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Solutions ch13
Solutions ch13
Q. 1.
F = k(l l0)
Fl = Fr
5x 5 = 51 3x
x = 7 m from LHW
l0 = original length
(ii) Fl = 5x 5
k = spring constant
(i) F = 10(6 5)
Fr = 51 3x
F = 10 N
Fr Fl = 16
(ii) F = 10(10 5)
F = 50 N
x = 5 m from LHW
(iii) F = 10(5.2 5)
Q. 5.
Q
F=2N
Q. 2.
35 x
Fr = 3(35 x 3) = 96 3x
(i) F = 9(3 2)
Fl = Fr
F=9N
7x 14 = 96 3x
(ii) F = 9(5 2)
x = 11 m from LHW
F = 27 N
Fl = 7(x 2) = 7x 14
l0 = 2, k = 9
10
(iii) F = 9 ___ 2
3
F = 12 N
(i)
(ii) Fl = 7x 14, Fr = 96 3x
kl = F + kl0
9l = 54 + 9(2)
110 10x = 40
l=8m
Q. 3.
(i)
10
x=7
7 metres from LHW
10
Fl = 2(10 1) = 18 N
Fr = 4(10 1) = 36 N
F = Fr Fl = 36 18 = 18 N
(ii)
Fr = 4(20 x 1) = 76 4x
Fl = Fr
2x 2 = 76 4x
x = 13 m
from left hand wall (LHW)
(i)
x = 15 m from LHW
20 x
Fl = 2(x 1) = 2x 2
Q. 4.
10x 110 = 40
19 x
Q 6.
Q.
F = k(l l0)
= 50(2 1)
= 50 N
This is the centripetal force and must
equal mw2r
mw2r = 50
1(w)2(2) = 50
w = 5 rad/s
Fl = 5(x 1) = 5x 5
Fr = 3(19 x 2) = 51 3x
Q. 7.
__
5 4
g
g
__
2
w = w = __ rads/s
4
4
= 49x 49 N
Fup
Fdown = mg
( )
Fdown
= 10(9.8)
= 98 N
Q. 10.
(i)
49x 49 = 98
x=3m
Q. 8.
( )
q
l
AA
F2
F1
W
Fup
= 7x 14 N
Fdown
Fdown = mg
Forces
(Resolved)
= 2(9.8)
= 19.6
Fup = Fdown
Fup
x = 4.8 m
= 7(4.8 + x 2)
= 19.6 + 7x
Fdown = mg = 2(9.8) = 19.6
Nett force = Fup Fdown
= 19.6 + 7x 19.6 = 7x
(i) l2 = 42 + 32
l
l=5m
=2m
3
4
also cos A = __, sin A = __
5
5
4
F
5
mg
F1 = F2 10l 20 = 7l 7
13
l = ___
3
opp
12
4
Now sin A = ____ = ___ = ___
13 13
hyp ___
3
5
(ii) cos A = ___
13
130
70
2. F1 = 10l 20 = ____ 20 = ___ N
3
3
70
___
F2 = F1 =
N
3
Fup = Fdown F1 cos A + F2 cos A = W
( )( ) ( )( )
70 5
70 5
700
W = ___ ___ + ___ ___ = ____ N
3 13
3 13
39
Resolved
F
mg
F2 sin A
W
Extension = 5 3
(ii) Forces
F1 sin A
Fdown
Fup = k(l 0)
F2 cos A
4.8 + x
7x 14 = 19.6
Q. 9.
F1 cos A
3
F
5
Q. 11. Forces
d
l
F1
q q
F2
mg
Resolved
4
1. Fup = Fdown __ F = mg
5
5mg
4
__
(2k) = mg k = ____
5
8
2p
2p ___
Periodic time T = ___
w = 2 =ps
__
To find a when v = 2 5 :
__
v2 = w2(A2 x2)
k1l1 k2l2
l = ________
k1 k2
d(k1 k2)
opp
d
sin q = ____ = __ = ________
k1l1 k2l2
hyp
l
20 = 22(32 x2)
x = 2
QED
Exercise 13B
Q. 1.
(i)
