Introductions to EllipticTheta3

Introduction to the Jacobi theta functions

General
The basic achievements in studying infinite series were made in the 18th and
19th centuries when mathematicians investigated issues regarding the
convergence of different types of series. In particular, they found that the
famous geometrical series:
_
k=0
o
q
k
converges inside the unit circle z < 1 to the function 1f (1 q), but can be analytically extended outside this circle
by the formulas _
k=0
o
q
k1
f; z > 1 and _
k=0
o
(q q
0
)
k
f; c
k
= (1 q
0
)
k1
q q
0
< 1 q
0
. The sums of
these two series produce the same function 1f (1 q). But restrictions on convergence for all three series strongly
depend on
the distance between the center of expansion q
0
and the nearest singular point 1 (where the function 1f (1 q) has
a first-order pole).
The properties of the series:
_
k=0
o
q
k
2
lead to similar results, which attracted the interest of J. Bernoulli
(1713), L. Euler, J. Fourier, and other researchers. They found that this
series cannot be analytically continued outside the unit circle
z < 1 because its boundary z = 1 has not one, but an infinite set of dense
singular points. This boundary was called the natural boundary of analyticity
of the corresponding function, which is defined as the sum of the previous
series.
Special contributions to the theoretical development of these series were
made by C. G. J. Jacobi (1827), who introduced the elliptic amplitude am(z m) and studied the twelve elliptic
functions cd(z m), cn(z m), cs(z m), dc(z m), dn(z m), ds(z m), nc(z m), nd(z m), ns(z m), sc(z m),
sd(z m), sn(z m). All these functions later were named for Jacobi. C. G. J. Jacobi also
introduced four basic theta functions, which can be expressed through the
following series:
u(w, q) = _
k=o
o
q
k
2
+w k
.
These Jacobi elliptic theta functions notated by the symbols !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q) have the
following representations:
!
1
(z, q) = i q
4
_
k=o
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
:
(2 k+1) i z
= i q
4
:
i z
u
2 i z + i
log(q)
+1, q
!
2
(z, q) = q
4
_
k=o
o
q
k (k+1)
:
(2 n+1) i z
= q
4
:
i z
u
2 i z
log(q)
+1, q
!
3
(z, q) = _
n=o
o
q
n
2
:
2 n i z
= u
2 i z
log(q)
, q
!
4
(z, q) = _
n=o
o
(1)
n
q
n
2
:
2 n i z
= u
2 i z + i
log(q)
, q .
A more detailed theory of elliptic theta functions was developed by C. W.
Borchardt (1838), K. Weierstrass (18621863), and others. Many
relations in the theory of elliptic functions include derivatives of the
theta functions with respect to the variable z: !
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q), which cannot be expressed

through other special functions. For this
reason, Mathematica includes not only four well-known theta functions, but also their
derivatives.
Definitions of Jacobi theta functions
The Jacobi elliptic theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q), and their derivatives with respect to z:
!
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) are defined by the following formulas:

!
1
(z, q) = 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
sin((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1
!
2
(z, q) = 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
q
k (k+1)
cos((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1
!
3
(z, q) = 2_
k=1
o
q
k
2
cos(2 k z) +1 f; q < 1
!
4
(z, q) = 1 +2_
k=1
o
(1)
k
q
k
2
cos(2 k z) f; q < 1
!
1

(z, q) = 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
(2 k +1) cos((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1
http://functions.wolfram.com 2
!
2

(z, q) = 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
q
k (k+1)
(2 k +1) sin((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1
!
3

(z, q) = 4_
k=1
o
q
k
2
k sin(2 k z) f; q < 1
!
4

(z, q) = 4_
k=1
o
(1)
k
k q
k
2
sin(2 k z) f; q < 1.
A quick look at the Jacobi theta functions
Here is a quick look at the graphics for the Jacobi theta functions along
the real axis for q = 1f 2.
7.5 5 2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5
x
4
2
0
2
4
f
!
1
(x, 0.5)
!
2
(x, 0.5)
!
3
(x, 0.5)
!
4
(x, 0.5)
!
1

(x, 0.5)
!
2

(x, 0.5)
!
3

(x, 0.5)
!
4

(x, 0.5)
Connections within the group of Jacobi theta functions and with other
function groups
Representations through related equivalent functions
The elliptic theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q) can be represented through the Weierstrass sigma
functions by the following
formulas:
!
1
(z, q) =

1
q
4
exp
2
1

1
z
2

2
[
n=1
o
|1 q
2 n
]
3

2
1
z

; g
2
, g
3
f;

1
,
3
=
1
(g
2
, g
3
),
3
(g
2
, g
3
)
1
= (
1
; g
2
, g
3
) q = exp
i
3

1
!
2
(z, q) = 2 q
4
[
n=1
o
|1 q
2 n
] [
n=1
o
|1 +q
2 n
]
2
exp
2
1

1
z
2

1
(u; g
2
, g
3
) f;

1
,
3
=
1
(g
2
, g
3
),
3
(g
2
, g
3
)
1
= (
1
; g
2
, g
3
) q = exp
i
3

1
http://functions.wolfram.com 3
!
3
(z, q) = [
n=1
o
|1 q
2 n
] [
n=1
o
|1 +q
2 n1
]
2
exp
2
1

1
z
2

2
2
1
z

; g
2
, g
3
f;

1
,
3
=
1
(g
2
, g
3
),
3
(g
2
, g
3
)
1
= (
1
; g
2
, g
3
) q = exp
i
3

1
!
4
(z, q) = [
n=1
o
|1 q
2 n
] [
n=1
o
|1 q
2 n1
]
2
exp
2
1

1
z
2

3
2
1
z

; g
2
, g
3
f;

