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Solutions ch08
Solutions ch08
Q. 1.
Q. 4.
Q
(a) R = 4j + 5j + j = 10j N
4(0) + 5(50) + 1(100) = 10(x)
x = 35 cm
R=W+x
Answer: 35 cm from P
_
(b) R = 2j + j + 2j = 5j
x
W
The ratio of these parts = ______ : ______
W+x W+x
(c) R = j 7j + j = 5j
=x:W
Q. 5.
Q
_
(d) R = 3j 9j + 3j = 3j
x=3
_
(e) R = j 2j 3j + j = 3j
K=3
R = 2W + W + 3W = 6W
K=5
Forces:
1m
( )
11
(ii) 4W(0) + W(1) + KW(2) = (5 + K)W ___
10
11(5
+
K)
1 + 2K = _________
10
10 + 20K = 55 + 11K
()
7
4W(0) + W(1) + KW(2) = (5 + K)W __
8
7(5 + K)
________
1 + 2K =
8
8 + 16K = 35 + 7K
(i) R = 4W + W + KW = (5 + K)W
Exercise 8B
E
Q. 1.
Q
3N at (2, 1)
2N at (4, 3)
3W
1N at (10, 9)
7W
= 6N at (x, y)
Resultant:
y=3
Answer: (4, 3)
R = 7W + 3W = 10W
7W(0) + 3W(1) = 10W(x)
3
x = ___ m
10
= 30 cm = Answer
Q. 2.
Q
1N at (1, 1)
2N at (1, 7)
3N at (3, 1)
4N at (2, 3)
= 10N at (x, y)
2N at (1, 2)
x=2
3N at (1, 7)
5N at (5, 1)
y=3
2N at (x, y)
Answer: (2, 3)
Q. 3.
= 12N at (4, 1)
3(4) + 2(9) = 5x
x=6
y = 4
3(1) + 2(9) = 5y
Answer: (9, 4)
y=3
Answer: (6, 3)
Q. 6.
Q
( )
1
1(4) + 2(1) + 3(k) = 6 2__
2
k=3
x=6
h = 10
y=3
Answer: (6, 3)
Q. 4.
Q. 7.
Q
(
10
= ( , 1)
3
2+5+3 1+31
pqr = _________, _________
3
3
x=9
y = 13
M at (2, 1)
|pg| = (9
____
+ (13
1)2
= 180
M at (5, 3)
M at (3, 1)
10
x = ___
3
= 6 5
____________________
__
= 45 = 3 5
__
__
|pg| : |gq| = 6 5 : 3 5
=2:1
2N at (1, 2)
3N at (1, 7)
5N at (5, 1)
y=1
10
The centre of gravity is at ___, 1
3
which is the centroid.
x=0
= 10N at (x, y)
x=3
2(2) + 3(7) + 5(1) = 10(y)
y=2
Answer: 3i + 2j
= 3M at (x, y)
__
Q. 5.
___
3)2
Centroid of triangle
y=1
Answer: (0, 1)
Q. 8.
(i) W at (6, 5)
2W at (7, 1)
3W at (2, 11)
4W at (6, 1)
= 10W at (x, y)
divide by W
10x = 50
x=5
W(5) + 2W(1) + 3W(11) + 4W(1) = 10W(y)
divide by W
10y = 40
y=4
The centre of gravity is at (5, 4)
(ii) W at (6, 5)
2W at (7, 1)
3W at (2, 11)
kW at (6, 1)
= (6 + k)W at (11, y)
divide by W
66 + 11k = 26 + 6k
5k = 40
k = 8
W(5) + 2W(1) + 3W(11) 8W(1) = 2W(y)
divide by W
2y = 28
y = 14
Q
Q. 9
9.
2N att ((x, 5)
3N at (11, y)
5N at (5, 6)
1(8) + 4(
4(y)) + 5(2) + 2(
2(3)
3) = 12(2)
= 10N at (6, 5)
y=3
Q. 10.
1N at (7, 8)
4N at (1, y)
xN at (5, 2)
2N at (6, 3)
4y + 12 = 24
y = 10
Q.
Q 11.
3W at (30, 20)
2W at (20, 10)
5W at (50, 20)
= 10W at (x, y)
= (7 + x)N at (4, 2)
y = 18
Centre of gravity is at (38, 18)
Q. 12.
7
3N at __, 2
3
4N at (1, 7)
5N at (3, 7)
6N at (4, 4)
3 1
Answer: __, 1__
4 4
3
_
= 18N at (x, y)
tan A = ___
1_34
4
3
= __
7
= 0.4286
18x = 36
A = 23 12
x=2
(ii)
4
3
18y = 45
y = 2.5
5 at (3, 1)
8 at (4, 2)
3 at (1, 5)
2 at (2, 6)
( )
1
2 at ( 2, ) = 8 at (x, y)
2
1
2 at ( 2, 3 )
2
1
4( ) + 2(2) + 2(2) = 8(x)
2
1
4 at __, 2
2
= 18 at (x, y)
__
__
__
18x = 48
8
x = __
3
1
x = 1__
4
1
1
__
__
4(2) + 2 + 2 3 = 8(y)
2
2
y=2
1
__
Answer: 1 , 2
4
_
1
1
4
2
tan A = ___
2
A
5
2
= __
g
8
= 0.625
1 1
4
A = 32
() ( )
( )
Exercise 8C
(i)
