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Sbe SM13
Sbe SM13
Understand how the analysis of variance procedure can be used to determine if the means of more
than two populations are equal.
2.
3.
Understand the use of the F distribution in performing the analysis of variance procedure.
4.
Know how to set up an ANOVA table and interpret the entries in the table.
5.
Be able to use output from computer software packages to solve analysis of variance problems.
6.
Know how to use Fishers least significant difference (LSD) procedure and Fishers LSD with the
Bonferroni adjustment to conduct statistical comparisons between pairs of populations means.
7.
Understand the difference between a completely randomized design, a randomized block design,
and factorial experiments.
8.
partitioning
blocking
main effect
interaction
13 - 1
Chapter 13
Solutions:
1.
a.
x = (30 + 45 + 36)/3 = 37
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
b.
d.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
2.
a.
Sum of Squares
570
66
636
Degrees of Freedom
2
12
14
Mean Square
285
5.5
F
51.82
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
b.
13 - 2
d.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
3.
a.
x=
Sum of Squares
536
828
1364
Degrees of Freedom
2
9
11
Mean Square
268
92
F
2.91
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
b.
d.
4.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
1020
458
1478
Degrees of Freedom
2
12
14
Mean Square
510
38.17
F
13.36
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
1200
300
1500
Degrees of Freedom
3
60
63
Mean Square
400
5
F
80
a.
b.
Using F table (3 degrees of freedom numerator and 60 denominator), p-value is less than .01
Actual p-value = .0000
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the means of the 4 populations are
equal.
5.
a.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
120
216
336
Degrees of Freedom
2
72
74
13 - 3
Mean Square
60
3
F
20
Chapter 13
b.
Using F table (2 numerator degrees of freedom and 72 denominator), p-value is less than .01
Actual p-value = .0000
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the 3 population means are equal.
6.
Manufacturer 1
23
6.67
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Manufacturer 2
28
4.67
Manufacturer 3
21
3.33
x = (23 + 28 + 21)/3 = 24
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Peer
5.5
2.00
Subordinate
5.25
1.93
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
13 - 4
Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 21 denominator), p-value is greater than .10
Actual p-value = .7660
Because p-value > = .05, we cannot reject the null hypothesis that the means of the three
populations are equal; thus, the source of information does not significantly affect the dissemination
of the information.
8.
Marketing
Managers
5
.8
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Marketing
Research
4.5
.3
Advertising
6
.4
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Architect
61.13
180.10
Stockbroker
65.80
137.12
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
13 - 5
Chapter 13
N
8
8
8
Pooled StDev =
Mean
92.200
89.650
84.800
MS
113.0
30.5
StDev
6.365
4.973
5.129
5.524
F
3.70
P
0.042
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean service ratings are equal.
11. a
1 1
1 1
LSD = t / 2 MSE + = t.025 5.5 + = 2.179 2.2 = 3.23
ni n j
5 5
b.
1 1
x1 x2 t / 2 MSE +
n1 n2
1 1
(30 45) 2.179 5.5 +
5 5
-15 3.23 = -18.23 to -11.77
12. a.
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Sample 1
51
96.67
Sample 2
77
97.34
13 - 6
Sample 3
58
81.99
x = (51 + 77 + 58)/3 = 62
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
b.
1 1
1 1
LSD = t / 2 MSE + = t.025 92 + = 2.262 46 = 15.34
ni n j
4 4
13.
1 1
1 1
LSD = t / 2 MSE + = t.025 4.89 + = 2.262 2.45 = 3.54
4 4
n1 n3
Since x1 x3 = 23 21 = 2 < 3.54, there does not appear to be any significant difference between
the means of population 1 and population 3.
14.
x1 x2 LSD
23 - 28 3.54
-5 3.54 = -8.54 to -1.46
15.
Since there are only 3 possible pairwise comparisons we will use the Bonferroni adjustment.
= .05/3 = .017
t.017/2 = t.0085 which is approximately t.01 = 2.602
13 - 7
Chapter 13
1 1
1 1
BSD = 2.602 MSE + = 2.602 .5 + = 1.06
ni n j
6 6
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Machine 2
9.1
.93
Machine 3
9.9
.70
Machine 4
11.4
1.02
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
17.
13 - 8
1 1
BSD = 2.845 0.97 + = 1.62
6 6
Thus, if the absolute value of the difference between any two sample means exceeds 1.62, there is
sufficient evidence to reject the hypothesis that the corresponding population means are equal.