1
,
3
=
1
(g
2
, g
3
),
3
(g
2
, g
3
)
1
= (
1
; g
2
, g
3
) q = exp
i
3

1
,
where
1
,
3
are the Weierstrass half-periods and (z; g
2
, g
3
) is the Weierstrass zeta function.
The ratios of two different elliptic theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q) can be expressed through
corresponding elliptic Jacobi functions with
power factors by the following formulas:
!
1
(z, q(m))
!
2
(z, q(m))
=
1
(1 m)
1f4
sc
2 K(m) z

m
!
1
(z, q(m))
!
3
(z, q(m))
= m (1 m)
4
sd
2 K(m) z

m
!
1
(z, q (m))
!
4
(z, q (m))
= m
4
sn
2 K(m) z

m
!
2
(z, q(m))
!
1
(z, q(m))
=
1
1 m
4
cs
2 K(m) z

m
!
2
(z, q(m))
!
3
(z, q(m))
= m
4
cd
2 K(m) z

m
!
2
(z, q(m))
!
4
(z, q(m))
=
m
4
1 m
4
cn
2 K(m) z

m
!
3
(z, q(m))
!
1
(z, q(m))
=
1
(m (1 m))
1f4
ds
2 K(m) z

m
!
3
(z, q(m))
!
2
(z, q(m))
=
1
m
4
dc
2 K(m) z

m
!
3
(z, q(m))
!
4
(z, q(m))
=
1
1 m
4
dn
2 K(m) z

m
!
4
(z, q(m))
!
1
(z, q(m))
=
1
m
4
ns
2 K(m) z

m
http://functions.wolfram.com 4
!
4
(z, q(m))
!
2
(z, q(m))
=
1 m
4
m
4
nc
2 K(m) z

m
!
4
(z, q(m))
!
3
(z, q(m))
= 1 m
4
nd
2 K(m) z

m ,
where q(m) is an elliptic nome and K(m) is a complete elliptic integral.
Representations through other Jacobi theta functions
Each of the theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q) can be represented through the other theta
functions by the following
formulas:
!
1
(z, q) = (1)
m1
!
2
z +

2
(2 m+1), q f; m e
!
1
(z, q) = i (1)
m
:
i (2 m+1) z
q
m+
1
2

2
!
3
z +
1
2
( i (2 m+1) log(q)), q f; m e
!
1
(z, q) = i (1)
m
:
(2 m+1) i z
q
m+
1
2

2
!
4
z +
i log(q)
2
(2 m+1), q f; m e
!
2
(z, q) = (1)
m
!
1
z +

2
(2 m+1), q f; m e
!
2
(z, q) = :
i (2 m+1) z
q
m+
1
2

2
!
3
z +
i log(q)
2
(2 m+1), q f; m e
!
2
(z, q) = :
i (2 m+1) z
q
m+
1
2

2
!
4
z +
2 m+1
2
(i log(q) +), q
!
1
(z, q) = :
i (2 m+1) z
q
m+
1
2

2
!
1
z
1
2
( i (2 m+1) log(q)), q f; m e
!
3
(z, q) = :
i (2 m+1) z
q
m+
1
2

2
!
2
z
i log(q)
2
(2 m+1), q f; m e
!
3
(z, q) = !
4
z +

2
(2 m+1), q f; m e
!
4
(z, q) = i (1)
m
:
i (2 m+1) z
q
m+
1
2

2
!
1
z +
i log(q)
2
(2 m+1), q f; m e
!
4
(z, q) = i :
i (2 m+1) z
q
m+
1
2

2
!
2
z
2 m+1
2
(i log(q) +), q
!
4
(z, q) = !
3
z +

2
(2 m+1), q f; m e .
http://functions.wolfram.com 5
The derivatives of the theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q) can also be expressed through the other
theta functions and their
derivatives by the following formulas:
!
1

(z, q) = (1)
m+n
:
2 i n z
q
n
2
(!
1

(z + m+i n log(q), q) 2 i n !
1
(z + m+i n log(q), q)) f; m, n e
!
1

(z, q) = (1)
m1
!
2

z +
1
2
(2 m+1), q f; m e
!
1

(z, q) = (1)
m
:
i (2 m+1) z
q
m+
1
2

2
(2 m+1) !
3
z +
1
2
( i (2 m+1) log(q)), q i !
3

z +
1
2
( i (2 m+1) log(q)), q f; m e
!
1

(z, q) = (1)
m
:
i (2 m+1) z
q
m
2
+m+
1
4 (2 m+1) !
4
z +
1
2
i (2 m+1) log(q), q +i !
4

z +
1
2
i (2 m+1) log(q), q f; m e
!
2

(z, q) = (1)
m
!
1

1
2
(2 m+1) + z, q f; m e
!
2

(z, q) = (1)
m
:
2 i n z
q
n
2
(2 i n !
2
(z + m+i n log(q), q) +!
2

(z + m+i n log(q), q)) f; m, n e

!
2

(z, q) = :
i (2 m+1) z
q
m
2
+m+
1
4 !
3

z +
1
2
i (2 m+1) log(q), q i (2 m+1) !
3
z +
1
2
i (2 m+1) log(q), q f; m e
!
2

(z, q) = :
i (2 m+1) z
q
m
2
+m+
1
4 !
4

z +
1
2
(2 m+1) (i log(q) +), q i (2 m+1) !
4
z +
1
2
(2 m+1) (i log(q) +), q f; m e
!
3

(z, q) = i :
i (2 m+1) z
q
m+
1
2

2
(2 m+1) !
1
z +
1
2
i (2 m+1) log(q)

2
, q +i !
1

z +
1
2
i (2 m+1) log(q)

2
, q f; m e
!
3

(z, q) = :
i (2 m+1) z
q
m
2
+m+
1
4 i (2 m+1) !
2
z
1
2
i (2 m+1) log(q), q +!
2

z
1
2
i (2 m+1) log(q), q f; m e
!
3

(z, q) = :
2 i n z
q
n
2
|2 i n !
3
(z +m +i n log(q), q) +!
3

(z +m +i n log(q), q)] f; m, n e q = :
i
!
3

(z, q) = !
4

z +
1
2
(2 m+1), q f; m e
!
4

(z, q) = (1)
m
:
i (2 m+1) z
q
m
2
+m+
1
4 (2 m+1) !
1
z +
1
2
i (2 m+1) log(q), q +i !
1

z +
1
2
i (2 m+1) log(q), q f; m e
!
4

(z, q) = :
i (2 m+1) z
q
m
2
+m+
1
4 (2 m+1) !
2
z
1
2
(2 m+1) (i log(q) +), q i !
2

z
1
2
(2 m+1) (i log(q) +), q f; m e
!
4

(z, q) = !
3

1
2
(2 m+1) + z, q f; m e
!
4

(z, q) = (1)
n
:
2 i n z
q
n
2
(2 i n !
4
(z + m+i n log(q), q) +!
4

(z + m+i n log(q), q)) f; m, n e q = :

i
.
The best-known properties and formulas for the Jacobi theta functions
Values for real arguments
http://functions.wolfram.com 6
For real values of the arguments z, q (with 1 < q < 1), the values of the Jacobi theta functions !
3
(z, q), !
4
(z, q),
!
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) are real.

