of hou*ehold gar3age4 etc.4 ma 3e taken u&.F ?ooking at thi* &rovi*o4 it a&&ear* that the focu* i* minimi8ing gar3age to &revent water-logging4 and the o&tion* &rovided are mean* to that end. %hi* need* to change. %he o35ective mu*t 3ecome a cleaner rural environment and &rotection of natural re*ource* through 3etter *olid wa*te management. %he guideline* need to 3e more ela3orate and detailed4 and allocation ha* to 3e rai*ed *u3*tantiall from 1< &er cent to !, &er cent. +t ha* to 3e a mandator &art of a di*trict *anitation &lan4 without which the re*t of the &lan will not 3e &a**ed. %he o35ective of *olid wa*te management mu*t 3e *&ecified a* clo*ing the wa*te c cle and treating organic wa*te at the local level. %o achieve thi*4 all hou*ehold* *hould 3e re;uired to *egregate wa*te into 3iodegrada3le and non-3io-degrada3le and hand the*e over to a &ancha at collection
Steen + 6111.74 Pho*&horu* availa3ilit in the !1*t centur management of a non-renewa3le re*ource4 Pho*&horu* Pota**ium4 www.nhm.ac.ukDmineralog D&ho*D&Ck!1/D*teen.htm 12 EcoSan 'e*. 6!<<$74 clo*ing the loo& on &ho*&horu*4 www.eco*anre*.org
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1<

agenc again*t a certain fee. Pancha at* have to 3e mandated to collect4 treat and di*&o*e *egregated wa*te in a *u*taina3le manner. Suita3le +EC material ha* to 3e develo&ed to inform &eo&le the advantage* of gar3age *egregation and treatment4 what con*titute* 3io-degrada3le and non-3io-degrada3le wa*te4 &utting each in *e&arate container* and how the have to 3e handled. Each &ancha at or ward 6in the ca*e of large &ancha at*7 need* to have a &lace for *orting dome*tic wa*te and the organic or 3io-degrada3le wa*te will 3e com&o*ted u*ing an fea*i3le technolog . %he location will 3e fixed 3 the &ancha at. Com&o*t from the &roce**ing unit* will 3e u*ed 3 the &ancha at* a* manure for agricultureH the &ancha at can *et a &rice for thi* manure for *ale to farmer*. %hi* can 3e a *ource of income to cover =C2 co*t*. %here are a num3er of environmental4 health and economic 3enefit* of an effective *olid wa*te management. %he*e are a* follow*0 Environmental 3enefit* - B clo*ing the wa*te c cle4 &ro&er *olid wa*te

di*&o*al &revent* a ma5or &ortion of wa*te from going to landfill*. %hi* &revent* water and land contamination through leachate*. 'ec cling and reu*e reduce* the need for virgin material. Pro&er *olid wa*te di*&o*al al*o reduce* the im&act on other natural re*ource* *uch a* fore*t* and gra**land* that either turn into dum&* or are affected 3 *olid wa*te 9ealth 3enefit* - 2anaging wa*te * *tematicall reduce* the num3er of di*ea*e vector*4 and con*e;uentl 4 mor3idit and mortalit Climate varia3ilit - ) *mall amount of wa*te to 3e di*&o*ed in landfill* reduce* G9G emi**ion* +ncome - 2anure from com&o*ting i* a *tead com&o*ting agenc 4 whether individual or &ancha at 4.2.5 So id 3aste "anage"ent techni7ues %here are a num3er of techni;ue* that can 3e a&&lied for *olid wa*te management at *maller level*. %he*e include0 1. =rganic *olution* - Effective microorgani*m* include *&eciall cultured 3acteria to decom&o*e organic material. Some t &e* are =S1 and Bio*aniti8er. income *ource for the

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!. Com&o*ting - %hi* i* the lea*t com&licated and ri*k o&tion. +t convert* *olid wa*te to a form clo*e to humu*. +t can 3e achieved under natural or accelerated condition* in a com&o*ting &lant. %here are four 3road techni;ue* !.1. :indrow com&o*ting4 where a mixture of raw material i* ke&t in long narrow &ile* called windrow*4 and are turned on a regular 3a*i*. %hi* i* an aero3ic &roce**. !.!. !.$. Pa**ive aerated windrow*4 that eliminate the need to turn 3 *u&&l ing )erated *tatic &ile4 which take* &i&ed aeration a *te& further. )ir i* air through &erforated &i&e*. forced through &erforated &i&e* 3 a 3lower and the &ile doe* not need to 3e agitated to 3e turned. !.(. +n-ve**el com&o*ting4 where com&o*ting material i* &laced in a container and a variet of aerationDturning method* are u*ed to *&eed u& the &roce**. !.,. Iermi-com&o*ting B in Iermi-com&o*ting4 com&o*ting i* accelerated 3 the addition of earthworm*4 either the dee& 3urrowing or *urface t &e. Iermi-com&o*t from dee& 3urrowing earthworm* retain* food nutrient* a* micro-organi*m* 3reak down food encouraged with aeration from the 3urrow* of the earthworm*. %he*e earthworm* eat *oil4 grind mineral* into *oil in their dige*tive * *tem* and create new *oil. =n the other hand4 *urface earthworm* eat the wa*te and com&o*e the excreta4 3ut thi* i* not a* u*eful for &lant growth 3ecau*e of it* higher fungal and actinom cete count. %herefore4 the nutrient* in vermi-com&o*t from dee& 3urrowing earthworm* are of higher value a* the have a higher num3er of microorgani*m*4 nitrif ing 3acteria and &ho*&hate *ta3ili*er*. Iermi-com&o*ting i* the *econd 3e*t o&tion in term* of *im&licit 4 after regular com&o*ting4 for converting 3io-degrada3le gar3age to manure. !.-. Com&o*ting with 3ioculture Bioculum i* a mixture of microorgani*m* develo&ed for accelerated aero3ic com&o*ting of organic wa*te. +t ha* culture* of 3acteria4 fungi and actinom cete*. %he 3ioculum i* *&ra ed onto the gar3age hea&4 *taked in windrow*. %he have to 3e turned weekl for &ro&er aeration4 the tem&erature ha* to 3e ke&t at -,/<MC and humidit at (< &er cent. Com&o*ting i* com&leted in (-- week*. %he limitation* are that *killed handler* are needed and the * *tem cannot 1!