1 2 3 4
Q. 1.
(iii)
4
1
3
2
1
(
(
1 1
3 at __, 1__
2 2
1 1
1 at 1__, __
2 2
)
)
= 4 at (x, y)
() ( )
1
1
3 __ + 1 1__ = 4x
2
2
3
x = __
4
1
1
__
__
3 1 + 1 = 4y
2
2
3
y = 1__
4
( ) ()
__
__
__
1
1
4
3
( )
1 1
1 at ( 1 , 2 ) = 9 at (x, y)
2 2
1
4 at ( 2 , 2 )
2
1
1
1
4( ) + 1( 1 ) + 4( 2 ) = 9(x)
2
2
2
1
4 at __, 2
2
1
4 A
__
__
__
3
x = __
2
( )
1
4(2) + 1 2__ + 4(2) = 9(y)
2
37
y = ___
18
3 37
Answer: __, ___
2 18
9p at (3, 0)
27p at (x, y)
35
18
3
_
2
tan A = __
35
__
18
p
A
Q. 3.
Q
Remainder: Area = 16 1 = 15 m2
A = 37 39
(iv)
1 at (3.5, 3.5)
(13,3)
(7,3)
15 at (x, y)
3
(0,0)
(7,0)
15x = 28.5
Centroid is at
7 + 7 + 13 _________
3+3+0
___________
,
= (9, 2)
3
3
1
Area is __(6)(3) = 9 square units
2
9 at (9, 2)
( 2)
1
__
21 3
y = 1.9
Q. 4.
Q
( )
(
)
1 + 9 + 11 2 + 6 + 1
(ii) (
,
) = (7, 3)
3
3
1+3+5 1+5+0
(i) _________, _________ = (3, 2)
3
3
___________ _________
1
21 1__ + 9(2) = 30(y)
2
y = 1.65
5
5
1.3
A
5.1
A = 75 19
Q. 2.
= 30 at (x, y)
x = 5.15
(3,0)
x = 1.9
+ 9(9) = 30(x)
5.15
tan A = ____
1.35
= 3.8148
= 16 at (2, 2)
3.5 + 15x = 32
Triangle piece:
1 1
21 at 3__, 1__
2 2
= 0.7714
= 36p at (0, 0)
37
18
27
= ___
35
18x = 58.5
x = 3.25
9(1.5) + 9(1) = 18(y)
18y = 22.5
y = 1.25
1
153__ at (x, y)}
2
= 192 at (0, 4)
1
__
38 at (0, 6)
2
Area of rectangle = 16 4 = 64
Triangle: Centre of gravity is at (4, 5)
1
Area of triangle = __(16)(3) = 24
2
64 at (8, 2)
24 at (8, 5)
1
1
153__(x) + 38__(0) = 192 (0)
2
2
x=0
= 88 at (x, y)
1
1
153__(y) + 38__(6) = 192(4)
2
2
1,074
y = ______
307
= 3.5 cm
Q. 6.
Q
Q. 5.
A(0,12)
20
20
(0,2)
(0,0)
x
B
(16,0)
C(16,0)
16
D
(0,4)
16
21p at (x, y)
4p at (2, 0)
= 25p at (0, 0)
|AD| = 12
1
Triangle: Area = __(32)(12)
2
= 192
21x = 8
8
x = ___
21
0 16 + 16 ___________
12 + 0 + 0
____________
3
) = (0, 4)
1
The remainder: Area = 192 38__
2
1
= 153__
2
Q. 7.
Q
A
(10,3)
C
B
(0,0)
A: Area is 3 2 = 6
(8,0)
1
Centre of gravity is at 9, 4__
2
1
__
B: Area = (2)(3) = 3
2
(10,0)
Centre of gravity is at
2r
x = ___
15
15pr2(y) + pr2(0) = 16pr2 (0)
___
Rectangle: Area = 10 6 = 60
Centre of gravity is at (5, 3)
2r
Answer: ___, 0
15
(
(
1
6 at 9, 4__
2
28
___
3 at
,1
3
51 at (x, y)
)
)
Q. 9.
= 60 at (5, 3)
(50,50)
(20,20)
( )
28
6(9) + 3 ___ + 51 (x) = 60(5)
3
218
x = ____
51
1
__
6 4 + 3(1) + 51(y) = 60(3)
2
150
y = ____
51
218 150
Answer: ____, ____ = (4.27, 2.94)
51 51
( )
Q. 8.
y=0
x=2
y = 1
8,743 at (x, y)
(b)
a(0,0)
Answer: 54 mm
b(2r,0)