For real values of the arguments z, q (with 0 s q < 1), the values of the Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q),
!
1

(z, q), and !

2

(z, q) are real.

Simple values at zero
All Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), !
4
(z, q), !
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) have the

following simple values at the origin point:
!
1
(0, 0) = 0 !
2
(0, 0) = 0 !
3
(0, 0) = 1 !
4
(0, 0) = 1
!
1

(0, 0) = 0 !
2

(0, 0) = 0 !
3

(0, 0) = 0 !
4

(0, 0) = 0.
Specific values for specialized parameter
All Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), !
4
(z, q), !
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) have the

following simple values if q =0:
!
1
(z, 0) = 0 !
2
(z, 0) = 0 !
3
(z, 0) = 1 !
4
(z, 0) = 1
!
1

(z, 0) = 0 !
2

(z, 0) = 0 !
3

(z, 0) = 0 !
4

(z, 0) = 0.
At the points z =0 and z =

2
, all theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), !
4
(z, q), !
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and

!
4

(z, q) can be expressed through the Dedekind eta function (w) f; w = i log(q) f or a composition of the
complete elliptic function K and the inverse elliptic nome K|q
1
(q)] by the following formulas:
!
1
(0, q) = 0 !
2
(0, q) =
2

i log(q)

2 i log(q)

2
!
3
(0, q) =
2

K|q
1
(q)] !
4
(0, q) =
1

i log(q)

i log(q)
2

2
!
1

(0, q) = 2
i log(q)

3
!
2

(0, q) = 0
!
3

(0, q) = 0 !
4

(0, q) = 0
!
1
|

2
, q] =
2

q
1
(q)
4
K|q
1
(q)] !
2
|

2
, q] = 0
!
3
|

2
, q] =
2

1 q
1
(q)
4
K|q
1
(q)] !
4
|

2
, q] =
1

2 i log(q)

2

i log(q)
2
2

i log(q)

5
!
1

2
, q] = 0 !
2

2
, q] = 2
i log(q)

3
!
3

4
, q] = 4
4 i log(q)

3
!
4

4
, q] = 4
4 i log(q)

3
.
The previous relations can be generalized for the cases z = m and z = f 2 + m, where m e :
!
1
(m, q) = 0 f; m e !
2
(m, q) =
2 (1)
m

i log(q)

2 i log(q)

2
f; m e
http://functions.wolfram.com 7
!
3
(m, q) =
1

2 i log(q)

2

i log(q)
2
2

i log(q)

5
f; m e !
4
(m, q) =
1

i log(q)

i log(q)
2

2
f; m e
!
1
m+
1
2
, q = (1)
m
2

q
1
(q)
4
K|q
1
(q)] f; m e !
2
m+
1
2
, q = 0 f; m e
!
3
m+
1
2
, q =
2

1 q
1
(q)
4
K|q
1
(q)] f; m e
!
4
m+
1
2
, q =
1

2 i log(q)

2

i log(q)
2
2

i log(q)

5
f; m e
!
1

( m, q) = 2 (1)
m

i log(q)

3
f; m e !
2

(m, q) = 0 f; m e !
3

|
m
2
, q] = 0 f; m e !
4

|
m
2
, q] = 0 f; m e
!
1

| m+

2
, q] = 0 f; m e !
2

| m+

2
, q] = 2 (1)
m1

i log(q)

3
f; m e
!
3

|
m
2
+

4
, q] = 4 (1)
m1

4 i log(q)

3
f; m e !
4

|
m
2
+

4
, q] = 4 (1)
m

4 i log(q)

3
f; m e
.
Analyticity
All Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), !
4
(z, q), !
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) are analytic

functions of z and q for z, q e and q < 1.
Poles and essential singularities
All Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), !
4
(z, q), !
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) do not have

poles and essential singularities inside of the unit circle q < 1.
Branch points and branch cuts
For fixed z, the functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
1

(z, q), and !

2

(z, q) have one branch point: q = 0. (The point q = 1 is the

branch cut endpoint.)
For fixed z, the functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
1

(z, q), and !

2

(z, q) are the single-valued functions inside the unit circle of the
complex q-plane, cut along the interval (1, 0), where they are continuous from above:
lim
+0
!
1
(z, q +i ) = !
1
(z, q) f; 1 < q < 0 lim
+0
!
1
(z, q i ) = i !
1
(z, q) f; 1 < q < 0
lim
+0
!
2
(z, q +i ) = !
2
(z, q) f; 1 < q < 0 lim
+0
!
2
(z, q i ) = i !
2
(z, q) f; 1 < q < 0
lim
+0
!
1

(z, q +i ) = !
1

(z, q) f; 1 < q < 0 lim

+0
!
1

(z, q i ) = i !
1

(z, q) f; 1 < q < 0

lim
+0
!
2

(z, q +i ) = !
2

(z, q) f; 1 < q < 0 lim

+0
!
2

(z, q i ) = i !
2

(z, q) f; 1 < q < 0.

For fixed q, the functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
1

(z, q), and !