3e u*ed in hou*ehold* 3ecau*e of the large *i8e of the com&o*t hea&*. +t i* more u*eful at gar3age collection *ite*. %he non-3io-degrada3le wa*te ha* to 3e further *egregated and *ent either for rec cling or di*&o*al in a *uita3le landfill. Suita3le landfill* can identified at the di*trict level to 3ring thi* into the di*trict *anitation &lan and non-3io-degrada3le nonrec cla3le wa*te from the village* in the di*trict can 3e di*&o*ed there. %he landfill ha* to 3e *cientificall *ited and created to avoid inundation and groundwater contamination. +t mu*t not di*tur3 an exi*ting natural re*ource including fore*t*4 gra**land*4 wetland* or water 3odie*. 'ag&icker* can 3e em&lo ed at &ancha at* to remove all rec cla3le wa*te 3efore non-3io-degrada3le wa*te i* taken to a landfill. %hi* will greatl reduce the amount of gar3age entering the landfill4 with attendant 3enefit* of lower tran*&ort co*t* and G9G emi**ion*. %he rec cling will al*o reduce demand for virgin material. $. Ecological *anitation -%hi* mimic* natureG* wa of *e&arating *olid and li;uid fKce*. Excreta i* collected in one container and urine in another. %he excreta mixed with a*h turn* to manure that i* rich in organic matter and ha* a3out 1< &er cent of the NPL &re*ent in human excreta4 while urine ha* the other 1< &er cent. %he urine can 3e a&&lied to &lant* with *uita3le dilution to &rovide ade;uate nutrient*4 while manure increa*e* the organic content of *oil. %he wa*h water al*o mixe* with urine. %hi* i* the 3e*t wa to *e&arate4 naturall &roce** and u*e human excreta in agriculture4 while re&lacing chemical fertili*er*. 4.2.2 Greening Sanitation through &ffecti!e 8i7uid )aste /anage"ent %hi* *ection deal* with the *afe collection and handling of wa*te water. % &icall 4 wa*te water from dome*tic *ource* com&ri*e* gre and 3lack water. %he former come* from 3athroom* and kitchen*4 while the latter i* from toilet*. Gre water i* water generated 3 hou*ehold &roce**e* *uch a* wa*hing di*he*4 laundr and 3athing. +t i* not contaminated with wa*tewater from toilet* 63lack water7 and therefore contain* ver little &athogen*. =ne exce&tion i* gre water generated 3 wa*hing dia&er*. Since gre water i* a reflection of hou*ehold activitie*4 it* characteri*tic* *trongl de&end on factor* *uch a* cultural ha3it*4 living *tandard4 hou*ehold

1$

demogra&h 4 t &e of hou*ehold chemical* u*ed4 etc. Nonethele**4 *&ecific gre water *ource* have *&ecific characteri*tic* a* *ummari8ed 3elow0 Litchen0 kitchen gre water contain* food re*idue*4 high amount* of oil and fat and *ome detergent*. +n ma nutrient* and *u*&ended *olid*. Bathroom gre water i* regarded a* the lea*t contaminated gre water *ource within a hou*ehold. +t contain* *oa&*4 *ham&oo*4 tooth&a*te4 and other 3od care &roduct*. Bathroom gre water al*o contain* *having wa*te4 *kin4 hair4 3od -fat*4 lint4 and trace* of urine and faece*. Gre water originating from *hower and 3ath ma thu* 3e contaminated with &athogenic micro-organi*m* in *mall concentration*. ?aundr gre water contain* chemical* from *oa& &owder* 6*uch a* *odium4 &ho*&horou*4 *urfactant*4 and nitrogen7 and ma have 3leache*4 *u*&ended *olid*4 &o**i3l oil*4 &aint*4 *olvent*4 and non-3iodegrada3le fi3re* from clothing. ?aundr gre water can contain high amount* of &athogen* when na&&ie* are wa*hed. 4.2.3 Treat"ent of 3aste 3ater %he choice of a gre water or total dome*tic wa*tewater management *trateg occa*ionall contain drain cleaner* and 3leach4 which are ver aggre**ive chemical*. Litchen gre water i* high in

de&end* on the end u*e of the effluent. %o im&rove the environment4 gre water *hould 3e u*ed to reduce de&endence on groundwater and *urface water *ource*. @ntreated gre water *hould not 3e allowed to mix with an other water B *urface or ground. %herefore4 the &lanning of *uch management * *tem* *hould 3e done with the reu*e in mind and *hould 3e ada&ted to a *&ecified &ur&o*e4 *uch a* agricultural reu*e4 ground water recharge or di*charge into inland or coa*tal water*. %here are two main wa * to handle gre water0 Direct utilisation of grey water (e.g. grey water gardens, grey water towers, etc.): @*ing gre water directl in garden* are the *im&le*t and mo*t co*t-effective mean* of u*ing gre water. %he &lanted 3ed 3reak* down organic com&ound* and recover of nutrient*. Gre water i* channeled into mulch-filled trenche* to &lanted 3ed*. %he mulch hold* 3ack *olid* and dimini*he* eva&oration. Gre water can 3e di*charged either 3elow of a3ove the mulch4 the latter 3eing ea*ier to do. Decom&o*ing mulch 1(

ha* to 3e re&laced with fre*h material *uch a* wood chi&*4 3ack or rice hu*k. Plant* take u& the water and nutrient*4 and an runoff can 3e caught in a tank. %he limitation* are the *cale B thi* cannot 3e u*ed in high-den*it area* that generate large ;uantitie* of gre water. %herefore4 it i* ideal for rural hou*ehold* that have home*tead* and *&ace for kitchen garden*. Application of s all!scale constructed wetlands for t"e treat ent of grey water and total do estic wastewater treat ent: Con*tructed wetland * *tem* are *im&le4 locall managea3le and co*t effective

3iological wa*tewater treatment * *tem* that utili8e wetland &lant*4 *oil*4 and their a**ociated microorgani*m* to mimic natural wetland eco* *tem* &roce**e* for the treatment of wa*tewater. )* the wa*tewater flow* through the wetland4 it get* treated through natural &roce**e*H &ollutant* in the wa*tewater are mechanicall filtered4 chemicall tran*formed4 and 3iologicall con*umed. :ith re*&ect to the direction of wa*tewater flow 6i.e.4 hori8ontal or vertical flow74 con*tructed wetland* are divided into reed 3ed*4 al*o known a* hori8ontal flow con*tructed wetland* 69AC:74 and vertical flow &lanted gravel filter* 6IAPGA74 al*o referred to a* vertical flow con*tructed wetland* 6IAC:7. +n 3oth ca*e*4 wa*te water need* &retreatment to remove oil4 fat4 lint4 large *olid* and food re*idue*. %hi* can 3e done through a *erie* of *ettling tank*. %he ;ualit of water from the*e wetland* i* good enough to di*charge into *urface water 3odie* and irrigation. %he advantage* of u*ing *mall *cale con*tructed wetland* for the treatment of gre water are0 1. No &ower re;uirement* !. Natural &roce**e* are u*ed to clean water4 therefore no chemical* are needed and there are minimal recurring co*t* $. )e*thetic and im&rove* local 3iodiver*it (. +n rural area* where land i* readil availa3le4 *et u& co*t* are minimal. %he*e can 3e higher in ur3an area* or where land i* *carce ,. %he water &roce**ed 3 the wetland can 3e u*ed for farming or di*charged into *urface water 3odie* *ince it will 3e free of organic matter* and chemical*

