PROJECT WORK FOR

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATHICS 2009

Circles In Our Daily Life

SCHOOL

SEKOLAH MENENGAH IMTIAZ KUALA TERENGGANU

NAME

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN MOHD SABRI

CLASS

5 UMMU AISYAH

ADVISOR

PUAN ASMALIA JAAFAR

1
 -Content-
No. Contents Page
1 Introduction 3 - 4
2 Objective 5
3 Acknowledge 6
4 Part 1 7 - 12
5 Part 2 13 - 18
7 Part 3 19- 23
8 References 24

-Introduction-
A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which

are the same distance from a given point called the centre. The common distance of the points of

a circle from its center is called its radius. A diameter is a line segment whose endpoints lie on

1
the circle and which passes through the centre of the circle. The length of a diameter is twice the

length of the radius. A circle is never a polygon because it has no sides or vertices.

Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions, an interior and an

exterior. In everyday use the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either the

boundary of the figure (known as the perimeter) or to the whole figure including its interior, but

in strict technical usage "circle" refers to the perimeter while the interior of the circle is called a

disk. The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle (especially when referring to its

length).

A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. Circles are conic sections

attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the

cone.

The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. It is the basis for

the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern civilization

possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the development of geometry

and calculus.

Early science, particularly geometry and Astrology and astronomy, was connected to the divine

for most medieval scholars, and many believed that there was something intrinsically "divine" or

"perfect" that could be found in circles.

Some highlights in the history of the circle are:

• 1700 BC – The Rhind papyrus gives a method to find the area of a circular field. The

result corresponds to 256/81 as an approximate value of π.[1]

• 300 BC – Book 3 of Euclid's Elements deals with the properties of circles.

• 1880 – Lindemann proves that π is transcendental, effectively settling the millennia-old

problem of squaring the circle.[2]

1
Objectives

1
The aims of carrying out this project work are:

1. To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve

problems;

2. To improve thinking skills;

3. To promote effective mathematical communication;

4. To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way

that increase students’ interest and confidence;

5. To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas

precisely;

6. To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective

learning;

7. To develop positive attitude toward mathematics.

Acknowledgement

1
 First of all I would like to say Alhamdulillah for giving the strength and

health to do this project work.

Not forgotten my parents for providing me everything such as money to

buy anything that are related to this project work and their advice which is the

most needed for this project. Internet , books , computers and all that . They also

supported me and encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not

procrastinate in doing it

Then I would like to thank my teacher Mdm Asmalia Jaafar for guiding

me and my friends throughout this project. We had some difficulties in doing this

task , but she taught us patiently until we know what to do. She tried and tried

to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do with the project work.

Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with me and

sharing our ideas. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed

together , we had this task done.

1
PART 1

SYMBOLS
1
π = pi

C = Circumference

D = Diameter

A = Area of circle

r = Radius

S = Length of arc
Part 1

There are a lot of things around us related to circles or parts of a circles. We need to play with

circles in order to complete some of the problems involving circles. In this project I will use the

principles of circle to design a garden to beautify the school.

1
Wheel of a bicycle Circles on water surface School park

Fish pond Round table at school compound

Before I continue the task, first, we do have to know what do pi(π) related to a circle.

Definition

In Euclidean plane geometry, π is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its

1
diameter:

The ratio C/d is constant, regardless of a circle's size. For example, if a circle has twice the

diameter d of another circle it will also have twice the circumference C, preserving the ratio C/d.

Area of the circle = π × area of the shaded square

Alternatively π can be also defined as the ratio of a circle's area (A) to the area of a square whose

side is equal to the radius:[3][5]

These definitions depend on results of Euclidean geometry, such

as the fact that all circles are similar. This can be considered a

problem when π occurs in areas of mathematics that otherwise do

not involve geometry. For this reason, mathematicians often prefer

to define π without reference to geometry, instead selecting one of

its analytic properties as a definition. A common choice is to

define π as twice the smallest positive x for which cos(x) = 0.[6] The formulas below illustrate

other (equivalent) definitions.

History

The ancient Babylonians calculated the area of a circle by taking 3 times the square of its

radius, which gave a value of pi = 3. One Babylonian tablet (ca. 1900–1680 BC) indicates a

value of 3.125 for pi, which is a closer approximation.