Means
| Difference |
Significant ?
18.
(1,2)
2
Yes
(1,3)
2.8
Yes
(1,4)
4.3
Yes
(2,3)
0.8
No
(2,4)
2.3
Yes
(3,4)
1.5
No
n1 = 8 n2 = 8 n3 = 8
t/2 is based upon 21 degrees of freedom
1 1
LSD = t.025 30.5 + = 2.080 7.6250 = 5.74
8 8
Comparing Small and Medium
92.20 89.65 = 2.55 < LSD; no significant difference
Comparing Small and Large
92.20 84.80 = 7.40 > LSD; significant difference
Comparing Medium and Large
89.65 84.80 = 4.85 < LSD; no significant difference
19. a.
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
b.
c.
s12 = 164.4
s22 = 131.2
s32 = 110.4
d.
e.
13 - 9
Chapter 13
b.
Sum of Squares
1488
2030
3518
Degrees of Freedom
2
15
17
Mean Square
744
135.3
F
5.50
Mean Square
75
5.33
F
14.07
1 1
1 1
LSD = t / 2 MSE + = 2.131 135.3 + = 14.31
ni n j
6 6
21.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
22. a.
Sum of Squares
300
160
460
Degrees of Freedom
4
30
34
H0: u1 = u2 = u3 = u4 = u5
Ha: Not all the population means are equal
b.
Using F table (4 degrees of freedom numerator and 30 denominator), p-value is less than .01
Actual p-value = .0000
Because p-value = .05, we reject H0
23.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
150
250
400
Degrees of Freedom
2
16
18
Mean Square
75
15.63
F
4.80
Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 16 denominator), p-value is between .01 and .
025
Actual p-value = .0233
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the means of the three treatments are
equal.
13 - 10
24.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
1200
600
1800
Degrees of Freedom
2
44
46
Mean Square
600
13.64
F
43.99
Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 44 denominator), p-value is less than .01
Actual p-value = .0000
Because p-value = .05, we reject the hypothesis that the treatment means are equal.
25.
A
119
146.89
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
x=
B
107
96.43
C
100
173.78
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
b.
Sum of Squares
4560
6240
10800
Degrees of Freedom
2
27
29
Mean Square
2280
231.11
F
9.87
Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 27 denominator), p-value is less than .01
Actual p-value = .0006
13 - 11
Chapter 13
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the means of the three assembly
methods are equal.
27.
Source of Variation
Between
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
61.64
23.41
85.05
Degrees of Freedom
3
20
23
Mean Square
20.55
1.17
F
17.56
Using F table (3 degrees of freedom numerator and 20 denominator), p-value is less than .01
Actual p-value = .0000
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean breaking strength of the four
cables is the same.
28.
50
33
32
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
60
29
17.5
70
28
9.5
x = (33 + 29 + 28)/3 = 30
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Direct
Experience
17.0
5.01
13 - 12
Indirect
Experience
20.4
6.26
Combination
25.0
4.01
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Paint 2
139
.50
Paint 3
136
21
Paint 4
144
54.5
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
A
20
1
B
21
25
x = (20 + 21 + 25)/3 = 22
13 - 13
C
25
2.5
Chapter 13
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
33.
34.
Treatment Means:
xg1 = 13.6 xg2 = 11.0
xg3 = 10.6
13 - 14
Block Means:
x1g = 9 x2 g = 7.67
x3g = 15.67
x4 g = 18.67
x5g = 7.67
Overall Mean:
x = 176/15 = 11.73
Step 1
SST = xij x
i
Step 2
SSTR = b xg j x
j
Step 3
SSBL = k xi g x
i
Step 4
SSE = SST - SSTR - SSBL = 354.93 - 26.53 - 312.32 = 16.08
Source of Variation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
26.53
312.32
16.08
354.93
Degrees of Freedom
2
4
8
14
Mean Square
13.27
78.08
2.01
F
6.60
Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 8 denominator), p-value is between .01 and .025
Actual p-value = .0203
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the means of the three treatments are
equal.
35.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
310
85
35
430
Degrees of Freedom
4
2
8
14
Mean Square
77.5
42.5
4.38
F
17.69
Using F table (4 degrees of freedom numerator and 8 denominator), p-value is less than .01
13 - 15
Chapter 13
Sum of Squares
900
400
500
1800
Degrees of Freedom
3
7
21
31
Mean Square
300
57.14
23.81
F
12.60
Using F table (3 degrees of freedom numerator and 21 denominator), p-value is less than .01
Actual p-value = .0001
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the means of the treatments are equal.