1,

4.2.# &co ogica Sanitation +n toda #* *ocietie* the flow of &lant nutrient* i* linear0 nutrient* are taken u& from the *oil 3 the cro&4 tran*&orted to the market4 eaten4 excreted and di*charged. +n a *u*taina3le *ociet 4 the &roduction of food mu*t 3e 3a*ed on returning the &lant nutrient* to the *oil. Ecological *anitation tried to achieve thi* in a *afe and h gienic manner. +t clo*e* the nutrient loo&. %he u*e of excreta on ara3le land* minimi8e* the environmental im&act* of farming cau*ed 3 fertili8er runoff. +t al*o reduce* water &ollution4 and degradation of natural re*ource*4 cau*ed 3 o&en defecation. )nother advantage of human-derived com&o*t i* that it i* rich in &ho*&horou*H in chemical fertili8er*4 a3out !, &er cent of the &ho*&horou* that i* mined end* u& in water 3odie*4 cau*ing eutro&hication. Ecological Sanitation aim* to &romote the develo&ment4 im&lementation and di**emination of *ociall and culturall acce&ta3le4 *u*taina3le4 h gienicall *afe and ecologicall *ound *anitation a&&roache*. Several eco-*an &ro5ect* are 3eing executed in different &art* of +ndia to 6i7 %o introduce the ecological *anitation conce&t and to identif the a&&ro&riate wa*tewater handling a&&roache* that *ati*f technolog 4 co*t and in*titutional framework and ena3le maximi8ing the utili8ation of exi*ting &i&e* and treatment facilitie* 6ii7 6iii7 %o recover the nutrient* from urine and fKce* for agricultural &ur&o*e* %o contri3ute to the reduction of wa*tewater di*charged to drain* through rec cling of gre water. %he alternative &aradigm of ecological *anitation offer* the &otential of *u*taina3le *anitation for develo&ing countrie*. Ecological *anitation i* 3a*ed on three fundamental &rinci&le*0 &reventing &ollution rather than attem&ting to control it after we &olluteH *aniti8ing the urine and the fKce*H and u*ing the *afe &roduct* for agricultural &ur&o*e*. %hi* a&&roach can 3e characteri8ed a* "*aniti8e-and-rec cle#. %hi* a&&roach i* a c cle B a *u*taina3le4 clo*ed-loo& * *tem. +t treat* human excreta a* a re*ource. @rine and faece* are *tored and &roce**ed on *ite and then4 if nece**ar 4 1-

further &roce**ed off *ite until the are free of di*ea*e organi*m*. %he nutrient* contained in the excreta are then rec cled 3 u*ing them in agriculture. )n e**ential &art of eco-*an i* to contain and *aniti8e human excreta 3efore the are recovered and reu*ed. 9uman faece*4 rather than urine4 are re*&on*i3le for mo*t di*ea*e* *&read 3 human excreta. %hu*4 a method i* needed to *aniti8e fKce*. %here are two main method*0 deh dration and decom&o*ition. Deh dration4 or dr ing4 of faece* i* ea*ier if the are not fir*t mixed with urine and water. :hen fKce* decom&o*e4 the &athogen* in them die and are 3roken down. %hu*4 with either method4 viru*e*4 3acteria and worm egg* are de*tro ed. +t i* onl then that fKce* can 3e rec cled. @rine i* u*uall *afe enough to 3e u*ed in agriculture without further treatment4 either directl or after a *hort &eriod of *torage. =ne &ur&o*e of an eco-*an * *tem i* to form a *et of 3arrier* 3etween fKce* and flie*4 field* and fluid*. %hi* i* done 3 containment of the fKce* in a &roce**ing cham3er or *hallow &it where &athogen* are reduced to an acce&ta3le level 3efore re-u*e. %hen the content* ma 3e removed for further *econdar treatment to make them even *afer. @rine +n home*tead* urine can 3e u*ed directl . +n large-*cale * *tem* urine *hould 3e *tored for a3out 1 month 3efore u*e. Don#t a&&l urine le** than a month 3efore harve*t on vegeta3le*4 fruit* 6exce&t fruit tree*7 and root cro&* that are to 3e con*umed raw.1$ @rine i* rich in nitrogen4 while fKce* contain organic matter4 &ho*&horou* and &ota**ium. +t can 3e e*timated that urine contain* $-/ g N &er litre. ) rule of thum3 i* to a&&l the urine &roduced 3 one &er*on during one da 6!( hour*7 to one *;uare metre of land &er growing *ea*on. +f all urine i* collected4 it will *ufNce to fertili8e $<<- (<< *; m of cro& &er &er*on &er ear with N at a rea*ona3le rate. Aor mo*t cro&*4 the maximum a&&lication rate4 3efore ri*king toxic effect*4 i* at lea*t four time* thi* do*age. @rine al*o contain* lot* of &ho*&horu*4 and it will *uffice to fertili8e u& to -<< *; m of cro& &er &er*on and growing *ea*on4 if the a&&lication rate i* cho*en to re&lace the &ho*&horu* removed. @rine can 3e a&&lied neat or diluted. 9owever4 it* a&&lication rate *hould alwa * 3e 3a*ed on the de*ired nutrient a&&lication rate and an &otential need for *u&&lementar water *hould 3e met with &lain water4 not diluted urine. @rine i* a ;uick-acting fertili8er who*e nutrient* are 3e*t utili8ed if the
Paul Calvert4 Peter 2organ4 )rno 'o*emarin4 'on Saw er and >un Oiao4 Ecological Sanitation4 Stockholm Environment +n*titute4 !<<(
13

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urine i* a&&lied from &rior to *owing u& until two-third* of the &eriod 3etween *owing and the harve*t. %he 3e*t fertili8ing effect i* achieved if urine and fKce* are u*ed in com3ination with each other4 3ut not nece**aril in the *ame ear on the *ame area. %he amount of urine to 3e *&read can 3e a&&lied in one large do*e or in *everal *maller do*e*4 and under mo*t circum*tance* the total ield i* the *ame for the *ame total a&&lication rate. Aor fKce*4 the a&&lication rate can 3e 3a*ed on the local recommendation for the u*e of &ho*&horou*-3a*ed fertili8er*. %hi* give* a low a&&lication rate4 and the im&rovement due to the added organic matter i* hard to di*tingui*h. 9owever4 fKce* are often a&&lied at much higher rate*4 at which the *tructure and water-holding ca&acit of the *oil are al*o vi*i3l im&roved a* an effect of it* increa*ed organic matter. Both organic matter and a*h are often added to the fKce* and the im&rove the 3uffering ca&acit and the &9 of the *oil4 which i* e*&eciall im&ortant on *oil* with low &9. %hu*4 de&ending on the a&&lication *trateg 4 the faece* from one &er*on will *ufNce to fertili8e 1.,-$<< m!4 de&ending on whether the are a&&lied according to their content of organic matter or &ho*&horu*. AKce* *hould 3e a&&lied and mixed into the *oil 3efore cultivation *tart*. ?ocal a&&lication4 in hole* or furrow* clo*e to the &lanned &lant*4 i* one wa of economi8ing on thi* valua3le a**et.1( AKce* contain mo*t of the &athogen* in human excreta and are the main *ource for tran*mi**ion of enteric infectiou* di*ea*e* and &ara*ite*. %herefore we *hould treat fKce* 3a*ed on the &rinci&le* a* 3elow0 Lee& the volume of dangerou* material *mall 3 diverting the urine and not adding water to the fKce*. Prevent the di*&er*al of material containing &athogen* 3 *toring it in *ome kind of *ecure device 6&roce**ing cham3er4 tank7 &co ogica Sanitation in 1 ood $rone %reas Providing a&&ro&riate *anitation facilitie* e*&eciall in flood &rone area* or with high water ta3le have alwa * 3een a huge challenge. Eco *anitation can &rovide a *u*taina3le *anitation facilit in *uch di*a*ter &rone area*.
9Pkan >Qn**on4 )nna 'ichert Stint8ing4 B5Qrn IinnerP*4 and Eva Salomon4 Guideline* on the @*e of @rine and Aaece* in Cro& Production4 Stockholm Environment +n*titute4 !<<(
14