Q. 10.
90 cm
30 cm
= 16pr2
Centre of gravity is at (0, 0)
115 cm
30 cm
16pr2
at (0, 0)
a(0,0)
b(90,0)
115
(i) Distance = ____
2
= 57.5 cm
Area = 90 115
270 at (16, 6)
= 10,350
Larger Section:
x = 13.14
Area = 80 70
= 5,600
378y = 2,700
Smaller Section:
y = 7.14
Area = 80 30
= 2,400
Centre of gravity is at (45, 95)
Q. 12.
Q
Remainder:
Area = 10,350 5,600 2,400
= 2,350
Centre of gravity is at (x, y)
5,600 at (45, 40)
2,400 at (45, 95)
2,350 at (x, y)
= 10,350
at (45, 57.5)
0 + 0 + 18 ____________
0 + 12 + 18
___________
3
= (6, 10)
Centre of Gravity of DOQR
0 + 18 + 30 0 + 18 + 0
= ____________, ___________
3
3
= (16, 6)
1
(i) Area DOPQ = __ |x1y2 x2y1|
2
1
= __| (18)(6) (6)(18) |
2
= 108
1
Area DOQR = __(base)(height)
2
take [OR] as the base
1
Area DOQR = __(36)(18)
2
= 324 square units
Area DOQR : Area DOQR = 108 : 324
=1:3
(ii) Centre of Gravity of DOPQ
0 6 + 18 0 + 6 + 18
= ___________, ___________
3
3
= (4, 8)
Centre of Gravity of DOQR
0 + 18 + 36 0 + 18 + 0
= ____________, ___________
3
3
= (18, 6)
(iii) 1 at (4, 8)
3 at (18, 6)
= 4 at (x, y)
= 378 at (x, y)
Q. 11.
y = 6.5
Centre of Gravity of lamina is at
(14.5, 6.5)
Q. 6.
Q
Exercise 8D
Q. 1.
1
(i) __h = 5
4
h = 20 cm
3W
4W
Q. 5.
divide by W
28 = 4x
x = 7 cm from P
Q. 7.
Q
2
1
1
2W acts through a point __h = __(14) = 7 cm
2
2
from P.
1
W acts through a point __(8) = 2 cm from
4
the base of the cone, i.e. 16 cm from P.
3
1
= __p(32)(20)
3
= 60p cm3
(i)
2W
1
(ii) V = __pr2h
Q. 4.
3
W acts through a point __r = 3 cm from
8
the base of the cylinder.
1
3W acts through a point __h = 5 cm from
2
the base of the hemisphere.
3
__
r=3
8
r = 8 cm
2
(ii) V = __pr3
3
2 3
__
= p(8 )
3
1,024p
_______
=
cm3
3
1
(i) __r = 3
2
r = 6 cm
W
2W
3W
2pr2
2p(62)
= 72p cm2
divide by W
30 = 3x
x = 10 cm
Q. 8.
15
15
W
3W
4W
28 = 4x
x = 7 mm
Q. 10.
Q
3
24
1
W acts through a point __(12) = 3 cm
4
from the base of the hemisphere.
3
W acts through a point __(8) = 3 cm from
8
the base of the cone, i.e. 15 cm from P.
W
5W
6W
Q. 9.
5
divide by W
2W
3W
24 = 2x
10
divide by W
x = 12 cm
i.e. the centre of the compound body is
12 cm from P. This is at the plane where
the bases of the two solids meet.
Q. 11.
Q
1
vcone = __pr2h
3
1
= __p(122)(40)
3
1
__
= (5,760p) cm3
3
vcylinder = 3(vcone)
(ii)
12
2W
(ii)
20
20
10
W
3W
1
h = __(40) = 10 cm from the base
4
4
of the cylinder. 3W acts through a
1
1
point __h = __(40) = 20 cm from the
2
2
base of the cone.
12
30
18.75
2W
3W
divide by W
3x = 54.75
W
3W
x = 18.25 cm
4W
Q. 13.
Q
=
W
6.75
10
10
O
W
W
3W
11
3 10
W
Exercise 8E
E
Q. 1.
Q
3W
5W
___
_____________
__
x = 10.2 cm
______
= 8 N
__
db = 3 2
2pr2
__
__
i 3 2
( )
__
__
__
__
(ii)
Q. 2.
Q
W
5W
x = 2.5r.
__
__
__
__________
___
c
2
___
__
__
__
__
__
__
R = 3i 2i + 5i 4j
= 8i 6j
___
__________
|R | = 82 + (6)2
____
= 100
= 10 N
5x = 12.5r
d
4
4W
2.5r
__
|R | = 12 + (5)2 = 26 N
r
2
2r
1__
___
= i 5j
___
__
Wcylinder = 4(Whemisphere)
12
( )
1__
___
= 3i 3j
CSAcylinder = 4(CSAhemisphere)
4W
__
|R | = (2)2 + (2)2
5x = 51
2r
__
= 2i 2j
divide by W
CSAhemisphere =
__
R = i +__ 2j __ 3i 4j
Q. 14.
__
___
Q. 5.
Q
7
k = __ m
6
1
Answer: 1__ m from a.