2p
___
2p
= ___
w w=7
7
Max. velocity = wA = 7(5) = 35 m/s
w2A
Q. 4.
Q
v = 8 when x = 1
(7)2(5)
64 = w2(A2 1)
= 245 m/s2
v = 4 when x = 7
4A2 196 = A2 1
___
A = 65
v2 = w2(A2 x2)
64 = w2(65 1)
__
x = 7 , v = 9
81 = w2(A2 7)
w=1
2p ___
2p
T = ___
w = 1 = 2p s
Equation 1
__
x = 2, v = 6 3
= 1(65 0) = 65
___
v = 65 m/s
w2(A2
7)
3
A2 7 __
= _________
______
=
2
2
2
w (A 4)
A 4 4
Q. 5.
Q
When x = 1, v = 3, a = 3
_______
3A2 12 = 4A2 28 A = 4
So v = w A2 x2
... 1
and a = w2x
... 2
81 =
w2(42
w2
7)
=9w=3
2p
2p
___
Periodic time T = ___
w = 3 s
Q. 3.
. Equation 1
Max. velocity = w A = 6
Max. acceleration =
. Equation 1
w2A
= 12
. Equation 2
3 =
w2(1)
__
w = 3
__ _______
From 1 , 3 = 3 A2 1
A=2
From 2 , aMAX = w2A
aMAX = 3(2)
aMAX = 6 m/s2
Q. 6.
Graph:
x=2
11
20 = w2(5) w = 2
Putting this into equation 1 gives:
2p
We have x = 5 cos ___ t
11
2p
2 = 5 cos ___ t
11
t = 3.47 hrs OR 3:29 PM
A = 13
(i) Amplitude = A = 13.
2p ___
2p
(ii) Periodic time = ___
w = 2 =ps
(iii) In p seconds it performs 1 oscillation.
1
In 1 second it performs __
p oscillations.
60
In 60 seconds it performs ___
p = 19.1
oscillations.
Q. 9.
__
__
When x = 2 , a = 4 2 , a =
__
__
w2x
4 2 = w2 2 w = 2.
__
When x = 2 , v = 2, and w = 2,
2(A2 x2) 4 = 4(A2 2)
v2 = w__
A = 3
Start the clock
in the centre x = A sin wt
__
i.e. x = 3 sin 2t
__
To find t when
x = 1.5: 1.5 = 3 sin 2t
__
3 = 2 3 sin 2t
sin 2t =
p
__
3__
____
2 3
__
3
___
2
p
__
t= s
3
6
F = ma. But a = w2x = 4(1.5) = 6
and m = 2 kg.
2t =
F = (2)(6) = 12 N
The force is of magnitude 12 N.
Q. 8.
Highest Lowest
Amplitude = ________________
2
13 3
_______
(i) A =
2
A=5m
T 11
(ii) __ = ___
2
2
T = 11 hrs
2p
(iii) T = ___
w
2p
w = ___
T
2p
___
w=
rad/s
11
x = A cos wt
1.5
1.5
0.6
x = A sin wt
T
From the graph __ = 6 s
2
T = 12 s
2p
(ii) But T = ___
w
2p
w = ___
12
p
w = __
6
p
0.6 = A sin __(1.5)
6
3
p
__ = A sin __
5
4
3
1__
__ = A ___
5
2
__
A=
32
____
5
= 6:58 0:58
2
T
__ = 6 hrs
2
T = 12 hrs
2p
But T = ___
w
2p
w = ___
12
p
w = __ rad/hr
6
Amplitude:
18 13
A = ________ A = 2.5 m
2
Mean level (Equilibrium Position)
= 15.5 m
cos 2t = 0.625
Depth 2.5
1.0
15.5
t
6:58
x = 9 cos 3t
x = A cos wt
7 = 9 cos 3t
pt
1 = 2.5 cos __
6
t = 2.214 hrs
t = 2 hrs 12 50.62
7
cos 3t = __
9
7
3t = cos1 __
9
t = 0.227 s
= 9:10 50.62 OR
9:10 PM
Q. 4.
Q
dx
x = 3 sin 5t. ___ = 15 cos 5t.
dt
d2x
___
2 = 75 sin 5t
dt
= 25(3 sin 5t) = 25x
576 = w2(144) w = 2
(iii) x = 0 13 sin (wt + e) = 0
wt + e = 0 OR p OR 2p etc.