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#aised$%le&ated Toilets: %he*e toilet* are &rimaril

3a*ed on com&o*ting model4

called @DD% 6@rine Diverting Deh drating %oilet*74 and are 3uilt on rai*ed &latform* to &revent groundwater contamination. +t ha* three o&ening* and *e&arate* faecal matter from urine. @DD%* had the wide*t extent of im&lementation and their flexi3le de*ign make* them a good o&tion for area* where excavation i* difficult or there i* a high chance of groundwater &ollution4 *uch a* in flood &rone region*. %he ke feature of the*e toilet* i* the "deh dration vault*#. Deh dration Iault* can 3e in*talled in almo*t ever *etting 3ecau*e of the *mall land area re;uired4 the minimal odour* and the ea*e of u*e. +n area* that are fre;uentl flooded4 Deh dration Iault* are a&&ro&riate 3ecau*e the are con*tructed to 3e watertight. Deh dration vault* are u*ed to collect4 *tore and dr 6deh drate7 faece*. Aaece* will onl deh drate when the vault* are watertight to &revent external moi*ture from entering and when urine and anal clean*ing water are diverted awa from the vault*. :hen urine i* *e&arated from faece*4 the faece* dr ;uickl . +n the a3*ence of

moi*ture4 organi*m* cannot grow and a* *uch4 *mell* are minimi8ed and &athogen* are de*tro ed. %wo alternating vault* can 3e u*ed alternativel . %he faece* deh drate in one vault while the other vault fill*. :hen one vault i* full it i* *ealed with a lid and the @DD% i* moved to the *econd vault. :hile the *econd vault fill* u&4 the faece* in the fir*t vault *lowl dr and decrea*e in volume. :hen the *econd vault i* full4 it i* *ealed4 the dr material from the fir*t vault i* removed and the fir*t vault i* then &ut 3ack into *ervice.

11

'loating Toilets: +n the flood &rone area*4 where the dr land for con*truction i* *carce4 the elevation conce&t of eco *anitation can al*o 3e a&&lied to a floating ver*ion of eco toilet*. =ne of *uch exam&le* of floating toilet* i* in Phili&&ine*1,4 where the Source: Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management (SSWM)

floating toilet*

ha* 3een enhanced with dige*tion cham3er* where anaero3ic

decom&o*ition occur*. %he effluent then goe* to the treatment cham3er4 which further im&rove* the ;ualit of the wa*tewater to an acce&ta3le level %d!antages of &co ogica Sanitation Ecological *anitation ha* *everal advantage* over &it latrine*. Some of the*e are0 'ecover of nutrient* C a&&l ing them *afel in agriculture 6marketing

&otential of urine and com&o*ted fKce*7 E*ta3li*hing a &u3lic-&rivate &artner*hi& for o&erating the ecological *anitation facilitie* Promoting ur3an farming including roofto& farming 9el&* in food *ecurit 3 &roviding ;ualit manureDfertili8er Better health care 'educed con*um&tion of commercial fertili8er thu* *aving energ and thereof reducing car3on emi**ion 2a** *cale collection of urine can 3e u*ed for converting urine in to dr cr *talline fertili8er
15

N='%9E'N :)%C9 6Editor7 6!<<170 Aloating Sanitar %oilet* ?aunched in Bali3ao. Panga*inan0 Northern :atch.

!<

)vaila3ilit of li;uid urine fertili8er for cit green area* Extraction of &ho*&horou* from urine @rine i* an excellent fertili8er Se&aration kee&* the volume of &otentiall dangerou* material 6fKce*7 *mall Sim&lifie* &athogen de*truction in fKce* 'educe* odor

4.3 9egati!e &n!iron"enta '"p ications of TSC %hi* *ection anal *e* %SC#* negative im&act* on the environment. )lthough it ha* a num3er of environmental 3enefit*4 if im&lemented without an effective environmental a**e**ment and in *egment* without a com&rehen*ive4 integrated a&&roach4 it ha* had *everal negative im&act*. Since it wa* *tarted in the 11.<*4 the *anitation &rogramme ha* gone through *everal rede*ign*. %he mo*t *ignificant wa* changing it from a *u&&l -led toilet con*truction &rogramme to a demand-led *anitation &rogramme in the late 111<*. 9owever4 even in thi* avatar4 the *anitation cam&aign ha* not 3itten dee& enough. +t* main o35ective ha* remained the con*truction of toilet*4 like it* &redece**or*4 with little attention 3eing &aid to 3ehaviour change or the a*&ect* of S?:2. Simultaneou*l 4 there ha* 3een a thru*t toward* &roviding &i&ed water in village*. %hi* will4 or in *ome ca*e*4 ha* com&ounded the ;uantum of wa*te water generated 3 village*. 2an village* and &eri-ur3an area* alread face *evere &ro3lem* in di*&o*ing *olid wa*teH &ile* of rotting gar3age at the entrance to village* are te*timon to thi*. %ogether4 the &o*e one of the 3igge*t challenge* to making the *anitation cam&aign more environmentfriendl . %he lack of drainage in village* ha* meant that wa*te water *tream* down road*4 forming &uddle* and eventuall collecting in the neare*t low-l ing area. %hi* i* water from kitchen*4 3athroom* and occa*ionall collect* human excreta from o&en defecation. %hi* 3reed* mo*;uitoe* and flie*4 increa*ing mor3idit . %he water &ercolate* into the *oil and &ollute* the *hallow a;uifer that &eo&le de&end on to draw water from well* or hand-&um&*. %hi* com&ound* the 3urden of di*ea*e. )ccording to the :orld 9ealth =rgani*ation 6!<<!74 water 3orn di*ea*e* are among the leading !1

killer* of children under the age of five and annuall more &eo&le die a* a re*ult of un*afe water than from an form of voilance1-. %he *tudie* have al*o *hown that in develo&ing countrie*4 children *uffer from (-, de3ilitation 3out* of diarrhea each ear4 which further re*ult* in malnutrition and long-term health effect* *uch a* *tunting and wa*ting 6@N !<<-71/. Solid wa*te di*&o*al i* another 3lind *&ot. %here i* little or no &rovi*ion for collecting and di*&o*ing an *olid wa*te. Solid wa*te in rural area* i* high on organic content4 and ha* little inorganic matter. +t i* al*o full of &la*tic a* no village ha* 3anned the 3agH therefore gar3age dum&* are full of &la*tic 3ag*. %he mo*t convenient low-l ing area 3ecome* the gar3age dum& that4 in the rain*4 fill* with water. %hi* contaminated water again &ollute* the *hallow a;uifer* that &eo&le de&end on for drinking and other dome*tic need*. %herefore4 the lack of &ro&er handling of *olid wa*te add* to the local mor3idit rate*. %he com3ine effect* of &ollution from wa*te water and *olid* are deva*tating. %he &ollute groundwater that i* the lifeline of local &eo&le through hand-&um&* and well*. Poorl con*tructed *olid wa*te landfill* generate G9G*. %he increa*e mor3idit and mortalit 4 degrade natural re*ource*4 increa*e the 3urden of collecting firewood and water on women and adver*el effect the local environment. Pla*tic* and inorganic material &er*i*t in the environment and contaminate the water and *oil in addition to 3locking water-wa *. =&en defecation &ollute* *urface water 3odie* *uch a* village &ond*4 and eventuall end* u& &olluting groundwater with nitrate* and 3acteria. %hi* i* 3ecau*e &eo&le defecate on the 3und* of &ond*4 in*tead of at a di*tance from them4 and the *ocial norm* or 3ehaviour that &ro*cri3ed thi* have 3een forgotten or are violated. %he target-driven ru*h to con*truct toilet* can adver*el im&act on water ;ualit . +n +ndia4 in man rural village*4 &eo&le u*e &ond water for ever thing exce&t drinking4 including wa*hing uten*il*. +n certain rural village* *uch a* in :e*t Bengal4 where &racticall ever hou*e ha* a &ond4 toilet* con*tructed in clo*e &roximit to the &ond
:orld 9ealth =rgani*ation 6!<<!7. "%he :orld 9ealth 'e&ort !<<!0 'educing 'i*k*4 Promoting 9ealth ?ife.# 17 @nited Nation* Develo&ment &rogramme 6!<<-7. 9uman Develo&ment 'e&ort !<<-4 Be ond Scarcit 0 Power4 Povert and the Glo3al :ater Cri*i*.
16