37.
Treatment Means:
xg1 = 56 xg2 = 44
Block Means:
x1g = 46 x2 g = 49.5
x3g = 54.5
Overall Mean:
x = 300/6 = 50
Step 1
SST = xij x
i
Step 2
SSTR = b xg j x
j
Step 3
SSBL = k xi g x
i
Step 4
13 - 16
Sum of Squares
216
73
21
310
Degrees of Freedom
1
2
2
5
Mean Square
216
36.5
10.5
F
20.57
Using F table (1 degree of freedom numerator and 2 denominator), p-value is between .025 and .05
Actual p-value = .0453
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean tune-up times are the same
for both analyzers.
38.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
45
36
19
100
Degrees of Freedom
4
3
12
19
Mean Square
11.25
12
1.58
F
7.12
Using F table (4 degrees of freedom numerator and 12 denominator), p-value is less than .01
Actual p-value = .0035
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean total audit times for the five
auditing procedures are equal.
39.
Treatment Means:
xg1 = 16 xg2 = 15
xg3 = 21
Block Means:
x1g = 18.67 x2 g = 19.33
x3g = 15.33
x4 g = 14.33
x5g = 19
Overall Mean:
x = 260/15 = 17.33
Step 1
SST = xij x
i
Step 2
SSTR = b xg j x
j
Step 3
13 - 17
Chapter 13
SSBL = k xi g x
i
Step 4
SSE = SST - SSTR - SSBL = 175.33 - 103.33 - 64.75 = 7.25
Source of Variation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
100.33
64.75
7.25
175.33
Degrees of Freedom
2
4
8
14
Mean Square
51.67
16.19
.91
F
56.78
Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 8 denominator), p-value is less than .01
Actual p-value = .0000
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean times for the three systems
are equal.
40.
N
10
10
10
10
Pooled StDev =
Mean
178.00
171.00
175.00
123.60
MS
6602
298
StDev
16.77
18.89
14.80
18.36
17.28
F
22.12
P
0.000
Because p-value =.05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean heart rate for the four
methods are equal.
41.
Factor B
Level 1
Level 2
Factor A
Level 3
Means
Level 1
x11 = 150
x12 = 78
x13 = 84
x1g = 104
Level 2
x21 = 110
x22 = 116
x23 = 128
x2 g = 118
xg1 = 130
xg2 = 97
xg3 = 106
x = 111
Factor A
Factor B Means
13 - 18
Step 1
SST = xijk x
i
Step 2
SSA = br x j g x
i
Step 3
SSB = ar xg j x
j
Step 4
SSAB = r xij xi g xg j + x
i
Step 5
SSE = SST - SSA - SSB - SSAB = 9,028 - 588 - 2,328 - 4,392 = 1,720
Source of Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
588
2328
4392
1720
9028
Degrees of Freedom
1
2
2
6
11
Mean Square
588
1164
2196
286.67
F
2.05
4.06
7.66
Factor A: F = 2.05
Using F table (1 degree of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is greater than .10
Actual p-value = .2022
Because p-value > = .05, Factor A is not significant
Factor B: F = 4.06
Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is between .05 and .10
Actual p-value = .0767
Because p-value > = .05, Factor B is not significant
Interaction: F = 7.66
Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is between .01 and .
025
13 - 19
Chapter 13
Actual p-value = .0223
Because p-value = .05, Interaction is significant
42.
Source of Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
26
23
175
56
280
Degrees of Freedom
3
2
6
24
35
Mean Square
8.67
11.50
29.17
2.33
F
3.72
4.94
12.52
Using F table for Factor A (3 degrees of freedom numerator and 24 denominator), p-value is .025
Because p-value = .05, Factor A is significant.
Using F table for Factor B (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 24 denominator), p-value is
between .01 and .025
Actual p-value = .0160
Because p-value = .05, Factor B is significant.
Using F table for Interaction (6 degrees of freedom numerator and 24 denominator), p-value is less
than .01
Actual p-value = .0000
Because p-value = .05, Interaction is significant
43.