2t + 0.3948
= 0 OR 3.1416 OR 6.2832 etc.
dx
(i) x = 4 cos 2t. ___ = 8 sin 2t
dt
d2x
___
2 = 16 cos 2t = 4(4 cos 2t)
dt
= 4x
Since the acceleration is proportional
to the distance from p, but in the
opposite direction, it will perform
SHM (A = 4, w = 2)
(ii) Greatest distance = A = 4 m
(iii) Its velocity is zero at the extreme
point. Since the clock starts when the
particle is at an extreme point, use
x = 4 cos 2t.
Exercise 13C
Q. 1.
x = 9 cos 3t
A = 32 + 42 = 5
2p
T = ___ = p
2
(ii) x = 8 cos 4t + 6 sin 4t
_______
A = 82 + 62 = 10
2p p
T = ___ = __
4
2
_________
A = 122 + 52 = 13
T = 2p
A = 37 m
(iv) For x = 0;
__
12 cos t + 35 sin t = 0
A= + =4
2p
T = ___
p =2
(v) x = sin 3t + cos 3t
35 sin t = 12 cos t
_________
__
32
72
_______
12
tan t = ____
35
t = 0.3303, 0.3303 + p, etc.
__
A = 12 + 12 = 2
2p
T = ___
3
t = 0.3303 + p
for first positive value.
t = 2.811 s
A = 212 + 202 = 29
2p
T = ___ = 1
2p
Q
Q. 7.
__
A = 32 + 1 = 2
2p
T = ___
5
t
t
(viii) x = 2 sin __ + 3 cos __
2
2
_______
A=
22
32
___
= 13
2p
T = ___
2
T=ps
2p
T = ___ = 4p
1
__
(2)
________
t
t
(ix) x = 24 sin __ 7 cos __
4
4
(iii) A = 122 + 52
________
A = 13 m
A = 242 + 72 = 25
(iv) For x = 0
2p
T = ___ = 8p
1
__
12 sin 2t + 5 cos 2t = 0
(4)
5
sin 2t = ___ cos 2t
12
5
___
tan 2t =
12
5
2t = tan1 ___ + np
12
for all solutions
t
t
(x) x = 2 sin __ + cos __
3
3
_______
__
A = 22 + 12 = 5
2p
T = ___ = 6p
1
__
3
()
Q. 6.
x = 12 cos t + 35 sin t
.
x = 12(1) sin t + 35(1) cos t
..
x = 12(1)2 cos t 35(1)2 sin t
..
x = 12 cos t 35 sin t
..
(i) x = x
SHM with w = 1 rad/s
2p
(ii) T = ___
w
2p
T = ___
1
T = 2p s
x = 12 sin 2t + 5 cos 2t
.
x = 12(2) cos 2t 5(2) sin 2t
..
x = 12(2)2 sin 2t 5(2)2 cos 2t
..
x = 48 sin 2t 20 cos 2t
..
(i) x = 4x
2t = 0.3948 + np
np
t = 0.1974 + ___
2
n = 1 gives t1 = 1.373 s
(v) n = 2 gives t2 = 2.944 s
Q
Q. 8.
3A
v = 2A when x = ___ and A = A
5
2
2
2
2
v = w (A x )
9A2
4A2 = w2 A2 ____
25
(
)
4A = w ( 16A )
25
2
w2 =
_____2
Dividing equation 2 by
equations 1 gives:
w2(r 0.2)
24 ____________
___
= 2 2
36 w (r 0.64)
r 0.2
2
_________
= __
r2 0.64 3
34
Also x = ___ when t = 0
5
x = A cos(wt + a)
3A
___ = A cos (a)
5
3
cos a = __ = 0.6
5
a = 0.9273 radians
w2(0.2)
9.8
w 7.
Taking w at its maximum value, 7.
2p
2p ___
T = ___
w = 7 = 0.8977 s
Number of oscillations per minute
60
= _______ = 66 complete oscillations
0.8977
Q. 10.
a = w2 x.