2

(z, q) do not have branch points and branch cuts with

respect to z.
The functions !
3
(z, q), !
4
(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) do not have branch points and branch cuts.

http://functions.wolfram.com 8
Natural boundary of analyticity
The unit circle q =1 is the natural boundary of the region of analyticity for all Jacobi theta
functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), !
4
(z, q), !
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q).
Periodicity
The Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q) and !
2
(z, q) are the periodic functions with respect to z with period 2 and a
quasi-period i log(q):
!
1
(z +2 , q) = !
1
(z, q) !
1
(z +i log(q), q) =
:
2 i z
q
!
1
(z, q)
!
2
(z +2 , q) = !
2
(z, q) !
2
(z +i log(q), q) =
:
2 i z
q
!
2
(z, q).
The Jacobi theta functions !
3
(z, q) and !
4
(z, q) are the periodic functions with respect to z with period and a quasi-
period i log(q):
!
3
(z +, q) = !
3
(z, q) !
3
(z +i log(q), q) =
:
2 i z
q
!
3
(z, q)
!
4
(z +, q) = !
4
(z, q) !
4
(z +i log(q), q) =
:
2 i z
q
!
4
(z, q).
The Jacobi theta functions !
1

(z, q) and !
2

(z, q) are the periodic functions with respect to z with period 2 :

!
1

(z +, q) = !
1

(z, q) !
1

(z +2 , q) = !
1

(z, q)
!
2

(z +, q) = !
2

(z, q) !
2

(z +2 , q) = !
2

(z, q).
The Jacobi theta functions !
3

(z, q) and !
4

(z, q) are the periodic functions with respect to z with period :

!
3

(z +, q) = !
3

(z, q)
!
4

(z +, q) = !
4

(z, q).
The previous formulas are the particular cases of the following general
relations that reflect the periodicity and quasi-periodicity of the
theta functions by variable z:
!
1
(z +m +n , q) = (1)
m+n
q
n
2
:
2 n z i
!
1
(z, q) f; m, n e q = :
i
!
2
(z +m +n , q) = (1)
m
q
n
2
:
2 n z i
!
2
(z, q) f; m, n e q = :
i
!
3
(z +m +n , q) = q
n
2
:
2 n z i
!
3
(z, q) f; m, n e q = :
i
!
4
(z +m +n , q) = (1)
n
q
n
2
:
2 n z i
!
4
(z, q) f; m, n e q = :
i
!
1

(z +m, q) = (1)
m
!
1

(z, q) f; m e
!
2

(z +m, q) = (1)
m
!
2

(z, q) f; m e
!
3

(z +m, q) = !
3

(z, q) f; m e
!
4

(z +m, q) = !
4

(z, q) f; m e .
http://functions.wolfram.com 9
Parity and symmetry
All Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), !
4
(z, q), !
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) have mirror

symmetry:
!
1
(z
.
, q) = !
1
(z, q) !
2
(z
.
, q) = !
2
(z, q) !
3
(z
.
, q) = !
3
(z, q) !
4
(z
.
, q) = !
4
(z, q)
!
1

(z
.
, q) = !
1

(z, q) !
2

(z
.
, q) = !
2

(z, q) !
3

(z
.
, q) = !
3

(z, q) !
4

(z
.
, q) = !
4

(z, q).
The Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) are odd functions with respect to z:

!
1
(z, q) = !
1
(z, q) !
2

(z, q) = !
2

(z, q) !
3

(z, q) = !
3

(z, q) !
4

(z, q) = !
4

(z, q).
The other Jacobi theta functions !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), !
4
(z, q), and !
1

(z, q) are even functions with respect to z:

!
2
(z, q) = !
2
(z, q) !
3
(z, q) = !
3
(z, q) !
4
(z, q) = !
4
(z, q) !
1

(z, q) = !
1

(z, q).
The Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
1

(z, q), !
2
(z, q), and !
2

(z, q) satisfy the following parity type relations with

respect to q:
!
1
(z, q) = exp
i
4
sgn(Im(q)) !
1
(z, q) !
2
(z, q) = exp
i
4
sgn(Im(q)) !
2
(z, q)
!
1

(z, q) = exp|

4
sgn(Im(q))] !
1

(z, q) !
2

(z, q) = exp
i
4
sgn(Im(q)) !
2

(z, q).
The Jacobi theta functions !
3
(z, q), !
3

(z, q), !
4
(z, q), and !
4

(z, q) with argument q can be self-transformed by the

following relations:
!
3
(z, q) = !
4
(z, q) !
4
(z, q) = !
3
(z, q) !
3

(z, q) = !
4

(z, q) !
4

(z, q) = !
3

(z, q).
q-series representations
All Jacobi elliptic theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q), and their derivatives !
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q),
!
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) have the following series expansions, which can be called q-series representations:
!
1
(z, q) = 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
sin((2 k +1) z) = i q
4
_
k=o
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
:
(2 k+1) i z
f; q < 1
!
2
(z, q) = 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
q
k (k+1)
cos((2 k +1) z) = q
4
_
k=o
o
q
k (k+1)
:
(2 n+1) i z
f; q < 1
!
2
(0, q) = 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
q
k (k+1)
!
3
(z, q) = 2_
k=1
o
q
k
2
cos(2 k z) +1 = _
n=o
o
q
n
2
:
2 n i z
f; q < 1
!
3
(0, q) = 1 +2_
n=1
o
q
n
2
http://functions.wolfram.com 10
!
4
(z, q) = 1 +2_
k=1
o
(1)
k
q
k
2
cos(2 k z) = _
n=o
o
(1)
n
q
n
2
:
2 n i z
f; q < 1
!
4
(0, q) = 1 +2_
n=1
o
(1)
n
q
n
2
!
1

(z, q) = 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
(2 k +1) cos((2 k +1) z) = q
4
_
k=o
o
(1)
k
(2 k +1) q
k (k+1)
:
(2 k+1) i z
f; q < 1
!
1

(0, q) = 2 q
4
_
n=0
o
(1)
n
(2 n +1) q
n (n+1)
!
2

(z, q) = 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
q
k (k+1)
(2 k +1) sin((2 k +1) z) = i _
k=o
o
q
k+
1
2