Factor B
Small
Large
Factor B
Means
x11 = 10
x12 = 10
x1g = 10
Factor A B
x21 = 18
x22 = 28
x2 g = 23
x31 = 14
x32 = 16
x3g = 15
Means
xg1 = 14
xg2 = 18
x = 16
Factor B
Step 1
SST = xijk x
i
Step 2
13 - 20
SSA = br xi g x
i
Step 3
SSB = ar xg j x
j
Step 4
SSAB = r xij xi g xg j + x
i
Step 5
SSE = SST - SSA - SSB - SSAB = 544 - 344 - 48 - 56 = 96
Source of
Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
Degrees of Freedom
Mean Square
344
48
56
96
544
2
1
2
6
11
172
48
28
16
172/16 = 10.75
48/16 = 3.00
28/16 = 1.75
Using F table for Factor A (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is between
.01 and .025
Actual p-value = .0104
Because p-value = .05, Factor A is significant; there is a difference due to the type of
advertisement design.
Using F table for Factor B (1 degree of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is greater
than .01
Actual p-value = .1340
Because p-value > = .05, Factor B is not significant; there is not a significant difference due to
size of advertisement.
Using F table for Interaction (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is
greater than .10
Actual p-value = .2519
Because p-value > = .05, Interaction is not significant.
13 - 21
Chapter 13
44.
Roller
Coaster
Factor B
Screaming
Demon
Log
Flume
Factor A
Means
Method 1
x11 = 42
x12 = 48
x13 = 48
x1g = 46
Method 2
x21 = 50
x22 = 48
x23 = 46
x2 g = 48
Means
xg1 = 46
xg2 = 48
xg3 = 47
x = 47
Factor A
Factor B
Step 1
SST = xijk x
i
Step 2
SSA = br xi g x
i
Step 3
SSB = ar xg j x
j
Step 4
SSAB = r xij xi g xg j + x
i
Step 5
SSE = SST - SSA - SSB - SSAB = 136 - 12 - 8 - 56 = 60
Source of
Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
Degrees of Freedom
Mean Square
12
8
56
60
136
1
2
2
6
11
12
4
28
10
12/10 = 1.2
4/10 = .4
28/10 = 2.8
Using F table for Factor A (1 degree of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is greater
than .10
Actual p-value = .3153
Because p-value > = .05, Factor A is not significant
13 - 22
Using F table for Factor B (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is greater
than .10
Actual p-value = .6870
Because p-value > = .05, Factor B is not significant
Using F table for Interaction (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is
greater than .10
Actual p-value = .1384
Because p-value > = .05, Interaction is not significant
45.
Factor B
Male
Factor A
Female
Factor B
Means
Factor A
Under junior
high school
Senior high
school
above college
x11 =29.5114
x12 =35.2943
x13 =50.3092
x 21 =20.6957
x1 =25.1036
x 22 =27.1644
x2 =31.2294
x 23 = 42.053
x3 =46.1809
Means
x1 =38.3716
x 2 =29.9709
x =34.1713
Step 1
SST = xijk x
i
Step 2
SSA = br xi g x
i
Step 3
SSB = ar xg j x
j
Step 4
SSAB = r xij xi g xg j + x
i
13 - 23
Chapter 13
Step 5
SSE = SST - SSA - SSB - SSAB = 2,118.3143
Source of Variation
Sum of
Squares
211.7166
940.4381
0.2663
2,118.3143
3,270.7353
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Degrees of Freedom
1
2
2
24
29
Mean Square
211.7166
470.2191
0.1332
88.2631
F
2.3987
5.3275
0.0015
Using F table for Factor A (1 degree of freedom numerator and 24 denominator), p-value is greater
than .1
Actual p-value = .1345
Because p-value > = .05, Factor A (gender) is not significant
Using F table for Factor B (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 24 denominator), p-value is less
than .05
Actual p-value = .0122
Because p-value = .05, Factor B (educational level) is significant
Using F table for Interaction (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 24 denominator), p-value is
greater than .9
Actual p-value =.9985
Because p-value > = .05, Interaction is not significant
46.
SSA = br xi g x
i
Step 3
13 - 24
SSB = ar xg j x
j
Step 4
SSAB = r xij xi g xg j + x
i
Step 5
SSE = SST - SSA - SSB - SSAB = 327.50 - 0.4538 - 66.0159 - 14.2525
Source of Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
0.4538
66.1059
14.2525
246.7778
327.5000
Degrees of Freedom
1
2
2
144
149
Mean Square
0.4538
33.0080
7.1263
1.7137
F
0.2648
19.2608
4.1583
Factor A: Actual p-value = .6076. Because p-value > = .05, Factor A is not significant.