6
Q. 3.
5m
20
10
5m
16 N
16
8m
42 + |dc|2 = 52
______________
|dc| = 3 m
3
tan A = __
4
3
sin A = __
5
4
cos A = __
_____
_ 5
ab = 16i
____
bc = 10 cos Ai + 10 sin Aj
16
2
_
___
(i) R = 2i + 4j 7i 16j
_
= 5i 12j
___
_____
= 169
____
= 13 N
Q. 4.
___
___
= 10 N
Taking moments about c:
(i) R = 2i + 2j + 2i j + (8i 6j )
x = 4.8 m
= 12i 5j
___
___________
|R | =
_____________
= 100
___
R = 8i 6j
____
10
|R | = (8)2 + (6)2
13
= 8i + 6j
= 16i 12j
ca = 20 cos Ai 20 sin Aj
122
____
Q. 6.
Q
(5)2
= 169
= 13 N
4N
a
3N
60
8N
_____
60
(i) ab = 8i
_____
( 2 ) i + 8( 2 )j
= 8
_
1
__
_
3
___
___
= 4i + 43 j
13
__
____
__
___
Q. 2.
Q
= 2i + 2 3 j
_
___
T1
1 T2
___
R = 6i + 6 3 j
___
___________
__
|R | = 62 + (6 3 )2
_________
= 36 + 108
____
T1 + T2 = 2W
= 144
= 12 N
(ii)
Q. 3.
Q
1
l
2
(i)
1
T1
2N
( 2l ) =
1
__
l2
__
x=
3
___
2
x2
T2
T1 + T2 = 2
T1 + T2 = 10
___
12(x) = 8(0) + 8
l + 4(0)
2
__
12x = 4 3 l
8
Solving these gives T1 = __ N,
7
6
T2 = __ N
7
( )
__
x=
3
___
(ii)
3
1__
___
=
lm
3
T2
2N
T + 2T = 6
T=2N
Q. 1.
2
4N
Exercise 8F
The moment
of the forces about a
__
was 4 3__l N m, so the moment
M = 4 3 l N m.
T1
1
2T
1
Q. 4.
Q
(i)
W
6m
T1 + T2 = 2W
W
R
4m
3
__
T2 = W
4
1
T1 = 1 __W
4
14
mR
R=W
mR = S
Q. 7.
Q
W(2) = S(6)
1
S = __W
3
1
__
mW = W
3
1
m = __
3
(ii) 2
R
A
Q. 5.
1
R
2
S
mR
10 m
R=W
mR = S
3
2
Q. 6.
(a)
5
W(5) = S(11) S = ___W
11
5
5
mW = ___W m = ___
11
11
R=W
1
__
R=S
2
W(l cos A) = S(2l sin A)
W cos A
W
S = _______ = _______
2 tan A
2 sin A
1
W
__
W = _______ tan A = 1
2
2 tan A
A = 45.
Q. 8.
Q
S
1
S
2
(i) Friction
(ii) Moment
W
(b) 1
R = 245
0.8R = S
A
1
R
2
Equation 2
S = 0.8(245) = 196
Equation 3
245 cos a = (196)2 sin a
W = 2S tan A + S
S(2 tan A + 1) = W
W
S = __________
2 tan A + 1
2
a
R
0.8 R
25g = 245 N
( W 12S ) = S
1
__
2
__
1
1
__W __S = S 2W S = 4S
4
2
2W = 5S
5W
2W = __________
2 tan A + 1
5
2 tan A + 1 = __
2
3
__
tan A = A = 37
4
15
Q. 9.
mS
3
45
a
20g = 196
mR
W cos A = 2S sin A
4
4
But S = __R = __W.
5
5
R + mS = 196
mR = S
( )
4
W cos A = 2 __W sin A
5
8
__
cos A = sin A
5
8
1 = __ tan A
5
5
tan A = __
8
S + mS = 98
S(1 + m) = 98
98
S = ______
1+m
Now mR = S
98
98
1
1 ______
__
________
R = __
m S = m 1 + m = m(1 + m)
Putting these into equation 1 , we
get
98
98 = 196.
________
+ m ______
m(1 + m)
1+m
98 +
= 196m(1 + m).
Divide by 98.
1 + m2 = 2m(1 + m)
1 + m2 = 2m + 2m2
m2
+ 2m 1 = 0
m=
__
= 1 2
( )
2 2 2
__________
2
( )
__
2W
= S(10 sin A)
4
2W __x + W(4) = S(6)
5
8
__ xW + 4W = 6S
5
12
But S = ___ W
5
8
12
__
xW + 4W = 6 ___W
5
5
8x + 20 = 72
x = 6.5 m
__
______
2 4 + 4
_____________
A
4
R
5
3
3
4
Since tan A = __, cos A = __, sin A = __
5
5
4
1 R = 2W + W = 3W
4
2 __
R=S
5
4
12
S = __(3W) = ___W
5
5
3 2W(x cos A) + W(5 cos A)
Multiply by m(1 + m)
98m2
R=W
4
__
R=S
5
Taking moments about the foot
of the ladder:
(iii)
5
5
A
4
R
5
16
W
R
A
4R
5
2W
Q
Q. 2.
A
R = W + 2W = 3W
4
__
R=S
5
4
12
S = __(3W) = ___W
5
5
W(5 cos A) + 2W(10 cos A)
8 cm R
B
5W = 2S tan A
________
= 15 cm
[CD] is a median of the triangle. The
2
centroid therefore lies __ of the way
3
along [CD].
