Homework assignment no II

Mikoaj Paraniak
April 7, 2013
Excercise 1
Let A GL
5
(R)
A =
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 1
0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 1 2
_
_
_
_
_
_
In order to compute desired quantities we rst nd the jordan normal form of A.
det(A I
5
) is easy to nd. The result can be veried by the reader on the y:
det(A I
5
) = (1 )
2
(2 )
3
(1)
Thus we obtain two eigenvalues:

1
= 1

2
= 2
Let us nd the chain generated by
1
We see that ker(A
1
I
5
) = ker(AI
5
). Again,
nding the base of ker(A I
5
) is not chalenging, thus the exact steps are omitted. We
obtain:
ker(A I
5
) = span
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
1
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
We also compute ker(A I
5
)
2
.
1
(A I
5
)
2
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 2
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 2 1
_
_
_
_
_
_
Thus
ker(A I
5
)
2
= span{m
1
, m
2
} = span
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
,
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
1
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
We see that m
1
is not in ker(AI
5
). We solve the equation (AI
5
)m
1
= m

1
(then
(A I
5
)m

1
= 0), and obtain
m

1
= (0, 1, 0, 0, 0)
t
Since geometric multiplicity need of
1
not exceed its algebraic multiplicity the chain
generated by
1
is {m

1
, m
1
}.
Now we consider the chain generated by
2
. Since the geometric multiplicity of
1
was
found to be 2, the geometric multiplicity of
2
must be equal to 3. We nd ker(A
2
I
5
) =
ker(A 2I
5
) to be:
ker(A
2
I
5
) = span
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
1
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
And ker(A 2I
5
)
2
:
ker(A
2
I
5
) = {n
1
, n
2
} = span
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
0
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
,
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
1
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
We see that none of n
1
, n
2
is in ker(A 2I
5
). Thus we can easily nd the base
ker(A 2I
5
)
3
by arbitrarily choosing n
1
:
ker(A 2I
5
)n
1
= n

1
= (0, 0, 1, 0, 0)
t
Thus we have three linearly independent vectors n

1
, n
1
, n
2
, all contained in ker(A
2I
5
)
3
, therefore they form the base of ker(A2I
5
)
3
. We found the jordan normal form of
A, A = PJP
1
A =
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 2 1 0
0 0 0 2 1
0 0 0 0 2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
Now we can easily nd exp A. We see that
exp
_
1 1
0 1
_
=
= e exp
_
0 1
0 0
_
= e(I +
_
0 1
0 0
_
+
1
2
_
0 1
0 0
_
2
) =
= e
_
1 1
0 1
_
also
exp
_
_
2 1 0
0 2 1
0 0 2
_
_
=
= e
2
exp
_
_
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
_
_
=
= e
2
(I +
_
_
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
_
_
+
1
2
_
_
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
) =
= e
2
(
_
_
1 1
1
2
0 1 1
0 0 1
_
_
)
nally
e
J
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
e e 0 0 0
0 e 0 0 0
0 0 e
2
e
2 1
2
e
2
0 0 0 e
2
e
2
0 0 0 0 e
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
And
exp A = Pe
J
P
1
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
e 0 0 0 0
e e 0 0 0
0 0 e
2

1
2
e
2
e
2
0 0 0 e
2
0
0 0 0 e
2
e
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
sin A = P(sin J)P
1
sin J =
_
_
_
_
_
_
sin 1 cos 1 0 0 0
0 sin 1 0 0 0
0 0 sin 2 cos 2
1
2
sin 2
0 0 0 sin 2 cos 2
0 0 0 0 sin 2
_
_
_
_
_
_
sin A = P(sin J)P
1
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
sin 1 0 0 0 0
cos 1 sin 1 0 0 0
0 0 sin 2
1
2
sin 2 cos 2
0 0 0 sin 2 0
0 0 0 cos 2 sin 2
_
_
_
_
_
_
Excercise 2
Let B = {e
1
, e
2
, e
3
, e
4
, e
5
}
B =
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
1
1
1
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
,
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
0
1
1
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
,
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
0
1
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
,
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
1
0
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
,
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
1
1
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
be a base of a vector space C
5
. Let B

= {e
i
} be a dual base of C
5
. From denition of
a dual base, B

= {e
i
} is the base of a vector space C
5

= Map(C
5
, C) such that following
condition is satised: For every e
i
B

there is e
i
_
5

k=1
c
k
e
k
_
= c
i
where c
k
C. Taking
c
i
= 1, c
k=i
= 0 we obtain:
e
i
e
j
=
ij
(2)
Since e
i
is a linear map, and dimC
5

= dimC
5
(because dimC
5
is nite), we can write
the matrix of e
i
as:
e
i
=
_
e
i
1
, e
i
2
, e
i
3
, e
i
4
, e
i
5

(3)
where e
i
k
C. Thus, from (1) and (2) we obtain a system of equations for e
1
, which
we write in a matrix form:
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
The solution is easy to nd, and the exact steps are not included here. We get
e
1
=
1
4
_
3, 1, 1, 1

Indeed, let S =
5

k=1
c
k
, and C
5
l =

5
k=1
c
k
e
k
Then we have:
e
1
l =
1
4
_
3, 1, 1, 1, 1

_
_
_
_
_
_
S c
1
S c
2
S c
3
S c
4
S c
5
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
1
4
(3S + 3c
1
+ 4S (S c
1
)) =
1
4
(4c
1
) = c
1
Derivation of remaining dual base vectors is analogous. We have:
e
2
=
1
4
_
1, 3, 1, 1, 1

e
3
=
1
4
_
1, 1, 3, 1, 1

e
4
=
1
4
_
1, 1, 1, 3, 1

e
5
=
1
4
_
1, 1, 1, 1, 3

and
B

= {e
1
, e
2
, e
3
, e
4
, e
5
}
as was to be found.