!!

can lead to *evere water ;ualit &ro3lem* and can negate an health 3enefit* that ma accrue from the con*truction and u*e of toilet*. 2oreover4 the high den*it of &it latrine* and &oorl made and maintained *e&tic tank* can render the *hallow a;uifer water unfit for drinking 3ecau*e of nitrate and 3acterial contamination. Aurthermore4 if not im&lied the right de*ign and technolog 4 eco*an in flood &rone area* can have more damaging effect* than the 3enefit* *uch a* &olluting the ground water 6the eco*an techni;ue* for the flood &rone area* are di*cu**ed earlier in the &a&er7. %he overall &lanning for *anitation that include* con*truction of toilet* and *olid and li;uid wa*te management i* done in i*olation of other con*ideration* *uch a* water*hed characteri*tic*4 location of other natural re*ource* *uch a* fore*t* and gra**land* and *oil trait*. %hi* mean* that toilet* are often located clo*e to water *ource* and &ond*. %he are al*o located u&*tream of the village and their leachate &ollute* groundwater flow*4 ending u& contaminating drinking water *ource* *uch a* dug well* and hand-&um&*. )dditionall 4 &oorl con*tructed latrine* &ollute groundwater rather than *afel containing excretaH it the are located in an inundation&rone area4 the *tored fKce* &o*e a ma5or &ollution and health ha8ard during the mon*oon*. %he immediate im&act of a &oor environment i* felt through the water c cle. Groundwater &olluted 3 excreta or *olid wa*te i* u*ed for dome*tic &ur&o*e* with little treatment. %he control of the micro3ial and chemical ;ualit of drinking water re;uire* integrated management &lan* which &rovide the 3a*i* for * *tem &rotection and &roce** control to en*ure the num3er* of &athogen* and concentration* of chemical* &re*ent a negligi3le ri*k to &u3lic health. %ermed a* E:ater Safet Plan*F the 3egin with * *tem a**e**ment and de*ign4 o&erational monitoring and management &lan*4 including documentation and communication. %he element* of *uch &lan* 3uild on the multi&le-3arrier &rinci&le4 the &rinci&le of ha8ard anal *i* and critical control &oint* 69)CCP7 and other * *tematic management a&&roache*.1.

Guideline* for Drinking-water Rualit 4 %hird Edition +ncor&orating the Air*t and Second )ddenda4 :orld 9ealth =rgani8ation4 !<<.
18

!$

4.# Ta0 e of Reco""endations S. No 1 1.a 1.3 1.c 1.d 1.e ! $ $.1 $.! $.$ %echnolog Com&o*ting Bioculum for ha3itation* :indrow for ha3itation* )erated *tatic &ile for ha3itation* +n ve**el com&o*ting for hou*ehold* Iemi-com&o*ting for hou*ehold* ha3itation* Ecological *anitation for hou*ehold* ?i;uid wa*te management 'ec cle gre water for hou*ehold* 'ec cle gre water for ha3itation* 'ec cle 3lack and gre ha3itation* Co*t Ier high '* !,4<<< B 1<<4<<< 1, - !<S more than windrow '* 1, B !< de&ending on ve**el co*t or '* /,<< '* 1.4<<<

'* ,< B 1<< de&ending on &i&ing '* 1<4<<< de&ending on *i8e of *ettling tank* water for '* 1<<4<<< for a con*tructed wetland

:. Case Studies fro" 'ndia; Good $ractices of Green TSC :.5 %asgaon -/aharashtra2 < Case study of S8)/ %he village )a*gaon i* *ituated in the Satara Di*trict of 2ahara*htra *tate in +ndia. %he total area of the village i* !!., hectare*. +t i* a *mall *ettlement of !1/ hou*ehold*. %he total &o&ulation of the village i* 14<$! 6according to the Po&ulation Cen*u* of !<<174 of which (/. inha3itant* are male and ,,( are female4 1($ &eo&le of thi* *ettlement village 3elong to Scheduled Ca*te4 !1 &eo&le 3elong to Scheduled tri3e*4 $- &eo&le 3elong to =ther Backward Ca*te*. %he re*t of the &o&ulation 3elong* to the general categor . )&&roximatel followed 3 work in near3 town*. %he area of thi* re*ettlement wa* 3a*icall a wa*te land. )t the time of re*ettlement4 thi* area wa* a 3arren land without *ource of water and wa* a *ociall de&rived village. %he village had onl one &rimar *chool and had no &rovi*ion for *econdar *chool education. 9owever4 the mo*t critical challenge for the )a*gaon village wa* lack of *afe and ade;uate drinking water and4 *anitation facilitie*. Aor 1/ ear*4 the village wa* com&letel de&endant on tank water *u&&l for their ever da water need*. !( /1 &er cent &o&ulation of thi* village i* literate. %he &rimar occu&ation for mo*t of the &o&ulation of thi* village i* farming

+n the earl !<<<*4 the village undertook a ma5or initiative to im&rove *anitation under %SC. %he 2ahara*htra State Government launched a cam&aign known a* the "Sant Gadge 2ahara5 cam&aign# to im&rove the condition of village* in term* of education4 health and environment. %he village &ancha at mo3ili8ed the village communit and the &eo&le4 tired of 1/ ear* of neglect4 re*&onded to the cam&aign. %he mo*t *ignificant &art of thi* cam&aign wa* the &artici&ation of women and their willingne** for an active involvement in the cam&aign. )* a re*ult of *uch an active &artici&ation of the &eo&le4 the village won the Sant Gadage Ba3a Swachata )3hi an five time* for achievement* in different field* and wa* among the fir*t to 3e awarded NGP. +n !<<<<14 )a*gaon village won a third &ri8e at the 3lock level. Lee&ing u& their active &artici&ation and afford*4 in !<<1-!<<! the won third &ri8e worth T ! lakh at the di*trict level. +n !<<(-<,4 it won the *econd &ri8e of worth T $ lakh at the di*trict level. @nder %SC4 the village ado&ted wi*e water management4 that involve* rainwater and gre water *egregation and management. +t ha* con*tructed *torm water drain* water through which the rainwater i* channeled to maximi8e recharge. No gre