1
In the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus (ca.1650 BC), there is evidence that the Egyptians calculated the

area of a circle by a formula that gave the approximate value of 3.1605 for pi.

The ancient cultures mentioned above found their approximations by measurement. The first

calculation of pi was done by Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC), one of the greatest

mathematicians of the ancient world. Archimedes approximated the area of a circle by using the

Pythagorean Theorem to find the areas of two regular polygons: the polygon inscribed within the

circle and the polygon within which the circle was circumscribed. Since the actual area of the

circle lies between the areas of the inscribed and circumscribed polygons, the areas of the

polygons gave upper and lower bounds for the area of the circle. Archimedes knew that he had

not found the value of pi but only an approximation within those limits. In this way, Archimedes

showed that pi is between 3 1/7 and 3 10/71.

A similar approach was used by Zu Chongzhi (429–501), a brilliant Chinese mathematician and

astronomer. Zu Chongzhi would not have been familiar with Archimedes’ method—but because

his book has been lost, little is known of his work. He calculated the value of the ratio of the

circumference of a circle to its diameter to be 355/113. To compute this accuracy for pi, he must

have started with an inscribed regular 24,576-gon and performed lengthy calculations involving

hundreds of square roots carried out to 9 decimal places.

Mathematicians began using the Greek letter π in the 1700s. Introduced by William Jones in

1706, use of the symbol was popularized by Euler, who adopted it in 1737.

An 18th century French mathematician named Georges Buffon devised a way to calculate pi

based on probability.

1
1
 PART 2

P R
B
Part 2 (a) d1 d2
10 cm

1
Diagram 1 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10cm. Semicircles PAB and BCR of diameter d1

and d2 respectively are inscribed in PQR such that the sum of d1 and d2 is equal to 10cm. By

using various values of d1 and corresponding values of d2, I determine the relation between

length of arc PQR, PAB, and BCR.

Using formula: Arc of semicircle = ½πd

d1 d2 Length of arc PQR in Length of arc PAB in Length of arc BCR in

(cm) (cm) terms of π (cm) terms of π (cm) terms of π (cm)
1 9 5π ½π 9/2 π
2 8 5π π 4π
3 7 5π 3/2 π 7/2 π
4 6 5π 2π 3π
5 5 5π 5/2π 5/2 π
6 4 5π 3π 2π
7 3 5π 7/2 π 3/2 π
8 2 5π 4π Π
9 1 5π 9/2 π ½π
Table 1

From the Table 1 we know that the length of arc PQR is not affected by the different in d1 and d2

in PAB and BCR respectively. The relation between the length of arcs PQR , PAB and BCR is

that the length of arc PQR is equal to the sum of the length of arcs PAB and BCR, which is we

can get the equation:

SPQR = S + SPAB BCR

1
 Let d1= 3, and d2 =7 SPQR = S + SPAB BCR

5π = ½ π(3) + ½ π(7)

5π = 3/2 π + 7/2 π

5π = 10/2 π

5π = 5 π

The Arc length of sector <PQR is equal to the sum arc length of sector <PAB

and <BCR

(b)

E
C
A

P R
B D
d1 d2 d3
10
cm

1
d1 d2 d3 SPQR SPAB SBCD SDER
1 2 7 5π 1/2 π π 7/2 π
2 2 6 5π π π 3π
2 3 5 5π π 3/2 π 5/2 π
2 4 4 5π π 2π 2π
2 5 3 5π π 5/2 π 3/2 π

SPQR = SPAB + SBCD + SDER

Let d1 = 2, d2 = 5, d3 = 3 SPQR = SPAB + SBCD + SDER

5 π = π + 5/2 π + 3/2 π

5π = 5π

The length of arc of sector <PQR is equal to the sum of arc length of the sector of <PAB and
<BCD and <DER

bii) The length of arc of outer semicircle is equal to the sum of the length of arc of inner

semicircle for n = 1,2,3,4,….