2
(2 k +1) :
(2 k+1) i z
f; q < 1
!
3

(z, q) = 4_
k=1
o
q
k
2
k sin(2 k z) = 2 i _
k=o
o
q
k
2
k :
2 k i z
f; q < 1
!
4

(z, q) = 4_
k=1
o
(1)
k
k q
k
2
sin(2 k z) = 2 i _
k=o
o
(1)
k
q
k
2
k :
2 k i z
f; q < 1.
Other series representations
The theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q), and their derivatives !
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and

!
4

(z, q) can also be represented through the following series:

!
1
(z, q) = i exp
i z
2

_
n=o
o
(1)
n
exp i n +
1
2
+
z

2
f; q = :
i
!
2
(z, q) = exp
i z
2

_
n=o
o
exp i n +
1
2
+
z

2
f; q = :
i
!
3
(u, q) = exp
i u
2

_
n=o
o
exp i n +
u

2
f; q = :
i
!
4
(z, q) = exp
i z
2

_
n=o
o
(1)
n
exp i n +
z

2
f; q = :
i
!
1

(z, q) =
2 i
3f2

3f2
_
n=o
o
(1)
n
z

+n
1
2
exp
i

+n
1
2
2
f; q = :
i
!
2

(z, q) =
2 i
3f2

3f2
_
n=o
o
(1)
n
z

+n exp
i

+n
2
f; q = :
i
!
3

(z, q) =
2 i
3f2

3f2
_
n=o
o
n +
z

exp
i

+n
2
f; q = :
i
http://functions.wolfram.com 11
!
4

(z, q) =
2 i
3f2

3f2
_
n=o
o
n +
z

1
2
exp
i

+n
1
2
2
f; q = :
i
.
Product representations
The theta functions can be represented through infinite products, for
example:
!
1
(z, q) = 2 q
4
sin(z) [
k=1
o
|1 q
2 k
] |1 2 q
2 k
cos(2 z) +q
4 k
]
!
2
(0, q) = 2 q
4
[
n=1
o
|1 q
2 n
] |1 +q
2 n
]
2
!
2
(z, q) = 2 q
4
cos(z) [
k=1
o
|1 q
2 k
] |1 +2 q
2 k
cos(2 z) +q
4 k
]
!
3
(0, q) =[
n=1
o
|1 q
2 n
] |1 +q
2 n1
]
2
!
3
(z, q) =[
k=1
o
|1 q
2 k
] |1 +2 q
2 k1
cos(2 z) +q
4 k2
]
!
4
(0, q) =[
n=1
o
|1 q
2 n
] |1 q
2 n1
]
2
!
4
(z, q) = [
k=1
o
|1 q
2 j
] |1 2 q
2 k1
cos(2 z) +q
4 k2
]
!
1

(0, q) = 2 q
4
[
n=1
o
|1 q
2 n
]
3
.
Transformations
The theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q) satisfy numerous relations that can provide transforma-
tions of their
arguments, for example:
!
1
z

, :

= i :

4
i exp
i z
2

+
i
4
!
1
(z, q) f; q = :
i
!
2
z

, :

i
exp
i z
2

!
4
(z, q) f; q = :
i
http://functions.wolfram.com 12
!
3
z

, :

i
exp
i z
2

!
3
(z, q) f; q = :
i
!
4
z

, :

i
exp
i z
2

!
2
(z, q) f; q = :
i
.
Among those transformations, several kinds can be combined into specially
named groups:
n
th
root of q:
!
j
|z, q
1fn
] = [
r=1
o
1 q
2 r
n
|1 q
2 r
]
n
[
k=
n1
2
n1
2
!
j
z +
i k log(q)
n
, q f;
n +1
2
e
+
j e 1, 2, 3, 4.
Multiple angle formulas:
!
1
(n z, q
n
) =
q
n
4
q
nf4
[
r=1
o
1 q
2 n r
|1 q
2 r
]
n
[
r=0
n1
!
1
z +
r
n
, q f; n e
+
!
1
(n z, q
n
) = (1)
_
n
2
_
q
n
4
q
nf4
[
r=1
o
1 q
2 n r
|1 q
2 r
]
n
[
r=_
n1
2
_
_
n1
2
_
!
1
z +
r
n
, q f; n e
+
!
2
(n z, q
n
) = (1)
n1
2
[
r=1
o
1 q
2 n r
|1 q
2 r
]
n
[
r=0
n1
!
2
z +
r
n
, q f;
n +1
2
e
+
!
2
(n z, q
n
) = [
r=1
o
1 q
2 n r
|1 q
2 r
]
n
[
r=
n1
2
n1
2
!
2
z +
r
n
, q f; n e
+
!
3
(n z, q
n
) = [
r=1
o
1 q
2 n r
|1 q
2 r
]
n
[
r=0
n1
!
3
z +
r
n
, q f;
n +1
2
e
+
!
3
(n z, q
n
) = [
r=1
o
1 q
2 n r
|1 q
2 r
]
n
[
r=
n1
2
n1
2
!
3
z +
r
n
, q f; n e
+
!
4
(n z, q
n
) = [
r=1
o
1 q
2 n r
|1 q
2 r
]
n
[
r=0
n1
!
4
z +
r
n
, q f; n e
+
!
4
(n z, q
n
) = [
r=1
o
1 q
2 n r
|1 q
2 r
]
n
[
r=_
n1
2
_
_
n1
2
_
!
4
z +
r
n
, q f; n e
+
.
http://functions.wolfram.com 13
Double-angle formulas (which are not particular cases of the previous group),
for example:
!
1
(2 z, q) =
2 !
1
(z, q) !
2
(z, q) !
3
(z, q) !
4
(z, q)
!
2
(0, q) !
3
(0, q) !
4
(0, q)
.
!
2
(2 z, q) =
!
2
(z, q)
4
!
1
(z, q)
4
!
2
(0, q)
3
.
!
3
(2 z, q) =
!
3
(z, q)
4
+!
1
(z, q)
4
!
3
(0, q)
3
.
!
4
(2 z, q) =
!
4
(z, q)
4
!
1
(z, q)
4
!
4
(0, q)
3
.
Landen's transformation:
!
3
(z, q) !
4
(z, q)
!
4
|2 z, q
2
]
=
!
3
(0, q) !
4
(0, q)
!
4
|0, q
2
]
!
2
(z, q) !
1
(z, q)
!
1
|2 z, q
2
]
=
!
3
(0, q) !
4
(0, q)
!
4
|0, q
2
]
.
Identities
The theta functions at z = 0 satisfy numerous modular identities of the form p(!
1
(0, q
e
1,1
) ., !
4
(0, q
e
4,n
)) =0,
where the e
i, j
are positive integers and p is a multivariate polynomials over the integers, for example:
3 !
2
|0, q
9
]
!
2
(0, q)
1
3
=
9 !
2
|0, q
3
]
4
!
2
(0, q)
4
1
!
3
|0, q
3
]
4
!
3
|0, q
9
]
4
=
!
3
(0, q)
!
3
|0, q
9
]
1
3
+1
3 !
4
|0, q
9
]
!
4
(0, q)
1
3
=
9 !
4
|0, q
3
]
4
!
4
(0, q)
4
1.
Among the numerous identities for theta functions, several kinds can be
joined into specially named groups:
Relations involving squares:
http://functions.wolfram.com 14
!
2
(0, q)
2
!
3
(z, q)
2
!
4
(0, q)
2
!
1
(z, q)
2
= !
3
(0, q)
2
!
2
(z, q)
2
!
2
(z, q)
2
!
3
(0, q)
2
+!
4
(0, q)
2
!
1
(z, q)
2
= !
2
(0, q)
2
!
3
(z, q)
2
!
2
(0, q)
2
!
2
(z, q)
2
+!
4
(0, q)
2
!
4
(z, q)
2
= !
3
(0, q)
2
!
3
(z, q)
2
!
2
(0, q)
2
!
1
(z, q)
2
+!
4
(0, q)
2
!
3
(z, q)
2
= !
3
(0, q)
2
!
4
(z, q)
2
!
3
(0, q)
2
!
1
(z, q)
2
+!
4
(0, q)
2
!
2
(z, q)
2
= !
2
(0, q)
2
!
4
(z, q)
2
.
Relations involving quartic powers:
!
2
(0, q)
4
+!
4
(0, q)
4
= !
3
(0, q)
4
!
1
(z, q)
4
+!
3
(z, q)
4
= !
2
(z, q)
4
+!
4
(z, q)
4
.
Relations between the four theta functions where the first argument is zero,
for example:
!
1