reache* the*e drain* *ince it i* com&letel u*ed for kitchen garden* or tree &lantation. %he village &eo&le have made contour 3und* and ga3ion* for water*hed treatment and to maximi8e water recharge. %he have al*o tackled *olid wa*te wi*el . )* a re*ult of thi* and other &rogramme*4 each hou*e ha* a 3ioga* &lant fed 3 human fKce* and cowdung. )lmo*t each hou*e ha* a vermi-com&o*t &it. %he inorganic and non-com&o*ta3le *olid wa*te i* rec cled. %here i* a 1<< &er cent toilet coverage and u*e. Communit toilet* have 3een con*tructed for tho*e without individual toilet* and vi*itor*4 which have extended *anitation coverage to the floating rural &o&ulation. Iillager* have &lanted over 1<4<<< tree* and tended them through irrigation with gre water. %herefore4 %SC ha* catal 8ed *ocial tran*formation of the village and making it green. %he &eo&le of )a*gaon *uffered for 1/ ear* with e&idemic di*ea*e*4 educational and economic lo**. %he mo*t effected were the women. Not 5u*t their educational and economic develo&ment 3ut al*o their dignit and the *elf-re*&ect were challenged.

!,

9owever4 a* re*ult of &eo&le#* &artici&ation and dedication the village )a*gaon ha* 3een *ociall and environmentall tran*formed. %hi* i* an exam&le where &eo&le have u*ed all a*&ect* of %SC along with *tate and national government &rogramme* to im&rove the condition of their village. %he have followed the norm* for managing *olid and li;uid wa*te4 have en*ured their water *ecurit in thi* *emi-arid area through rainwater harve*ting4 greened their village u*ing gre water4 &roduced *u3*tantial ;uantitie* of vermi-com&o*t and manure from 3ioga* &lant*4 and en*ured total *anitation. :.2 =a iyapa aya" >i age -Ta"i 9aidu2 < Case Study of &co ogica Sanitation

%he Lali a&ala am village i* located on the Cauver 'iver4 in the %iru&ur di*trict in %amil Nadu. +t i* a&&roximatel a $/( km from Chennai. %he ecological *anitation initiative in Lali a&ala am Iillage wa* launched in !<<! to reduce water u*e in *anitation4 &revent water &ollution due to o&en defecation 6a* the water ta3le i* high74 3 Education 6SC=PE7. +nitiall 4 the gram *a3ha &a**ed a re*olution to con*truct eco-*an toilet* in 1. hou*ehold*. %he whole conce&t wa* 3a*ed on the demand driven a&&roach. Arom the *election of the model to the con*truction4 all the *takeholder* were con*ulted at each *tage of the &ro5ect. %he conce&t wa* welcomed and ;uickl acce&ted 3 the re*ident*. +nitiall 4 a !-in-1 model wa* ado&ted where the wa*h water and the urine were mixed and collected in one cham3er and4 fKce* were collected in the other cham3er. )fter one ear4 a *tud wa* conducted on the view*Do&inion* of re*ident* regarding the functioning of the toilet*. +t wa* found that the u*er* were generall *ati*fied with the * *tem. Ba*ed on their feed3ack of the re*ident*4 !-in-1 model wa* re&laced with $-in-1 model in which the urine4 fKce* and wa*h water are collected *e&aratel . @rine i* collected in a mud &ot with hole* 3uried in the ground and the wa*h water i* collected in a filter 3ed. %he human fKce* and the urine are u*ed a* fertili8er and the wa*h water i* u*ed for the kitchen garden and &lant*. %he high initial co*t of eco-*an !the Societ for Communit =rgani8ation and Peo&le*

toilet i* off*et 3 long-term *ocio-economic and health 3enefit*. :a*h water a&&lied to 3anana tree* next to toilet* a**ure* irrigation at no co*t4 while the *ale of manure and urine for agriculture contri3uted toward* overall income for the village. %he*e 3enefit* &rovide !<< &er cent return on the inve*tment over life*&an of a toilet. 9ence the &rogramme not onl contri3ute* toward* environmental *u*taina3ilit 3ut al*o &roved to 3e extremel 3eneficial in *ocial and economic term*. %hi* &rove* the value of eco-*an a* a mean* to clo*e the nutrient loo& in *olid and li;uid wa*te in a *afe and h gienic manner4 while augmenting income 3oth directl 6*ale of manure and urine7 and indirectl through increa*ed farm out&ut. :.3 Gra" >ikas -*rissa2 < % Case Study of 9atura Resources /anage"ent Gram Iika* i* a rural develo&ment organi8ation founded in 11/14 working with &oor and marginali8ed communitie* e*&eciall in Dalit and )diva*i communitie* of =ri**a. %he mi**ion of Gram Iika* i* to &romote &rogramme* which are *u*taina3le4 *ociall inclu*ive and gender e;uita3le in order to ena3le the &oor and marginali8ed rural &o&ulation* or communitie* to achieve a dignified ;ualit of life. %he initiative* of Gram Iika* are aimed to energi8e entire villageDha3itation4 and are driven 3 the involvement of the entire communit in &lanning4 im&lementation and monitoring. +t take* an integrated a&&roach toward* the rural develo&ment that include*0 natural re*ource drought*. =ne of the ma5or area* of Gram Iika*# activitie* i* natural re*ource management. @nder thi* &rogramme4 it ha* launched the rural health and environment &rogramme 6'9EP7 in 111!. =ne of the main aim* of thi* initiative wa* to &rovide uninterru&ted water *u&&l and dignified *anitation facilitie*.
Toilets and Bathing ooms Source: !ram "i#as$ %rissa

management0

water*hed

management4

involving

con*ervation

and

develo&ment of land4 water and fore*t re*ource *o a* to mitigate the effect* of

!/

%o achieve an uninterru&ted water *u&&l 4 '9EP link* the &eo&le with government rural water &rogramme called "Swa5aldhara#. @nder thi* initiative4 the financial co*t of the &rogramme4 which include* the co*t of tank and the &i&e network4 i* &rovided 3 the government. %he familie*Dhou*ehold* &a a &art of the ca&ital co*t in the form of material and la3our. %he u*er*Dre*ident* &a a monthl maintenance charge to cover the o&erational and maintenance co*t of the &rovi*ion. %hi* arrangement not onl make* the &rogramme financial fea*i3le 3ut al*o &roved to 3e extremel u*eful in enhancing the *en*e of re*&on*i3ilit and owner*hi& among the communit and en*ure* that the &rovi*ion will *u*tain. )long with the monthl o&erational and maintenance co*t4 each hou*ehold contri3ute T 1<<< toward* a common fund which i* inve*ted in a 3ank de&o*it. +t* fund i* inve*ted further to extend *ervice to new hou*ehold* and to en*ure 1<< &er cent water *u&&l coverage in the future. %o en*ure an e;uita3le acce** to thi* facilit of clean water a* the current *ocial *tructure in man village* doe* not ena3le all communit mem3er* to acce** clean water4 Gram Iika* tran*form* thi* e*ta3li*hed *ocial order 3 mu*t 3e involved in the deci*ion-making &roce**. %he &ractice of 1<< &ercent inclu*ion kee&* village* clean and eliminate* *ource* of water contamination a* each and ever mem3er of the village i* involved in e*ta3li*hing4 maintaining and 3enefiting from the *anitation * *tem. %hi* i* al*o a wa to 3reak down ca*te and gender 3arrier* and allowing the marginali8ed to regard them*elve* a* e;ual* within the communit . %hi* develo&ment &roce** i* 3a*ed on 2)N%') 62ovement and )ction Network for %ran*formation of 'ural )rea*7 governance &rogramme#* value* of inclu*ion4 *u*taina3ilit 4 co*t *haring and *ocial and gender e;uit . 2)N%') i* a rural health initiative in nearl $<< village* acro** =ri**a4 which facilitate* &oor communitie* to come together to e*ta3li*h4 o&erate and manage their own water *u&&l and *anitation * *tem*. Aor the *anitation initiative4 the ca&ital co*t of a toilet and a 3athing room 6together T .4-<<7 i* 5ointl financed 3 Gram Iika* and the communit . Gram Iika* contri3ute* toward* the co*t* material re;uired for the con*truction and the communit contri3ute* in term* of local re*ource* *uch a* land and la3our. making it mandator that all hou*ehold* are included in the &rogramme and that the female head* of hou*ehold*