Put x = t 0.2, a = 24
24 = w2(r 0.2)
24 = w2(r 0.2) Equation 2
25
___
5
w = __
2
Q. 9.
36 = w2(r2 0.64)
. Equation 1
(a) x = r cos wt
dx
___ = rw sin wt
dt
d2x
___2 = rw2 cos wt = w2x
dt
a = w2x SHM
0 0.8
(b) (i)
P1
r = 0.2 OR
r = 1.7
2p p
Period = ___ = __ s
4
2
(iii) Start clock at centre: x = A sin wt
i.e. x = 1.7 sin 4t
At P1, x = 0.8
0.8 = 1.7 sin 4t
8
sin 4t = ___ = 0.4706
17
4t = sin1(0.4706) = 0.4900
t = 0.1225 s
At P2, x = 1.5
1.5 = 1.7 sin 4t
15
sin 4t = ___ = 0.8824
17
0.2
P2
4t = sin1(0.8824) = 1.0809
t = 0.2702 s
Time to travel from P1 to P2
= 0.2702 0.1225
= 0.1477 s
= 0.15 s
1
cos 6t = __
2
p
6t = __
3
p
t = ___ s
18
Exercise 13D
Q. 1.
(i)
3x
Fr = k(l l0)
= 2(3 x 1)
= 4 2x
Fl = k(l l0)
Q. 3.
Q
= 2(3 + x 1)
(i)
4x
4m
= 60 20x
F = Fr Fl
= 4 2x 4 2x
Fl = 20(4 + x 1) = 60 + 20x
= 4x
F = Fr Fl
= 60 20x 60 20x
= 40x
F = ma 4x = 1(a) a = 4x
This is SHM with w = 2.
F = ma 40x = 5a a = 8x
2p
(ii) Periodic time = ___ = p s
2
(iii) A = original distance from 0 = 1.
__
__
(i)
0
8 = 8(9 x2)
5x
9 x2 = 1
__
x = 8 m
Fr = k(l l0)
= 9(5 x 1)
__
= 36 9x
(iv) To find
= 8
__ t when x __
8 = 3 cos __8 t
__
8 2.828
cos 8 t = ___ = ______ = 0.9427
3
3
__
1
8 t = cos (0.9427) = 0.34
0.34
__ = 0.12 s
t = ____
8
Fl = 9(5 + x 1)
= 36 + 9x
Ft = Fr Fl
= 36 9x 36 9x
= 18x
F = ma
1
18x = __ a
2
a = 36x
It will perform SHM with w = 6. When
it is released, x = 2. Therefore A = 2.
(ii) It starts from an extreme point.
x = a cos wt i.e. x = 2 cos 6t.
We want to find t when x = 1.
4m
Fr = 20(4 x 1)
= 4 + 2x
Q. 2.
__
v = 108 = 6 3 m/s
l = 2 cos 6t
Q. 4.
Q
(i)
l0 = 1
d
Fr = k(l l0)
= 8(7 d 1)
= 48 8d
Fl = k(l l0)
= 12(d 1)
= 12d 12
7d
k=8
Q. 5.
Fr = Fl 48 8d
(i)
k2 = 15
l0 = 2 0
k2 = 9
= 12d 12
l0 = 2
20 d
Fr = k(l l0)
d=3
Answer: 3 metres from left hand wall.
(ii)
0 x
4x
4
= 9(20 d 2)
= 162 9d
Fl = k(l l0)
= 15(d 2)
= 15d 30
Fr = k(l l0)
= 8(4 x 1)
Fr = Fl
= 24 8x
162 9d = 15d 30
d=8
Fl = k(l l0)
= 12(3 + x 1)
= 24 + 12x
12 x
12
Fr = k(l l0)
F = Fr Fl
= 24 8x 24 12x
= 20x
= 9(12 x 2)
= 90 9x
Fl = k(l l0)
F = ma
= 15(8 + x 2)
20x = 5a
= 90 + 15x
a = 4x
It will perform SHM with w = 2.
(iii) When it is released its displacement, x,
1
from 0 is __ m.
2
1
Therefore A = __.
2
2p ___
2p
Periodic time = ___
w = 2 =ps
Maximum velocity = w A
()
1
= 2 __
2
= 1 m/s
__
3
___
(iv) Firstly, find x when v =
:
2
v2 = w2(A2 x2)
3
1
__ = 4 __ x2
4
2
1
x = __
4
1
When x = __
4
1
a = w2x = (4) __ = 1 m/s2
4
The acceleration is of magnitude 1 m/s2.
()
F = ma F = (5)(1) = 5 N
F = Fr Fl
= 90 9x 90 15x
= 24x
F = ma
1
24x = __ a
6
a = 144x
It will perform SHM with w = 12
(ii) When it was released its displacement, x,
from 0 was 1 m.
Therefore A = 1.