(0, q) = !
2
(0, q) !
3
(0, q) !
4
(0, q).
Addition formulas:
!
1
(x + y, q) !
1
(x y, q) =
!
1
(x, q)
2
!
2
(y, q)
2
!
2
(x, q)
2
!
1
(y, q)
2
!
2
(0, q)
2
=
!
4
(x, q)
2
!
3
(y, q)
2
!
3
(x, q)
2
!
4
(y, q)
2
!
2
(0, q)
2
!
1
(x + y, q) !
1
(x y, q) =
!
1
(x, q)
2
!
3
(y, q)
2
!
3
(x, q)
2
!
1
(y, q)
2
!
3
(0, q)
2
=
!
4
(x, q)
2
!
2
(y, q)
2
!
2
(x, q)
2
!
4
(y, q)
2
!
3
(0, q)
2
!
1
(x + y, q) !
1
(x y, q) =
!
1
(x, q)
2
!
4
(y, q)
2
!
4
(x, q)
2
!
1
(y, q)
2
!
4
(0, q)
2
=
!
3
(x, q)
2
!
2
(y, q)
2
!
2
(x, q)
2
!
3
(y, q)
2
!
4
(0, q)
2
!
2
(x + y, q) !
2
(x y, q) =
!
2
(x, q)
2
!
2
(y, q)
2
!
1
(x, q)
2
!
1
(y, q)
2
!
2
(0, q)
2
=
!
3
(x, q)
2
!
3
(y, q)
2
!
4
(x, q)
2
!
4
(y, q)
2
!
2
(0, q)
2
!
2
(x + y, q) !
2
(x y, q) =
!
2
(x, q)
2
!
3
(y, q)
2
!
4
(x, q)
2
!
1
(y, q)
2
!
3
(0, q)
2
=
!
3
(x, q)
2
!
2
(y, q)
2
!
1
(x, q)
2
!
4
(y, q)
2
!
3
(0, q)
2
!
2
(x + y, q) !
2
(x y, q) =
!
2
(x, q)
2
!
4
(y, q)
2
!
3
(x, q)
2
!
1
(y, q)
2
!
4
(0, q)
2
=
!
4
(x, q)
2
!
2
(y, q)
2
!
1
(x, q)
2
!
3
(y, q)
2
!
4
(0, q)
2
!
3
(x + y, q) !
3
(x y, q) =
!
3
(x, q)
2
!
2
(y, q)
2
+!
4
(x, q)
2
!
1
(y, q)
2
!
2
(0, q)
2
=
!
2
(x, q)
2
!
3
(y, q)
2
+!
1
(x, q)
2
!
4
(y, q)
2
!
2
(0, q)
2
http://functions.wolfram.com 15
!
3
(x + y, q) !
3
(x y, q) =
!
3
(x, q)
2
!
3
(y, q)
2
+!
1
(x, q)
2
!
1
(y, q)
2
!
3
(0, q)
2
=
!
2
(x, q)
2
!
2
(y, q)
2
+!
4
(x, q)
2
!
4
(y, q)
2
!
3
(0, q)
2
!
3
(x + y, q) !
3
(x y, q) =
!
3
(x, q)
2
!
4
(y, q)
2
!
2
(x, q)
2
!
1
(y, q)
2
!
4
(0, q)
2
=
!
4
(x, q)
2
!
3
(y, q)
2
!
1
(x, q)
2
!
2
(y, q)
2
!
4
(0, q)
2
!
4
(x + y, q) !
4
(x y, q) =
!
3
(x, q)
2
!
1
(y, q)
2
+ !
4
(x, q)
2
!
2
(y, q)
2
!
2
(0, q)
2
=
!
1
(x, q)
2
!
3
(y, q)
2
+ !
2
(x, q)
2
!
4
(y, q)
2
!
2
(0, q)
2
!
4
(x + y, q) !
4
(x y, q) =
!
4
(x, q)
2
!
3
(y, q)
2
+ !
2
(x, q)
2
!
1
(y, q)
2
!
3
(0, q)
2
=
!
1
(x, q)
2
!
2
(y, q)
2
+ !
3
(x, q)
2
!
4
(y, q)
2
!
3
(0, q)
2
!
4
(x + y, q) !
4
(x y, q) =
!
4
(x, q)
2
!
4
(y, q)
2
!
1
(x, q)
2
!
1
(y, q)
2
!
4
(0, q)
2
=
!
3
(x, q)
2
!
3
(y, q)
2
!
2
(x, q)
2
!
2
(y, q)
2
!
4
(0, q)
2
.
Triple addition formulas, for example:
!
3
(x + y + z, q) !
3
(x, q) !
3
(y, q) !
3
(z, q) !
2
(x + y + z, q) !
2
(x, q) !
2
(y, q) !
2
(z, q) =
!
1
(x, q) !
1
(y, q) !
1
(z, q) !
1
(x + y + z, q) +!
4
(x, q) !
4
(y, q) !
4
(z, q) !
4
(x + y + z, q)
!
1
(z, q)
4
+!
3
(z, q)
4
= !
2
(z, q)
4
+!
4
(z, q)
4
.
Representations of derivatives
The derivatives of the Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q), and their derivatives !
1