!.

Clean drinking water and acce** to *anitation ha* re*ulted in over .< &er cent reduction in incidence* of water3orne di*ea*e*.11 ) health communit and ha3itat act* a* a catal *t for *u*taina3le develo&ment. %hi* *how* how effective +EC can mould even fi**i&arou* rural *ocietie* into a more cohe*ive unit4 working toward* a common good. @*ing water and *anitation a* an entr &oint4 the NG= work* toward* overall im&rovement* in rural environment and the natural re*ource 3a*e. %hi* 3enefit* women e*&eciall 4 and the whole communit in general. Aurthermore4 the*e eco*an initiative* al*o offer the &otential *olution to the &ro3lem of manual *cavenging!<. )lthough the &ractice of manual *cavenging wa* outlawed in 111$4 however 3ecau*e of the lack of other *anitation alternative*4 thi* &ractice *till exi*t* in rural +ndia. ?. Conc usions and Reco""endations %he central &rinci&al in greening %SC i* to clo*e the nutrient and water loo&* *o the do not overla&. %hi* i* done 3 *egregating4 reu*ingDrec cling inorganic gar3age7 treating *olid and and wa*te li;uid
Solid li;uid wa*te4 faece* urine and Se&arate *olid* C li;uid*4 collection C treatment 'eturn to environmen t or u*ed for agricultureD horticulture

6excreta4 cow-dung4 organic and wa*te 6urine4 gre and 3lack water7 *o that little or nothing i* wa*ted4 &ollute* water and other natural re*ource* or end* u& in a gar3age dum&. %o achieve thi*4 &rioritie* need to 3ehaviour change4 followed 3

and

3e rearranged to green %SC. %he foremo*t i* according much greater weightage to *olid and li;uid wa*te management. +ncentive*4 currentl di*torting the *cheme4 need to 3e re*tructured a* do the award* linked to *anitation. %he main aim ha* to 3ecome a green and health village4 rather than tr ing
Gramvika* 6!<117. actUidV!C&ageUidV1.
19 20

:ater

Sanitation.

htt&0DDgramvika*.orgDindex.&h&J

'a5ago&al B. 6et al4 !<<-7. Arom Promi*e to Performance0 Ecological Sanitation =f 2anual Scavenging in +ndia. 2a**achu*ett* +n*titute of %echnolog .

!1

to merel

change defecation 3ehaviour. %hu*4 %SC need* to move awa

from

con*tructing toilet* and ho&e &eo&le will u*e them to the wider a*&ect* of water*hed and natural re*ource* &rotection and management4 3oth of which are intrin*icall linked to an water or *anitation &rogramme. %he idea i* to leverage %SC#* momentum for *afe handling of human excreta to im&rove water*hed management. B 3ringing the *itting of toilet* into a water*hed &lanning framework4 it will dramaticall im&rove the ;ualit of groundwater a* well a* &rovide a read *ource of manure to im&rove 3iodiver*it . %hi* ha* im&lication* for im&roving fore*t* and gra**land*4 3oth critical to 3etter environmental management at the local level. +t al*o have im&lication* for eliminating *ource* of water &ollution cau*ed 3 &oorl located and 3uilt toilet*4 either 3ecau*e the leach faecal matter into groundwater or &eo&le do not u*e them4 &referring o&en defecation. +t al*o extend* to eliminating the entr of 3oth *olid and li;uid wa*te into the environment in raw form4 and converting them to manure or other 3eneficial *tate* 3efore 3eing returned to the environment. %d!ocacy@ %3areness and Beha!iour Change ) 3a*ic in&ut of %SC4 +EC ha* failed to &roduce *ignificant 3ehaviour change. %hi* i* largel 3ecau*e of a narrow focu* and em&ha*i* on intangi3le 3enefit* of u*ing toilet* that mo*t +EC cam&aign* dwell on. %he*e intangi3le* are higher *ocial *tatu* and dignit of women. +EC ha* largel ignored health and livelihood i**ue*4 even though there are *tudie* to &rove im&roved *anitation and h giene dra*ticall reduce the num3er of di*a3ilit -linked life ear* 6D)?W*7H the*e are more tangi3le me**age* rooted in the ever da ex&erience* of the target audience*. +t i* therefore *ugge*ted to move awa from intangi3le* and focu* on tangi3le* in +EC. %he link 3etween health and livelihood* i* *omething ever &er*on i* familiar with4 and &rovide* a *ound 3a*i* for future +EC related to *anitation. +t al*o allow* for widening the *co&e of +EC to include *olid and li;uid wa*te management 3 linking it to im&rovement* in local natural re*ource* and water ;ualit H in turn the*e allow &eo&le more time for either &roductive work or lei*ure. %he im&act on women i* &articularl &ronounced *ince the are the &rimar water &rovider* and firewood

$<

gatherer*. )n +EC cam&aign ha* to ;uantif the*e at the individual level for &eo&le to relate to S?:2 and *anitation. Sanitation6 $ anning and Construction Sanitation mu*t 3e &laced within the larger water*hed context *o that it#* environmental and health a*&ect* are under*tood and a&&reciated. Sanitation &lanner* have to con*ider *urface and ground water flow*4 *oil condition*4 geolog and climate while &lanning the *anitation cam&aign. %he conventional *ingle or twin-&it toilet* are un*uita3le for u*e in man &art* of +ndia where the *oil i* rock 4 ha* a high &oro*it 4 in hill terrain or in flood-&rone area*. %herefore4 alternative* are needed and the need to *erve the &ur&o*e of *afel containing and decom&o*ing excreta without coming into contact with groundwater or human 3eing*.