2
__
(15) = 10
3
The centre of gravity is 10 cm from C.
(ii)
8
4
W
8
R
B
3 W(5) = S(8)
5
S = __W
8
5
mW = __W
8
5
m = __
8
Q. 3.
Q
A
1 R=W
2 mR = S
mR
|CD| = 172 82
17 cm
|CD|2 + 82 = 172
Exercise 8G
(i)
12
___
W,
5
24
5W = ___W tan A
5
25
tan A = ___
24
Q. 1.
= S(10 sin A)
But S =
17 cm
8 cm
29 cm
20 cm
R=W
mR = S
20 cm R
W(2) = S(8)
1
S = __W
4
Equation 2
mR = S
1
m(W) = __W
4
1
m = __
4
1
The least value of is __.
4
W
29 cm
mR
_________
(21) = 14
17
R=W
mR = S
Q
Q. 5. (a) See text
(b)
m
W
W(7) = S(20)
7
S = ___W
20
F q
7
mW = ___W
20
7
m = ___
20
Q. 4.
Let |pm| = x
A
25 cm
7 cm
D
7 cm
x2
2
|pg| = __
3
mR
72
252
|CD| =
________
252
72
= 24 cm
[CD] is the median of the triangle. The
2
centroid therefore lies __ of the way
3
along [CD].
2
__
(24) = 16
3
The centre of gravity is 16 cm
from C.
1
1 R + __
S=W
4
1
R = W __S
4
2 mR = S
1
3 W(8) = S(7) + __
S(24)
4
8W = 13S
8
S = ___W
13
11
R = ___W
13
(ii)
( 13 )
8
11W = ___
m ___
W
13
8
m = ___
11
( 3a ) =
1
__
1
S
4
25 cm
B
18
m
1
a
2
a2
__
3
x = __ a
2
__
( )
( )
3
__
1__
a = ___
a
3
__
1 3
1__
|gm| = __ ___a = ____
a
3 2
23
1 R=W
2 F=S
( )
1
1__
3 S __
a = W ____
a
2
2 3
1__
S = ___
W
3
1__
The reactions are ___
W, W
3
If it is on the point of slipping, then F = mR.
Equation 2
mR = S
1__
mW = ___
W
3
1__
m = ___
3
1__
.
The least value of m is ___
3
Q.
Q 6. (a) See text
(b)
T1 p(0,3)
4,
(2,1)(3 1)
T2
4
W
3
W
T3 r(0,0)
q(4,0)
Centroid is at
( 0 + 30 + 4, 0 + 33 + 0 ) = ( 43, 1 )
_________ _________
__
4
1 T1 + T2 + T3 = __
W+W
3
7
T1 + T2 + T3 = __W
3
2 Taking moments about the y-axis:
4
4
T2(4) + T1(0) + T3 (0) = __W(2) + W __
3
3
4T2 = 4W
()
()
()
Friction = mR
T2 = W
3 Taking moments about the x-axis:
4
T1(3) + T2(0) + T3(0) = __W(1) + W(1)
3
7
__
T1 = W
9
7
__
But T1 + T2 + T3 = W
3
5
__
T3 = W
9
5
7
__
__
Answer: W, W, W
9
9
1
= __(160)
2
= 80 N
F + 80 = 120
F = 40 N
Q. 3.
Q
Exercise 8H
30
3R
5
Q. 1.
F
R
()
1
the plane = 100 sin 30 = 100 __ = 50 N
2
30
A
A
50
( )
4
tan A = __
3
cos A =
3
__
5
and sin A =
4
__
5
()
Q. 2.
F
R
mR
A
160
___
the plane = F cos 30 =
F
2
Component of F acting perpendicular to
1
the plane = F sin 30 = __F
2
__
1
R = 503 + __F
2
__
3
__
3
___
But, R + 50 =
F
5
2
__
__
3
3
1
__ 503 + __F + 50 = ___F
5
2
2
__
30 3 +
3
___
__
3
___
F + 50 =
F
2
10
__
3003 + 3F + 500 = 5 3 F
__
200
120
3
tan A = __
4
3
___
__2
= 50 3 N
40
100 N
30
3
4
cos A = __ and sin A = __
5
5
__
__
F=
100(3__ 3 + 5)
_____________
5 3 3
~
180 N
19
Q. 4.
Q
Q. 6.
tan a = 2
1__
2__
cos a = ___
sin a = ___
5
5
Forces
mR
A
7 sin A
7cos A
14 cos A
14 sin A
7 cos A + 7 = 14 sin A
Resolved
W
3
cos A + 1 = 2 sin A
__________
cos A + 1 = 2 1 cos2 A
square both sides
2W
5
mR
W
5
2W
5
(5 cos A 3)(cos A + 1) = 0
3
cos A = __ OR cos A = 1
5
cos A = 1 is excluded because A is an
acute angle.