(z, q),
!
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) with respect to variable z can be expressed by the following formulas:

o!
1
(z, q)
oz
= !
1

(z, q) = 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
(2 k +1) cos((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1
o!
2
(z, q)
oz
= !
2

(z, q) = 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
q
k (k+1)
(2 k +1) sin((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1
o!
3
(z, q)
oz
= !
3

(z, q) = 4_
k=1
o
q
k
2
k sin(2 k z) f; q < 1
o!
4
(z, q)
oz
= !
4

(z, q) = 4_
k=1
o
(1)
k
k q
k
2
sin(2 k z) f; q < 1
o!
1

(z, q)
oz
= 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
(2 k +1)
2
sin((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1
o!
2

(z, q)
oz
= 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
q
k (k+1)
(2 k +1)
2
cos((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1
o!
3

(z, q)
oz
= 8_
k=1
o
q
k
2
k
2
cos(2 k z) f; q < 1
http://functions.wolfram.com 16
o!
4

(z, q)
oz
= 8_
k=1
o
(1)
k1
k
2
q
k
2
cos(2 k z) f; q < 1.
The derivatives of the Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q), and their derivatives !
1

(z, q),
!
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) with respect to variable q can be expressed by the following formulas:

o!
1
(z, q)
oq
=
!
1
(z, q)
4 q
+2_
k=1
o
(1)
k
k (k +1) q
k (k+1)
3
4 sin((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1
o!
2
(z, q)
oq
=
!
2
(z, q)
4 q
+2_
k=1
o
k (k +1) q
k (k+1)
3
4 cos((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1
o!
3
(z, q)
oq
= 2_
k=1
o
q
k
2
1
k
2
cos(2 k z) f; q < 1
o!
4
(z, q)
oq
= 2_
k=1
o
(1)
k
k
2
q
k
2
1
cos(2 k z) f; q < 1
o!
1

(z, q)
oq
= 2 q

3
4
_
k=1
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
k (k +1) (2 k +1) cos((2 k +1) z) +
!
1

(z, q)
4 q
f; q < 1
o!
2

(z, q)
oq
=
!
2

(z, q)
4 q
2 q

3
4
_
k=1
o
q
k (k+1)
k (k +1) (2 k +1) sin((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1
o!
3

(z, q)
oq
= 4_
k=1
o
q
k
2
1
k
3
sin(2 k z) f; q < 1
o!
4

(z, q)
oq
= 4_
k=1
o
(1)
k1
k
3
q
k
2
1
sin(2 k z) f; q < 1.
The n
th
-order derivatives of the Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q), and their derivatives
!
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) with respect to variable z can be expressed by the following formulas:

o
n
!
1
(z, q)
oz
n
= 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
(2 k +1)
n
sin
n
2
+(2 k +1) z f; q < 1 [ n e
+
o
n
!
2
(z, q)
oz
n
= 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
q
k (k+1)
(2 k +1)
n
cos
n
2
+(2 k +1) z f; q < 1 [ n e
+
o
n
!
3
(z, q)
oz
n
= 2
n+1
_
k=0
o
q
k
2
k
n
cos
n
2
+2 k z f; q < 1 [ n e
+
o
n
!
4
(z, q)
oz
n
= 2
n+1
_
k=1
o
(1)
k
q
k
2
k
n
cos
n
2
+2 k z f; q < 1 [ n e
+
http://functions.wolfram.com 17
o
n
!
1

(z, q)
oz
n
= 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
(2 k +1)
n+1
cos
n
2
+(2 k +1) z f; q < 1 [ n e
+
o
n
!
2

(z, q)
oz
n
= 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
q
k (k+1)
(2 k +1)
n+1
sin
n
2
+(2 k +1) z f; q < 1 [ n e
+
o
n
!
3

