Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive.

. Exercises and Tests Form Present Perfect Simple irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have spoken he / she / it has spoken regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have worked he / she / it has worked Exceptions Exceptions when adding 'ed' :

Present Perfect Progressive

form of 'have' + been + verb + ing

Example: I / you / we / they have been speaking he / she / it has been speaking

when the final letter is e, only add d Example: love - loved

Exceptions when adding 'ing' :

silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming aber: agree - agreeing

after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted

after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: sit - sitting

final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled

after a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English). Example: travel - travelling

after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - worried but: play - played

final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying

See also explanations on Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Progressive Use

Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action. Result or duration? Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet? Present Perfect Simple Result (what / how much / how often) I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice. Certain verbs The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form).

Present Perfect Progressive Duration (how long) I have been writing for an hour.

state: be, have (for possession only) Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.

senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch Example: He has touched the painting.

brain work: believe, know, think, understand Example: I have known him for 3 years.

Emphasis on completion or duration? Do you want to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)? Present Perfect Simple Emphasis on completion Present Perfect Progressive Emphasis on duration

I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the completed now.) homework is completed now.) Result or side effect? Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect?

Present Perfect Simple desired result I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)

Present Perfect Progressive unwanted side effect Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

Time + negation: last time or beginning of an action? In negative sentences: Do you want to express how much time has past since the last time the action took place or since the beginning of the action? Present Perfect Simple since the last time I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: It's years ago that I last played that game.) Permanent or temporary? If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation, we would usually use the Present Perfect Simple. For temporary situations, we would prefer the Present Perfect Progressive. This is not a rule, however, only a tendency. Present Perfect Simple permanent temporary Present Perfect Progressive Present Perfect Progressive since the beginning I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.)

James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange is a permanent resident of this town.) student and only here for one or two years.) Signal words Present Perfect Simple

how often ... times

Present Perfect Progressive how long since for

Gramtica 1.- Present perfect continuous Esta forma verbal se emplea cuando interesa destacar la accin en s misma ms que el resultado; no se precisa si la accin ha finalizado o no (la accin comenz en el pasado y puede que acabe de terminar o que incluso contine). I have been reading a book (resalto lo que he estado haciendo; no indico si he finalizado el libro o no) Este tiempo se utiliza tambin para indicar la duracin de una accin que comenz en el pasado (y que acaba de finalizar o an contina). I have been playing tennis for two hours I have been waiting for him for 1 hour (puede que la otra persona acabe de llegar o que yo an siga esperando; el contexto determinar un sentido u otro) El empleo de este tiempo indica que el emisor considera que la duracin ha sido larga. 2.- Present perfect simple Describe una accin que comenz en el pasado y que acaba de finalizar. Pone el nfasis en el resultado y no en la accin en si misma. I have read a book (destaco que he ledo un libro, que lo he terminado, y no el hecho de haber dedicado un tiempo a la lectura). En el siguiente ejemplo se puede observar la diferencia entre estas dos formas verbales: I have done my homework (indico que ya lo he finalizado) I have been doing my homework (indico la actividad que he estado desarrollando; no informo de si he terminado mis deberes o no) Se utiliza tambin para indicar cuantas acciones se han realizado en un tiempo determinado. Today I have read ten books El empleo de este tiempo informa indirectamente sobre el presente, ya que conlleva que la situacin no ha cambiado. He has gone to Canada (esta persona sigue en Canda o est de viaje hacia all; en cualquier caso todava no ha regresado) I have broken my leg (la pierna sigue rota; an no ha sanado) Si no se da informacin sobre el presente hay que utilizar el "past simple".

He went to Canada (no se informa de si l sigue all o ya volvi) I broke my leg (puede que la pierna ya est curada o que an siga rota) En aquellos verbos en los que no se utiliza la forma continua (leccin 17) hay que recurrir en todos estos supuestos al "present perfect simple".

Gramtica Ambos tiempos describen acciones finalizadas en el pasado, si bien con algunas diferencias. a) Past Simple Accin finalizada en el pasado; no se hace referencia a ninguna conexin con el presente. I studied law at the university of Madrid b) Past Perfect Equivale al "present perfect" pero tomando como punto de referencia un momento en el pasado. - La accin finaliz cerca de dicho momento pasado que es mencionado en la oracin. Did you see him when you went to his office? No, he had left - La accin finaliz justo en dicho momento pasado o incluso continu despus. He had lived in Paris for 10 years when he decided to buy his own flat (continu viviendo en Pars)

Simple Past Past Perfect Simple Exercises and Tests Form Simple Past 2nd column of irregular verbs Past Perfect Simple had + 3rd column of irregular verbs

Example: I spoke regular verbs: infinitive + ed Example: I worked Exceptions Exceptions when adding ed:

Example: I had spoken regular verbs: form of have + infinitive + ed Example: I had worked

when the final letter is e, only add d Example: love - loved

after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted

final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled

after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - worried but: play - played

See also explanations on Simple Past and Past Perfect Simple Use We use Simple Past if we give past events in the order in which they occured. However, when we look back from a certain time in the past to tell what had happened before, we use Past Perfect. Normal order in the past or looking back to an event before a certain time in the past? Do you just want to tell what happened some time in the past or do you want to tell what had happened before/up to a certain time in the past? Simple Past some time in the past Past Perfect Simple before/up to a certain time in the past

Example: Example: Jane got up at seven. She opened her birthday Before her sixth birthday, Jane had never been presents and then the whole family went to the to the zoo.

zoo. Signal Words Simple Past

first then

Past Perfect Simple already up to then before that day after*

*Note: "After" is only used as a signal word for Past Perfect if it is followed by a subject + verb, meaning that one action had been completed before another action began (the new action is in Simple Past). Example: After the family had had breakfast, they went to the zoo. However, if "after" is followed by object + subject + verb, the verb belongs to the new action and is therefore in Simple Past. Example: After her visit to the zoo, Jane was exhausted. More exceptions with signal words When Depending on the situation, "when" can be used with Simple Past or Past Perfect. Compare the following examples: Example: When Jane saw the elephants, she was amazed. (at the same time) When Jane had seen the elephants, she wanted to see the giraffes. (second action happened after the first action had been completed) When Jane went to see the elephants, she had already seen the lions. (second action had been completed when the first action took place) Before "Before" as well can either be used with Simple Past or Past Perfect. If the action after "before" is a new action, use Simple Past. If the action after "before" started (and was not completed) before a certain time in the past, use Past Perfect. Compare the following examples: Example: Jane had read a lot about elephants before she went to the zoo. Jane went to the zoo before she had finished reading her new book about elephants.