3W
2W
W__ ____
__ + ___
1 R = ____
= __
5
5
5
W__ ____
2W
2 mR + ___
= __
5
5
W
__
mR = ___
5
Dividing 1 by 2
1
m = __
3
Q. 7.
Q
mR
19.6
98 A
Q. 5.
98 cos A
98 sin A
R = 98 cos A
19.6 + mR = 98 sin A
l
R tan l
a
a
W cos a
but R = W cos a
20
98
mR
98 A
A
98 cos A
98 sin A
R = 98 cos A
98 = mR + 98 sin A
98 = 98 m cos A + 98 sin A
a>l
10 = 10 m cos A + 10 sin A
10 sin A + 10 m cos A = 10 2
Adding equations 1 and 2 we get
()
20 sin A = 12
3
sin A = __
5
3 = 36.87
A = sin1 __
5
()
6 + 8m = 10
8m = 4
1
m = __
2
()
F sin l
F
l
F cos l
78.4
58.8
R + F sin l = 78.4
1
__
2
R = 78.4 F sin l
R + 58.8 = F cos l
R = 2F cos l 117.6
5
196
F = _____________
2 cos l + sin l
196
= ________
___
4__
1__
+ ___
5
196
= ____
5
___
__
196
__ N
= ____
5
21
Q. 8.
m = tan l
The diagram shows resolved forces acting on the particle.
F sin q
R
mR
F cos q
W cos a
W sin a
R + F sin q = W cos a
mR + W sin a = F cos q
R = W cos a F sin q
F cos q W sin a
R = _______________
tan l
F cos q W sin a
_______________
W cos a F sin q =
tan l
cos l
W cos a F sin q = (F cos q W sin a) _____ multiply by sin l
sin l
cos(l) = cos l
W sin(a + l)
F = ___________
cos l
(ii) Horizontal force q = a
W sin(a + l)
F = ___________
cos(a l)
W sin(a + l)
= ____________
cos[(a + l)]
W sin (a + l)
= ____________
cos (a + l)
= W tan (a + l)
W sin (a + l)
(iii) F = ____________
cos (q l)
Minimum force will occur when cos(q l) is at its maximum value, i.e. cos(q l) = 1
FMIN = W sin(a + l).
22
Q. 9.
(i) The normal reaction, R, and the limiting friction, F, acting on a body which is either moving
or on the point of moving, can be added to form a resultant. The angle between this
resultant and the normal reaction is the angle of friction.
(ii)
S tan l
S
W
R
R tan l
R + S tan l = W
R = W S tan l
R tan l = S
(W S tan l) tan l = S
W tan l S tan2 l = S
S(1 + tan2 l) = W tan l
W tan l
S = _________
1 + tan2 l
W sin a
W tan l
___________________ = _________
2(cos a + tan l sin a) 1 + tan2 l
(1 + tan2 l)sin a = 2 tan l(cos a + tan l sin a)
sin a + tan2 l sin a = 2 tan l cos a + 2 tan2 l sin a
tan2 l sin a + 2 tan l cos a = sin a
divide by cos a
23
Q. 10.
S
q
R
R tan l
1
tan l sin a + cos a
W = __W tan q ________________
2
tan l cos a sin a
1
tan l tan a + 1
1 = __ tan q ______________
2
tan l tan a
tan l tan a
tan q = 2 ______________
1 + tan l tan a
tan q = 2 tan(l a)
as required.
Exercise 8I
Q. 1.
3
T
5
Y
X
W
4
T
5
3
1 Y = __T = W
5
24
... Equation 1
4
X + __T = W
5
... Equation 2
Equation 1:
[ ]
3 5
Y + __ __W = W
5 6
2Y + W = 2W
3W (a sin q) = W(2a)
2
sin q = __
3
2Y = W
1
Y = __W
2
5
4
Equation 2: X = __ __W
56
2
__
X= W
3
Answer: The horizontal and vertical
reactions at the hinge are
2
1
__
W and __W. The tension in
3
2 5
the string is __W.