(z, q)
oz
n
= 2
n+2
_
k=1
o
q
k
2
k
n+1
sin
n
2
+2 k z f; q < 1 [ n e
+
o
n
!
4

(z, q)
oz
n
= 2
n+2
_
k=1
o
(1)
k1
q
k
2
k
n+1
sin
n
2
+2 k z f; q < 1 [ n e
+
.
The n
th
-order derivatives of Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q), and their derivatives
!
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) with respect to variable q can be expressed by the following formulas:

o
n
!
1
(z, q)
oq
n
= 2 q
1
4
n
_
k=0
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
k (k +1) n +
5
4
n
sin((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1 [ n e
+
o
n
!
2
(z, q)
oq
n
= 2 q
1
4
n
_
k=0
o
q
k (k+1)
k (k +1) n +
5
4
n
cos((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1 [ n e
+
o
n
!
3
(z, q)
oq
n
= 2_
k=1
o
q
k
2
n
|k
2
n +1]
n
cos(2 k z) f; q < 1 [ n e
+
o
n
!
4
(z, q)
oq
n
= 2_
k=1
o
(1)
k
q
k
2
n
|k
2
n +1]
n
cos(2 k z) f; q < 1 [ n e
+
o
n
!
1
(z, q)
oq
n
= 2 q
1
4
n
_
k=0
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
(2 k +1) k (k +1) n +
5
4
n
cos((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1 [ n e
+
o
n
!
2
(z, q)
oq
n
= 2 q
1
4
n
_
k=0
o
q
k (k+1)
(2 k +1) k (k +1) n +
5
4
n
sin((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1 [ n e
+
o
n
!
3

(z, q)
oq
n
= 4_
k=1
o
q
k
2
n
k |k
2
n +1]
n
sin(2 k z) f; q < 1 [ n e
+
o
n
!
4

(z, q)
oq
n
= 4_
k=1
o
(1)
k1
q
k
2
n
k |k
2
n +1]
n
sin(2 k z) f; q < 1 [ n e
+
.
Integration
The indefinite integrals of the Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q), and their derivatives
!
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) with respect to variable z can be expressed by the following formulas:

_
!
1
(z, q) dz = 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
2 k +1
cos((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1
http://functions.wolfram.com 18
_
!
2
(z, q) dz = 2 q
4
_
k=0
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)
2 k +1
sin((2 k +1) z) f; q < 1
_
!
3
(z, q) dz = z +_
k=1
o
q
k
2
sin(2 k z)
k
f; q < 1
_
!
4
(z, q) dz = z +_
k=1
o
(1)
k
q
k
2
sin(2 k z)
k
f; q < 1
_
!
1

(z, q) dz = !
1
(z, q)
_
!
2

(z, q) dz = !
2
(z, q)
_
!
3

(z, q) dz = !
3
(z, q)
_
!
4

(z, q) dz = !
4
(z, q).
The first four sums cannot be expressed in closed form through the named
functions.
The indefinite integrals of the Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q), and their derivatives
!
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and !

4

(z, q) with respect to variable q can be expressed by the following formulas:

_
!
1
(z, q) dq = 2_
k=0
o
(1)
k
q
k (k+1)+
5
4 sin((2 k +1) z)
k (k +1) +
5
4
f; q < 1
_
!
2
(z, q) dq = 2_
k=0
o
q
k (k+1)+
5
4 cos((2 k +1) z)
k (k +1) +
5
4
f; q < 1
_
!
3
(z, q) dq = q +2_
k=1
o
q
k
2
+1
cos(2 k z)
k
2
+1
f; q < 1
_
!
4
(z, q) dq = q +2_
k=1
o
(1)
k
q
k
2
+1
cos(2 k z)
k
2
+1
f; q < 1
_
!
1

(z, q) dq = 2_
k=0
o
(1)
k
q
(k+1) k+
5
4 (2 k +1) cos((2 k +1) z)
(k +1) k +
5
4
f; q < 1
_
!
2

(z, q) dq = 2_
k=0
o
q
(k+1) k+
5
4 (2 k +1) sin((2 k +1) z)
(k +1) k +
5
4
f; q < 1
http://functions.wolfram.com 19
_
!
3

(z, q) dq = 4_
k=1
o
k q
k
2
+1
sin(2 k z)
k
2
+1
f; q < 1
_
!
4

(z, q) dq = 4_
k=1
o
(1)
k1
k q
k
2
+1
sin(2 k z)
k
2
+1
f; q < 1.
Partial differential equations
The elliptic theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q), and their derivatives !
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and

!
4

(z, q) satisfy the one-dimensional heat equations:

o!
j
(z, q)
o
=
i
4
o
2
!
j
(z, q)
oz
2
f; q = :
i
j e 1, 2, 3, 4
o!
j

(z, q)
o
=
i
4
o
2
!
j

(z, q)
oz
2
f; q = :
i
j e 1, 2, 3, 4.
The elliptic theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q), and their derivatives !
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q), and

!
4

(z, q) satisfy the following second-order partial differential equations:

4 q
o!
j
(z, q)
oq
+
o
2
!
j
(z, q)
oz
2
= 0 f; j e 1, 2, 3, 4
4 q
o!
j

(z, q)
oq
+
o
2
!
j

(z, q)
oz
2
= 0 f; j e 1, 2, 3, 4.
Zeros
The Jacobi theta functions !
1
(z, q), !
2
(z, q), !
3
(z, q), and !
4
(z, q), and their derivatives !
1

(z, q), !
2

(z, q), !
3

(z, q),
and !
4

(z, q) are equal to zero in the following points:

!
1
(z, 0) = 0 !
2
(z, 0) = 0 !
1

(z, 0) = 0 !
2

(z, 0) = 0 !
3

(z, 0) = 0 !
4

(z, 0) = 0
!
1
(m +n , q) = 0 f; m, n e q = :
i
!
2
(2 m+1)

2
+n , q = 0 f; m, n e q = :
i
!
3
(2 m+1)

2
+(2 n +1)

2
, q = 0 f; m, n e q = :
i
!
4
m +(2 n +1)

2
, q = 0 f; m, n e q = :
i
!
1

2
+m, q = 0 f; m e
!
2

(m, q) = 0 f; m e
http://functions.wolfram.com 20
!
3

m
2
, q = 0 f; m e
!
4

m
2
, q = 0 f; m e .
Applications of Jacobi theta functions
Applications of the Jacobi theta functions include the analytic solution of
the heat equation, square potential well problems in quantum mechanics,
Wannier functions in solid state physics, conformal mapping of periodic
regions, gravitational physics, quantum cosmology, coding theory, sphere
packings, crystal lattice calculations, and study of the fractional quantum
Hall effect.
http://functions.wolfram.com 21
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