Souter = S1 + S2 + S3 + S4 + S5

c) Assume the diameter of outer semicircle is 30cm and 4 semicircles are inscribed in the outer

semicircle such that the sum of d1(APQ), d2(QRS), d3(STU), d4(UVC) is equal to 30cm.

d1 d2 d3 d4 SABC SAPQ SQRS SSTU SUVC

10 8 6 6 15 π 5π 4π 3π 3π
12 3 5 10 15 π 6π 3/2 π 5/2 π 5π
14 8 4 4 15 π 7π 4π 2π 2π
15 5 3 7 15 π 15/2 π 5/2 π 3/2 π 7/2 π

let d1=10, d2=8, d3=6, d4=6, SABC = SAPQ + SQRS + SSTU + SUVC

15 π = 5 π + 4 π + 3 π + 3 π

1
 15 π = 15 π

The Arc length of sector <ABC is equal to the sum of the arc length of the sector <APQ and

<QRS and <STU and <UVC

Procedure : -

1. Measure the circumference of an object by using a thread

2. Then,the leght of the thread is measured bu using a ruler to get the reading of the circumference

3. Then, procedure 1 and 2 is repeated by using tape ,mug , glass, glue and plate.

4. Then, the diameter of each of the object is obtained and the circumference and the diameter is
recorded in the table.

Table of inspection of finding Pi(C/D)value

No. Object Circumference (C) /cm Diameter (D)/cm C/D(pi)/ π

1 Tape 29.0 9.0 3.2222

2 Mug 25.7 8.3 3.0964

1
 3 Glass 22.6 7.2 3.1389

4 Glue 12.0 3.9 3.1282

5 Plate 26.0 8.3 3.1687

Conclusion

1. The calculation show that the value of Pi is bigger or equal to 3.0964 and smaller or equal to
3.2222

2. The actual value of Pi is 3.142

3. The calculation of Pi(C/D) is incorrect due to the lack of the accuracy of the measuring tools

PART 3
1
Part 3

a. Area of flower plot = y m2

y = (25/2) π - (1/2(x/2)2 π + 1/2((10-x )/2)2 π)

= (25/2) π - (1/2(x/2)2 π + 1/2((100-20x+x2)/4) π)

= (25/2) π - (x2/8 π + ((100 - 20x + x2)/8) π)

= (25/2) π - (x2π + 100π – 20x π + x2π )/8

= (25/2) π - ( 2x2 – 20x + 100)/8) π

= (25/2) π - (( x2 – 10x + 50)/4)

= (25/2 - (x2 - 10x + 50)/4) π

y= ((10x – x2)/4) π

b. y = 16.5 m2

16.5 = ((10x – x2)/4) π

66 = (10x - x2) 22/7

1
66(7/22) = 10x – x2

0 = x2 - 10x + 21

0 = (x-7)(x – 3)

x=7 , x=3

c. y = ((10x – x2)/4) π

y/x = (10/4 - x/4) π

X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

y/x 7.1 6.3 5.5 4.7 3.9 3.1 2.4

By using8.0
Y/x linear law method.

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X

1
 When x = 4.5 , y/x = 4.3

Area of flower plot = y/x * x

= 4.3 * 4.5

= 19.35m2

Thus, the area of flower plot is equal to 19.35m2

d. Differentiation method

dy/dx = ((10x-x2)/4) π

= ( 10/4 – 2x/4) π

0 = 5/2 π – x/2 π

5/2 π = x/2 π

x = 5

Completing square method

y= ((10x – x2)/4) π

= 5/2 π - x2/4 π

= -1/4 π (x2 – 10x)

y+ 52 = -1/4 π (x – 5)2

y = -1/4 π (x - 5)2 - 25

1
 x–5=0

x=5

e. n = 12, a = 30cm, S12 = 1000cm Tn (flower bed) Diameter

S12 = n/2 (2a + (n – 1)d (cm)

T1 30
1000 = 12/2 ( 2(30) + (12 – 1)d) T2 39.697
T3 49.394
1000 = 6 ( 60 + 11d) T4 59.091
T5 68.788
1000 = 360 + 66d T6 78.485

1000 – 360 = 66d T7 88.182

T8 97.879
640 = 66d T9 107.576
T10 117.273
d = 9.697 T11 126.97
T12 136.667

Thus the diameter of the flower plot is 9.697cm

1
 REFERENCES
Source via internet :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi

http://ualr.edu/lasmoller/pi.html

http://egyptonline.tripod.com/history.htm

http://www.gap-system.org/~history/HistTopics/Pi_through_the_ages.html

News papers :

News Straits Times

Metro

Berita Harian

Magazines :

1
Siswa.

Esti.my