6
[ ]
Q. 2.
= 0.6667
q = 41 49
(iii) X = W cos q
__
( )
5
= W ___
3
__
5
___
W
3
Y = 3W W sin q
()
2
= 3W W __
3
7W
= ____
3
Q. 4.
Q
2W sin A
5W
12
cos A = ___
13
2W
5
sin A = ___
13
2W cos A
Y + 2W sin A = 5W
X = 2W cos A
5
Since tan A = ___
12
Forces
(i) Y
p
Resolved
5
T
13
Y
p X
W
12
T
13
5
1 Y + ___ T = W
13
X
q
p X
3W
12
2 X = ___
T
13
90 q
(W sin q)
(W cos q)
(ii) 1
2
Y + W sin q = 3W
X + W cos q = 0
25
25
F = mR
1
= __R
3
13
T = ___W
10
( )
( )
1 1
= __ 2__W
3 4
12 13
X = ___ ___W
13 10
6
= __W
5
3
= __W
4
( )
5 13
Y + ___ ___ T = W
13 10
1
Y = __W
2
(ii)
Q. 5.
10
1
R=2 W
4
(i)
a
R
A
2W
3W
Y B
a
2W
q
3
W
4
3
2 __W = X
4
a
S
3
3
2 cos q + __ sinq = __ cos q
2
2
B X
Y
2W
1 R + Y = 2W
q
G
q
F
3 sin q = 5 cosq
3W
q
A F
q
a
3 tan q = 5
5
tan q = __
3
S
c
5
q = tan1 __
3
= 592
1 R + S = 2W + 3W
R + S = 5W
Q. 6.
Q
2 F=G
26
6
1
Answer: (i) __W, __W
5
2
13
___
X
q
R
A
2
T
W
5
T
2W
S
C
3
4
4
Since cos q = __, sin q = __ and tan q = __
5
5
3
The system ABC
1 R + S = W + 2W
R + S = 3W
1 R = W + 2W = 3W
2 T=T
2 mR = S
( )
( )
1
1
W 1__ + T(2) + 2W 4__
2
2
= T(2) + S(6)
3
S = 1__W
4
1
R = 1__W, from Equation 1
4
X
Y
B
T
4
5 X=S
4
The rod AB
1
1 1__
W+Y=W
4
1
Y = __W
4
2 T=X
( ) ( )
1
1
T(2) + W 1__ = 1__ W(3)
4
2
mR = S
15
m(3W) = ___W
8
5
__
m=
8
1
__
T=1 W
8
1
Answer: T = 1__W,
8
1
__
R = 1 W,
4
3
__
S=1 W
4
Q. 8.
S
B
Q. 7.
4 Y = 2W
2W
q
B
Y2
5
f
2W
X3
X2
4
Since tan f = __,
3
4
sin f = __,
5
3
cos f = __
5
Y3
Y1
2W
X1
X1
A
Y1
f
A mR
2
1
1 W
4
Rod AB:
Taking moments around B we get:
2W(l cos b) + Y1(2l cos b)
= X1 (2l sin b)
W + Y1 = X1 tan b
... Equation 1
27
Dividing Equation 3 by
Equation 4 gives:
3W
4
tan a = ______ ____
4 tan b 5W
Rod AC:
)( )
3
tan a = ______
5 tan b
7 tan b
3
______ = ______
3
5 tan b
35 tan2 b = 9
9
tan2 b = ___
35
3
___
tan b = ____
35
Q
Q. 9. (i) Force diagram for the system including
the friction force at C.
4W 8Y1 = 6W
8Y1 = 2W
W
Y1 = __ ... the minus sign
4
indicates that the actual
direction of Y1 is opposite
to the direction indicated
in the diagram.
CR
R1
a
2W
3W
4 tan b
3W
4 tan b
W
R1 sin a + __ = 2W
4
7W
R1 sin a = ____
4
3W
______
R1 cos a =
4 tan b
( )(
3
4
28
3W
R2 sin a = ______
4 tan b
W
R2 cos a = W + __
4
5W
R2 cos a = ____
4
1
R = __ W tan f
2
W tan f = 2R
B
Y1
Dividing Equation 1 by
Equation 2 gives:
7W 4 tan b
tan a = ____ ______
4
3W
7 tan b
tan a = ______
3
l
2W __ sin f = R(2l cos f)
2
divide by l cos f
C R
1
F(l sin f ) = R(l cos f ) + W __ sin f
2
divide by l cos f
1
F tan f = R + __ W tan f
2
1
but R = __ W tan f
2
1
1
__
__
F tan f = W tan f + W tan f
2
2
divide by tan f
1
1
F = __ W + __ W
2
2
F=W
(ii) An additional force is now applied
downwards at C. The force diagram for
the BC now looks like this:
X1 B
R
Y1
mR
C
W
R(d) = W
( 2 ) + mR( l
W
W
F
S
G
( )
()
( )
4R = 6W
3
R = __W
2
3
__
R= W
2
_______
3d = d + 3m l2 d2
_______
3m l2 d2 = 2d
m=
2d
_________
_______
3 l2 d2
d
_________
_______
3 l2 d2
Ring C
R
T sin a
T cos a
T cos a
T sin a
mR
W
d2 )
_______
3
1
3
__
__
__
Wd = Wd + m W l2 d2
2
2
2
2
__
multiply by
W
4W
_______
d
__
l2 d2
mR
Lengths
divide by 2l cos a