Iariant* of dr com&o*ting toilet* are &ro3a3l 3e*t for +ndia given the mo*tl hot4 dr climate a* the will en*ure the fa*te*t decom&o*ition of faece* into manure. %he*e al*o need to &rovide ea* acce** to the manure *ince culturall 4 +ndian* will never $1

"*too&# to em&t ing out a &it full of excreta even if it ha* decom&o*ed to manure a* &it toilet* are *u&&o*ed to do. Containeri8ation i* one *olution4 and can 3e ea*il manufactured to a variet of *i8e* for the*e t &e* of toilet*. =ne of the ke out come of %SC *hould 3e clo*ing the nutrient loo& 3 dem *tif ing the value of fKce* and urine a* re&lacement* for chemical fertili*er*4 in &art or whole. ) clear linkage reflecting the e;uivalent* to the chemical fertili8er* that can 3e o3tained 3 nutrient loo&4 along with the co*t of each alternative mu*t 3e highlighted 6e.g. a* illu*trated in wa*te anal *i* ta3le earlier in the &a&er74 *o the economic 3enefit* 3ecome vi*i3le rather than leaving it o&en to inter&retation. %here are *cientific evaluation* of the nutrient value of urine and fKce* &roduced 3 different food com3ination*. %hi* argument can 3e 3uttre**ed 3 the health argument of u*ing toilet*4 that al*o make it ea* to collect4 &roce** and u*e fKce* and urine. +n fact4 toilet* can 3e &ro5ected a* mechani*m to harve*t nutrient* from human excreta and urine with a definite &a 3ack &eriod. So id and 8i7uid )aste /anage"ent Effective S?:2 will involve *ource *egregation4 treatment and reu*e or rec cling. Iillage* generate mo*tl wet4 organic *olid wa*te 6not excreta7 that i* *uita3le for com&o*ting or vermi-culture. %he end &roduct i* manure4 a re&lacement for chemical fertili*er* and a natural *oil enhancer. Com&o*ting technologie* are man and varied4 and onl tho*e that *uit local agro-eco-climatic condition* *hould 3e *ugge*ted. %he tougher one i* to in*titutionali8e *olid wa*te *egregation and collection. %he *tarting &oint i* to include thi* in the di*trict water and *anitation &lan *o &ancha at* have to al*o include it in their re*&ective *anitation &lan*. %he *econd i* to &rovide a reali*tic 3udget that reflect* co*t* of creating and running a gar3age collection network4 com&o*ting4 &ackaging and di*tri3ution of manure. :hile it i* ho&ed *ale* of manure will &artl off*et the*e co*t*4 it cannot 3e a**umed that the * *tem will work on a full co*t-recover 3a*i*. %herefore4 ca&ital co*t* have to 3e covered along with a com&onent of recurring co*t*. +n*titutional change* are needed at the &ancha at level *o that S?:2 3ecome* &art of the work of the village water and *anitation committee*.

$!

%he *ame goe* for li;uid wa*te management. %he ideal *olution i* u*e at the hou*ehold level4 3ut if a hou*ehold ha* not u*e for wa*te water4 it mu*t 3e channeled through &ro&erl con*tructed4 lined drain* to a central &oint for treatment. 9ere again4 it i* nece**ar to allot fund* for ca&ital work*4 including a village *urve 4 con*truction of lined &rimar 4 *econdar and tertiar drain*4 and a *im&le treatment * *tem 3a*ed on local agro-eco-climatic condition*. )ll gre water mu*t 3e *egregated from *torm water and u*ed in agricultureDhorticulture4 to reduce the &re**ure on fre*h water *ource* and &ollution of *urface or groundwater. Storm water drain* mu*t conve rainwater to recharge &oint* and *hould 3e &art of the village water management &lan. +n*titutionall and &rocedurall therefore4 the di*trict water and *anitation &lan ha* to include a di*tinct water management &lan with *e&arate gre and *torm water com&onent*. )* with *olid wa*te4 the financial allotment *hould cover 3oth ca&ital co*t* and =C2 *ince the *co&e for revenue recover here i* extremel limited. Pancha at* *hould 3e *u&&orted to &rovide effective water management in village*. +n the water management &lan*4 care ha* to 3e taken to com&letel *e&arate gre or 3lack water from *torm water *ince the latter will 3e u*ed without further treatment for augmenting local water re*ource* through *urface *torage *tructure* or groundwater recharge. &co6san %SC guideline* mention eco-*an a* one of the o&tion* for im&roving *anitation and h gienicall *e&arating fKce* from urine. %he*e need to 3e ela3orated and 3acked 3 *uita3le financial allotment*. 2uch more work i* needed to make eco-*an acce&ta3le 3 &eo&le given the different nature of eco-*an toilet*. )n a&&roach i* to &rovide *uita3le loan* for eco-*an toilet*4 re&a a3le through the *aving* on fertili*er*. ) t &ical eco-*an toilet &a * for it*elf over it* lifec cle of /-1< ear* through *aving* on chemical fertili*er*. %hi* &oint mu*t 3e em&ha*i8ed in &romoting eco-*an a* an alternative to toilet*. )dditionall 4 *tudie* have *hown reu*ing the excreta of a famil of ,4 theoreticall &roduce* enough excreta to &roduce ade;uate nitrogen and &ho*&horou* to cultivate a

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rice &lot ranging from (<x(<m and (<x,<m *i8e !1. %hi* i* another &oint that can &romote eco-*an toilet* a* well a* im&roved h giene. %he counter-argument to eco-*an i* o&en defecation4 a* that al*o return* the *ame nutrient* to the *oil in a more direct manner. 9owever4 eco-*an add* the h giene la er to nutrient rec cling that o&en defecation lack* and decom&o*e* faece* *afel . +t al*o *e&arate* urine and make* that availa3le a* a &otent fertili8er. Eco-*an can 3e a &otential *ource of income 3oth for the farmer* and the landle** &oor4 if &romoted a* a *ource of organic manure and a re&lacement for chemical fertili8er*. %he landle** &oor can make livelihood 3 turning their wa*te to manure and *elling it to the farmer*. =n the other hand the farmer* can reduce their ex&enditure on fertili8er* 3 re&lacing chemical fertili8er* with organic manure. 2o*t of the*e &eo&le work on farm*4 or a* *hare-cro&&er* and will therefore find the &ro&o*ition of re&lacing ex&enditure on chemical fertili8er* with eco-*an manure attractive. )gain4 thi* ha* to find &lace in +EC cam&aign* and a *uita3le financial mechani*m ha* to 3e worked out under %SC that cover* thi* *ection of rural +ndia. Re3ards and 'ncenti!es %he*e have worked well in the &a*t4 3oth at the central and *tate level4 to &romote *anitation. 9owever4 the need to 3e *taggered and di*3ur*ed in in*tallment* rather than at one go4 in tandem with &rogre**ive im&rovement* in *anitation. %herefore4 a village that ha* won the NGP *hould 3e given the fir*t in*tallment a* recognition of it* *tatu*4 3ut the *u3*e;uent relea*e* *hould 3e incum3ent on achieving other mile*tone* *uch a* S?:2 and &romotion of eco-*an. %hi* will work toward* en*uring *anitation goe* 3e ond con*truction and 6&artial7 u*e of toilet*4 into a more holi*tic im&rovement of the rural environment and natural re*ource*. %herefore4 %SC ha* to 3e reoriented toward* 3etter *olid and li;uid wa*te management4 &romotion of ecological *anitation4 and *taggered reward* or incentive* to 3ecome environment-friendl .

&d3ards $ 6111!7 euse of &uman Wastes in '(uaculture: ' technical eport 4 @NDP:B-)SP4 @S)
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