Factor B: Actual p-value = .0000. Because p-value = .05, Factor B is significant.
Interaction: Actual p-value = .0176. Because p-value = .05, Interaction is significant.
47. a.
Area 1
96
50
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Area 2
94
40
x = (96 + 94)/2 = 95
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
13 - 25
Chapter 13
Because p-value > = .05, the means are not significantly different.
b.
Area 1
96
50
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Area 2
94
40
Area 3
83
42
x = (96 + 94 + 83)/3 = 91
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
N
10
10
10
Pooled StDev =
Mean
58.600
48.800
60.100
MS
376.6
20.3
StDev
4.575
4.211
4.701
4.501
F
18.59
P
0.000
Because the p-value = .000 < = .05, we can reject the null hypothesis that the mean resale value
is the same. It appears that the mean resale value for small pickup trucks is much smaller than the
mean resale value for sport utility vehicles or full-size pickup trucks.
49.
13 - 26
DF
3
36
39
Level
Midcap
Smallcap
Hybrid
Specialt
SS
2.603
10.612
13.215
N
10
10
10
10
Mean
1.2800
1.6200
1.6000
2.0000
Pooled StDev =
MS
0.868
0.295
F
2.94
P
0.046
StDev
0.2394
0.3795
0.7379
0.6583
0.5429
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean expense ratios are equal.
50.
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
x=
Physical
Therapist
63.7
164.68
Lawyer
50.0
124.22
Cabinet
Maker
69.1
105.88
Systems
Analyst
61.2
136.62
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
51.
13 - 27
Chapter 13
Source
Factor
Error
Total
Level
West
South
NE
DF
2
27
29
N
10
10
10
Pooled StDev =
SS
4339
15991
20330
Mean
108.00
91.70
121.10
MS
2169
592
StDev
23.78
19.62
28.75
24.34
F
3.66
P
0.039
Because the p-value = .039 < = .05, we can reject the null hypothesis that the mean rate for the
three regions is the same.
52.
LEVEL
West
South
N.Cent
N.East
N
10
10
10
10
POOLED STDEV =
MEAN
60.000
45.400
47.300
52.100
MS
423.7
48.4
STDEV
7.218
7.610
6.778
6.152
6.961
F
8.74
p
0.000
Because p-value = 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis that that the mean base salary for art
directors is the same for each of the four regions.
53.
N
15
13
12
Pooled StDev =
Mean
7.4133
6.1077
7.0583
MS
6.201
0.665
StDev
0.8855
0.7399
0.8005
0.8153
F
9.33
P
0.001
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean rating for the three positions
is the same. It appears that wide receivers and tackles have a higher mean rating than guards.
54.
13 - 28
x
92
30
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
y
97
6
z
84
35.33
x = (92 + 97 + 44) /3 = 91
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
Sum
Average Variation
Professionals
1241.8
155.225
20.66211
Services
1183.9
147.9875
1.64185
Manufacturing
1147.78
143.4725
2.296879
SS
DF
MS
Factor
562.3677
281.1839
34.28954
Error
172.2059
21
8.200281
Total
734.5736
23
ANOVA
Source
P-value
0.000000243
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean consumption is the same for
the three sectors.
13 - 29
Chapter 13
56.
Method A
90
98.00
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Method B
84
168.44
Method C
81
159.78
x = (90 + 84 + 81) /3 = 85
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Type B
27,500
2,325,625
Type C
34,200
2,722,500
Type D
30,300
1,960,000
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 264,208,125
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 264,208,125 /(120 - 4) = 2,277,656.25
F = MSTR /MSE = 239,800,000 /2,277,656.25 = 105.28
Using F table (3 degrees of freedom numerator and 116 denominator), p-value is less than .01
Actual p-value = .0000
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the population means are equal.
13 - 30
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Design B
107
68.67
Design C
109
100.67
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Light Browser
5.25
1.07
Heavy Browser
5.75
1.36
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
13 - 31
Chapter 13
b.
1 1
1 1
LSD = t / 2 MSW + = 2.080 1.17 + = 1.12
ni n j
8 8
Since the absolute value of the difference between the sample means for nonbrowsers and light
browsers is 4.25 5.25 = 1 , we cannot reject the null hypothesis that the two population means are
equal.
60. a.