2W = T sin a + T sin a
2W = 2T sin a
W = T sin a
29
Equation 1
and R = T sin a + W
but W = T sin a
R = 2T sin a
Equation 2
Dividing Equation 1 by
Equation 2 we get:
1
m = _______
2 tan a
2m tan a = 1
1
tan a = ___
2m
(ii) W = T sin a
( )
1.5
__ = R(1)
80 ___
2
__
120
__ = 60 2 N
R = ____
2
R__
(iii) S = ___
+ 40
2
R__
mS = ___
2
R__
R__
m ____
+ 40 = ___
2
2
(i)
__
but R = 60 2
m(60 + 40) = 60
1
tan a = ___
2m
T = W/sin a
1
________
sin a = _________
1 + 4m2
100m = 60
m = 0.6
________
T = W 1 + 4m2
R
q q
80 N
Y
W
Hemisphere
mR
R
mS
40 N
mR
Lengths
3
1
90 1
45
45
30
R
mR
4
tan a = __
3
4
sin a = __
5
0.8y
4
__ = ____
x
5
multiply both sides by 5x
4x = 4y
( )( )
18 3
S = ___g __ + 6g
5
5
204
S = ____g
25
2 mS = R sin a
) ( )( )
204
18 4
m ____g = ___g __
5
5
25
25
multiply by ___
g
204m = 72
6
72
m = ____ = ___
204 17
(iv) Looking at the diagram of the rod:
X = R sin a
( )( )
18 4
= ___g __
5
5
= 28.224
x=y
Y + R cos a = 2g
(ii) Rod
Y = 2g R cos a
( )( )
18 3
= 2g ___g __
5
5
= 1.568
2g
a
X
Block
= 28.224i 1.568j N
S
Magnitude
__________________
= (28.224)2 + (1.568)2
a R
= 28 N
mS
6g
31
Q
Q. 3.
Exercise 8J
Q. 1.
Forces:
Y
a
r
1
sin A = ______ = __
3r + r 4
A 3r
cos A =
2.
___
15
____
4
240
R
r
b
P
1.5
Resolved Forces:
15
T
4
(1) Y = 240
1
T
4
(2) P + X = 0 X = P
(3) Taking moments about a:
R
W
240(0.75) = P(2)
___
(1)
15
____
4
T=W
T=
___
4W
____
___
P = 90 N
__ ___
15
______________
= (90)2 + (240)2
( )
= 256 N
Q. 4.
Q
(i) Forces:
Forces:
F
W
3
Resolved Forces:
1
T
2
__
(1)
3
___
2
T+
30
__
3
___
2
5
R
A
2
30 N
3
T
2
1
T
2
3
T
2
3
4
Since sin A = __, cos A = __
5
5
Resolved Forces:
F
W
T = 30
30
__
T = ___
3
3
R
5
__
= 10 3 N
4
R
5
32
___
1
(2) R = __T
4
1 4W
___
= __ ____
4 15
W
___
= ____
15
Q. 2.
__
X = 90i , Y = 240j
5
3
(iii) (1) __ R = W R = __W
5
3
5
4 __
4
4
__
__
(2) F = R =
W = __W
5
5 3
3
Resultant:
( )
Q. 5.
(a)
Forces:
x
100
150
A
150
1
mg
2
3g
( )
1
__
2
150 3
cos A = ____ = __
250 5
4
sin A = __
5
Resolved Forces:
1
1
mg __l + mg(l ) = 1 __mg(x)
2
2
5
__
x= l
6
O
y
x
3
T
5
T1
4
T
5
mg
2
3
The resultant weight, __mg acts through g,
2
which must be below in accordance with
Theorem 8.7
3g
T1(x) = T2(y)
5
7
But x = __ l sin A, y = __ l sin A
6
6
5
__
7
__
T1 l sin A = T2 l sin A
6
6
T1 __
7
__
=
T2 5
15
4
(1) __ T = 3g T = ___ g
5
4
Q. 6.
5
R
6
Q. 7.
Q
) (
4
r
5
1
2l
1
mg
2
T2
A
7
l
6
1
2l
P
q
A
A
mg
3
r
5
4
sin A = __
5
3
cos A = __
5
33
( ) ( )
P
r sin (A + q)
A+q
r
OBSTACLE
( ) ( )
( )
3
W __r = P(r sin (A + q))
5
3W
P = __________
5 sin (A + q)
(i) In this case q = 0
3W
3W
P = ______ = ____
4
5 sin A
(ii) In this case we want a minimum value
3W
for ___________ . This value is attained
5 sin (A + q)
3W
when sin (A + q) = 1, and is ____
5
Q. 9.
Q. 8.
AB
W
r
S
y
R
x
A
c
5
B
a
5
4
g A
1 m
2 W
S
B
34
1
1__
2__
Since tan A = __, sin A = ___
and cos A = ___
2
5
5
3
3
4
Since tan B = __, sin B = __ and cos B = __
5
5
4
Also, sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
3
1__ __
4
2__ __
= ___
+ ___
5 5
5 5
10__
= ____
5 5
2__
= ___
5
Taking moments about x:
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
Q.E.D.