Maximum acceleration = w2A
= 144(1)
= 144 m/s2
3
3
(iii) __ (Max. acceleration) = __(144)
5
5
432
____
=
m/s2
5
432
When a = ____, what is x?, a = w2x
5
432
____
= 144x
5
3
x = ___
5
3
When x = __, what is v?
5
Q. 7.
Q
P
l0 = 1
v2 = w2(A2 x2)
( )
( )
()
A = 0.5
F = k[l l0]
At position x, NZL: F = ma
l0 = 1
x
Force
FL
+
FL = ma
k(l l0) = ma
m = 20
k=5
l0 = 1
1
8[1 + x 1] = __a
2
(i) a = 16x
SHM, w = 4
A=1
2p __
p
w = 4, A = 0.5, T = ___
w =2
(ii) Max v = w A
1
vMAX = 4 __
2
= 2 m/s
()
l = current length
l0 = original length.
At x, NZL: F = ma
+
FL = ma
k(l0 + x l0) = ma
5(x) = 20 a
x
a = __
4
()
1
SHM with w = __
2
2p
___
(ii) T = w = 4p
t = 0.23 s
Q.
Q 8.
Force
FL
E.P.
distance
________
speed
where v = wA at E.P.
l0
t2 = _____ = 2
_
1
2 (1)
()
E.P.
l0 = a
x
k(l l0)
Force
Q
l0 = a
m=k
k=k
A=a
A=a
(i) At x, NZL: F = ma
..
+
k(l l0) = mx
..
Note: We use x , instead of the more
usual a, for acceleration, to
avoid confusion. Here A is
amplitude, a is original length.
..
So k (a + x a) = k x
..
x = x
SHM with w = 1 rad/s
10
m = 2
l0 = 1
k=8
9
v2 = 144 1 ___
25
16
v2 = 144 ___
25
4
v = 12 __
5
48
= ___ = 9.6 m/s
5
Q. 6.
E.P.
2p
p
T
(ii) t1, from Q to E.P. = __ = ___ = __ s
4 4w 2
Q 10.
Q.
(i)
distance
t2, from E.P. to P, t2 = ________
speed
where V = w A at E.P.
a
a
t2 = ___ = ____ = 1 s
w A 1(a)
1. R = mg = 5(9.8) = 49
2. Fr = R = (1)(49) = 49
3. Fl = k(l l0)
= 140(2.35 + x 2)
p
= __ + 1
2
= 2.57 s
(i)
= 49 + 140x
F = Fr Fl
= 49 49 140x
R
Fl
1.7 + x
= 140x
mg Fr
F = ma
140x = 5a
a = 28x
___
__
= 7(1.7 + x 1)
= 4.9 + 7x
F = Fr Fl
2.35 + x = 3
= 4.9 4.9 7x
x = 0.65
= 7x
F = ma
7x = la
(v)
a = 7x
__
0.3 = 2 cos 7 t
cos 7 t = 0.15
__
2
Q
0.35
B
0.65
O
( )
x = A cos wt x = 2 cos 7 t
__
Fr
mg
2.35 + x
Total time = t1 + t2
Q. 9.
Fl
__
7 t = cos1(0.15)
= 1.4202
1.4201
__
t = _______
7
= 0.54 s
= 0.4043
= 0.404 s
11
Exercise 13E
Q. 1.
P
k = 98
l0 = 1
m=2
1
d
k(d l0)
E.P.
FMAX = 3.5 N
(iii) When 2 metres below P, x = 0.3
with x = A cos wt
A = 0.2
k(l l0)
x
w = mg
___
w = mg
Q
Q. 3.
98[d 1] = 19.6
FE.P.
E.P.
(ii) NZL: F = ma
8d
FX
x
mg
mg k[d + x l0] = ma
8d 6d 2d
A= =
5
5
5
mg
19.6 98[0.2 + x] = 2a
a = 49x SHM with w = 7
2p
2p
___
(iii) T = ___
w T= 7 s
(iv) vMAX = w A vMAX = 7(0.2)
vMAX = 1.4 m
(v) Falls 0.15 metres x = 0.2 0.15
x = 0.05
k[lE l0] = mg
... 1
49 m
_______
[lE d] = mg
d
6d
lE = ___
5
At x, NZL: F = ma
mg Fx = ma
mg k[lE + x l0] = ma
mg mg kx = ma
P
k=7
m = 0.5
l0 = 1
1.2
d
k(d l0)
E.P.