Treatment Means:
x1 = 22.8 x2 = 24.8
x3 = 25.80
Block Means:
x1 = 19.67 x2 = 25.67
x3 = 31
x4 = 23.67
x5 = 22.33
Overall Mean:
x = 367 /15 = 24.47
Step 1
SST = xij x
i
Step 2
SSTR = b xg j x
j
Step 3
SSBL = k xi g x
i
Step 4
SSE = SST - SSTR - SSBL = 253.73 - 23.33 - 217.02 = 13.38
Source of Variation
Treatment
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
23.33
217.02
13.38
253.73
Degrees of Freedom
2
4
8
14
Mean Square
11.67
54.26
1.67
F
6.99
32.49
Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 8 denominator), p-value is between .01 and .025
Actual p-value = .0175
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean miles per gallon ratings for
13 - 32
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
II
24.8
9.2
III
25.8
27.2
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
Sum of Squares
SST
SSTR
SSBL
SSE
Randomized
Block Design
253.73
23.33
217.02
13.38
Completely
Randomized Design
253.73
23.33
does not exist
230.4
Note that SSE for the completely randomized design is the sum of SSBL (217.02) and SSE (13.38)
for the randomized block design. This illustrates that the effect of blocking is to remove the block
effect from the error sum of squares; thus, the estimate of 2 for the randomized block design is
substantially smaller than it is for the completely randomized design.
61.
The blocks correspond to the 15 items in the market basket (Product) and the treatments correspond
to the grocery chains (Store).
The Minitab output is shown below:
Analysis of Variance for Price
Source
DF
SS
MS
Product
14
217.236
15.517
Store
2
2.728
1.364
13 - 33
F
64.18
5.64
P
0.000
0.009
Chapter 13
Error
Total
28
44
6.769
226.734
0.242
Because the p-value for Store = .009 is less than = .05, there is a significant difference in the
mean price per item for the three grocery chains.
62.
N
22
22
22
Mean
12.052
14.957
20.105
Pooled StDev =
MS
365.88
3.93
StDev
1.393
1.847
2.536
1.982
F
93.16
P
0.000
Because the p-value = .05, we can reject the null hypothesis that the mean download time is the
same for Web sites located in the three countries. Note that the mean download time for Web sites
located in the United Kingdom (12.052 seconds) is less than the mean download time for Web sites
in the United States (14.957) and Web sites located in Europe (20.105).
63.
Factor B
Spanish
French
Factor A
German
Means
System 1
x11 = 10
x12 = 12
x13 = 14
x1g = 12
System 2
x21 = 8
x22 = 15
x23 = 19
x2 g = 14
xg1 = 9
xg2 = 13.5
xg3 = 16.5
x = 13
Factor A
Factor B Means
Step 1
SST = xijk x
i
Step 2
SSA = br xi g x
i
Step 3
13 - 34
SSB = ar xg j x
j
Step 4
SSAB = r xij xi g xg j + x
i
Step 5
SSE = SST - SSA - SSB - SSAB = 204 - 12 - 114 - 26 = 52
Source of Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
12
114
26
52
204
Degrees of Freedom
1
2
2
6
11
Mean Square
12
57
12
8.67
F
1.38
6.57
1.50
Factor A: Actual p-value = .2846. Because p-value > = .05, Factor A (translator) is not
significant.
Factor B: Actual p-value = .0308. Because p-value = .05, Factor B (language translated) is
significant.
Interaction: Actual p-value = .2963. Because p-value > = .05, Interaction is not significant.
64.
Factor B
Manual
Machine 1
Automatic
Factor B
Means
x11 = 32
x12 = 28
x1g = 36
Machine 2 x21 = 21
x22 = 26
x2 g = 23.5
xg2 = 27
x = 26.75
Factor A
Factor B Means
xg1 = 26.5
Step 1
SST = xijk x
i
Step 2
SSA = br xi g x
i
Step 3
13 - 35
Chapter 13
SSB = ar xg j x
j
Step 4
SSAB = r xij xi g xg j + x
i
Step 5
SSE = SST - SSA - SSB - SSAB = 151.5 - 84.5 - 0.5 - 40.5 = 26
Source of Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
84.5
.5
40.5
26
151.5
Degrees of Freedom
1
1
1
4
7
Mean Square
84.5
.5
40.5
6.5
F
13
.08
6.23
Factor A: Actual p-value = .0226. Because p-value = .05, Factor A (machine) is significant.
Factor B: Actual p-value = .7913. Because p-value > = .05, Factor B (loading system) is not
significant.
Interaction: Actual p-value = .0671. Because p-value > = .05, Interaction is not significant.
13 - 36