F = k (l l0)
0.5
x
mg
mg
At E.P. =
mg = k(d l0)
... 1
49
a = ___x
d
SHM
7__
w = ___
d
d
(ii) String becomes slack: x = __
5
We have x = A cos wt
d 2d
7__
t
__ = ___ cos ___
5
5
d
mg k[l l0] = ma
mg k[d + x l0] = ma
From 1 k(d lo) k(d lo) kx = ma
7
(i) a = ___ x
0.5
a = 14x
SHM
___
w = 14
From 1
k
a = __
mx
4.9 = 7(d 1)
NZL: F = ma
12
P
lE
d = 1.2 m
Q. 2.
t = 0.59 s
7t__
1
cos ___
= __
2
d
2p
7t__ ___
___
=
3
d
t=
__
2pd
_____
21
Note: Hookes Law: F = kx,
x = extension.
Q. 4.
4g
For equilibrium =
F = ma
___
hs
2p
__
The periodic time = ___
w = 2p g
6g
For equilibrium =
490 x2 = 6g
x2 = 0.12
F = ma
1000 h2xkg = 1000 h3sa
gk
a = __ x
hs
___
gk
SHM with w = __
hs
k (x2 + x)
Q.
Q 6.
6g k(x2 + x) = 6a
from c
____
3
____
___
3
2p ___ g s
245
25
____
245
(iii) VMAX = w A = ____ (0.04)
3
OR
___
7 15
_____
75
2p
(ii) T = ___
w
= 2p
hs
Periodic time = w = 2p __ .
gk
NZL: F = ma
But 6g = 490x2
___
2p
___
6g
Q. 5.
g
It will perform SHM with w = __ .
hs
490 (x2)
___
__
9
1 __
__
OR
5 3
m/s
____
245
This is SHM with w = ____
12
Maximum acceleration = w2 A
245
49
1
= ____ ___ = ____ m/s2
50 120
12
13
Exercise 13F
Q. 1.
Q. 8.
Q
__
l
T = 2p __g
____
l
2p __g = 1
0.5
= 2p ___
9.8
= 1.419 s
Q. 2.
__
l(1.02)
T = 2p ______
g
T2
_____
l
= 1.02 2p __g
gT2
_______
T = 2p g
__
86,400
It will now perform _______ oscillations
1.01
in a day, i.e. 85,545 oscillations in a day
____
l
T = 2p __g
Q
Q. 9.
T = 4.014 s
__
gT2
l
T = 2p __g l = ____2
4p
9.8(5.5)2
l = ________
l = 7.51 m = 751 cm
4p2
T1 : T2 = 2 : 1
2p
__
__
g : 2p
g =2:1
l1
__
__
__
= l : l = 30 : 31
l : l = 900 : 961
l 900
__ = ____
961
l
900
l = ____ l = 0.9365l
961
__
the % reduction
l1
l2
__
2p __
g : 2p g = 2 : 3
T1 : T2 = 2 : 3
__
l
__
g
__
l
> 2p __g
14
__
__
l
__
__
l
2p g : 2p __g = 30 : 31
l1 : l2 = 2 : 3
__
__
l2
__
l1 : l2 = 4 : 1
l1 : l2 = 4 : 9
60
Let T = the original time = ___ = 2 s
30
60
___
Let T = the new time =
s
31
60
T : T = ___ : 2
31
= 60 : 62
= 30 : 31
l1 : l2 = 2: 1
Q. 6.
( )
= 1.01 s
4
= 2p ___
9.8
Q. 5.
__
= 1.02(1)
l = ____2
4p
9.8
(3)2
= _______
4p2
l = 2.234 m
Q. 4.
______
__l
l
__g = ____2
4p
Q. 3.
T = 1.414 T
There has been an increase of 41% in its
periodic time.
Q. 11.
__
__
3
8
= 2p __ : 2p __
1
__
l
6
__
___
__
__
= 8 : 18
1
= 1 cycle / ___ min
39
60
= 1 cycle / ___ s
39
4p2(0.6)
So, g = _______
60 2
___
39
g = 10.0 m/s2
( )
= 4 : 9
=2:3
Q. 12.
(i) As in text.
__
k
(ii) T = 2p __g
T2
k
= 4p2 __g
4p2k
g = ____
T2
QED
15