Chapter #23 Identifications Thomas Nast A cartoonist of the New York Times, Nast revealed Tweed's dirty works.

Horace Greely The Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greely for president. He was a fearless editor in the New York Tribune. He was dogmatic, emotional, petulant, and notoriously unsound in his political judgments. Roscoe Conkling A Stalwart faction led by roscoe embraced the time-honored system of swapping civil-service jobs for votes. James G. Blaine Led the Half-breeds Samuel Tilden Headed the prosecution of Tweed. He was against Hayes in the election of 1876. Charles J. Guiteau Shot Garfield in the back, killing him. Hard or Sound Money Sound money is the call for more money added into the circulation. Hard money is the withdrawal of money.

Gilded Age A political seesaw was delicately balanced throughout most of this age.

Bloody-Shirt Republican strategy where they revived gory memories of the civil war.

Tweed Ring Employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk the metropolis of as much as $200 million.

Credit Mobilier Scandal Union Pacific Railroad insiders had formed the Credit Mobilier construction

company and then cleverly hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning dividends as high as 348%. Fearing the Congress, the company furtively distributed shares to key congressmen.

Whiskey Ring The sprawling Whiskey Ring robbed the Treasury of millions in excise - tax revenues. When Grant's Secretary showed up among the culprits, Grant exonerated him.

Resumption Act Pledged the government to the further withdrawal of greenbacks from circulation and to the further redemption of all paper currency in gold at face value.

Crime of '73 Silver prices were forced down making westerners join the debtors.

Bland-Allison Act Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver.

Half-Breed Led by James G. Blaine this party fought over the Conkling's to dish out the spoils. Compromise of 1877 Democrats agreed that Hayes might take office in return for his withdrawing intimidating federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina. Republicans assured the Democrats a place at the presidential patronage through and support for a bill subsidizes the Texas and Pacific Railroad's Construction. South accept Hayes election. North removes troops. North support southern railroads. Also accept southerners into the cabinet.

Civil Service Reform System of swapping for votes.

Pendleton Act It made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal, and it established the civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs on

the basis of competitive examinations rather than "pull". Made politicians seek corporate for money.

"Billion Dollar" Congress Thomas Reed counted as present Democrats who had not answered the roll and who furiously denied that they were legally there. By such tactics "Czar" Reed utterly dominated the "Billion Dollar" Congress the first in history to appropriate that sum.

Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt 1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win? He had no political experience. Horatio blew it when he repudiated the "Ohio Idea." Although the majority whites supported Horatio, the blacks are what enabled grant to win. The Era of Good Stealings Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden 2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain. Everyone was extremely corrupt during this time. Anything would be done for money. A Carnival of Corruption Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap 3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration. The Credit Mobilier Scandal was Grant's responsibility. The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872 Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley 4. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate? He was dogmatic, emotional, petulant, and notoriously unsound in his political judgments. Depression and Demands for Inflation Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Softmoney, Bland-Allison Act 5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency? Debtors said "more money meant cheaper money, hence rising prices and easier to pay debts. Creditors wanted deflation cuz they get more money.

Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, HalfBreeds, James G. Blaine 6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues? The sharp ethnic and cultural differences in the membership of the two parties - in distinctions of style and tone and especially the religious sentiment. The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876 Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden 7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt? Because Tilden received more popular votes than Hayes but less electoral. Who then would count them? The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883), 8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans? The Republicans abandoned them and the Supreme Court ruled the Civil Rights Act unconstitutional in the Civil Rights Cases. Chapter #26.1 The Great West Big Picture Themes 1. Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as hostiles. Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. . Chapter #26.1 Identifications Sitting Bull Sitting Bull led the Sioux against Armstrong Custer and won at the battle of Little Bighorn.

George A. Custer Demoted to colonel and Indian fighter, he fought the Indians at the battle of Little Bighorn. He lost intensely.

Chief Joseph Led the Nez Perce Indians in the northeastern Oregon. He finally surrendered his breakaway band of some 700 Indians after a tortuous, 1700 miles, 3 month trek across the Continential Divide toward Canada.

Sioux Wars These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and White men. They were spurred by greedy gold miners. The Sioux led by Sitting Bull defeated Custer at the Battle of little Bighorn.

Ghost Dance After the government banned the Sun Dance. It banned the "ghost dance," which was supposed to make them invulnerable to bullets.

Dawes Severalty Act The act dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved themselves, they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship in 25 years.

Battle of Wounded Knee Responding to the Ghost Dance, Whites stamped it out with this battle. An estimated 200 Indian men, women, and children were killed. Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions The Clash of Cultures on the Plain Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry 1. Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans. Many Indian Tribes were pushed off their lands. They Cheyenne and Sioux began to annihilate the buffalo population and each other. The Government sent the Indians to the Great Sioux Reserveration. Receding Native Americans Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo 2. How was the West "won?" After a series of grueling battles, the vanquished Native Americans were finally ghettoized on reservations where they could preserve their cultural autonomy. The "taming" of the Indians was engineered by railroads. Indians were ravaged by White Man's disease. The extermination of buffalos doomed the Indians nomadic way of life. Bellowing Herds of Bison Know: Buffalo Bill Cody 3. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand? Locomotives full of hunters would sit in the train and wait for the buffalos to move across. They would then shoot them from their seats.

The End of the Trail Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act 4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans? Dawes Act. It then took the rest of the Sioux reservation lands and converted them into schools to civilize the Indians. Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators 5.. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West? It attracted population and wealth, while advertising the wonders of the wild west. Women as well as men found opportunity. Helped finance the civil war, facilitated the building of railroads, and intensified the already bitter conflict between the whites and Indians. Outpour of silver and gold enabled the Treasury to resume specie payments and added to American folklores and literature. Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok 7. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's? It gave way to a new sale product that was made possible because of refrigerated trains. The Farmers Frontier Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden 8. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains? 2:3 farmers had to give up because of drought. Unscrupulous corporations would use dummy homesteaders to grab the best properties containing timber, minerals, and oil. Railroad companies sold land to the farmers. The Far West Comes of Age Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone 9. What were some milestones in the closing of the West? 6 new states joined the union. The federal government made Oklahoma available to settlers. Oklahoma Horse Race came out. The Fading Frontier Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington 10. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States? Its passing ended a romantic phase of the nations internal development and created new economic and psychological problems. Urban employers may have raised wages to

maintain workers. It has immortalized by writers. Pioneers planted the seeds of Civilization in the Immense Western Wilderness. Chapter #24: Industry Comes of Age Big Picture Themes 1. Before the Civil War, railroads had become important. After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation. Railroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nations economy would be built. 2. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time ever. Tycoons like Carnegie and Rockefeller made fortunes. This type of wealth was championed by Social Darwinism where the strong win in business. 3. Unfortunately, many of the mega-industries, like railroads, grew at the expense of the little mans interest. As businesses, they were out to make money, and they did. But the working man cried foul. 4. To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti-trusts began (to bust the monopolies) and organized labor got a jumpstart (although they were still rather ineffective). Chapter #24: Identifications Government Subsidies The government would give lands to the railroad companies who would then build railroads on it and then sell the rest of the land.

Transcontinental Railroad Originally a railroad that gave the Union more firm access to the west. It is a large railroad that stretches from state to state. Cornelius Vanderbilt He replaced old iron tracks with steel.

Jay Gould The most adept of multimillion-dollar maneuvers.

Interstate Commerce Commission Prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly. Forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long one. Set up the interstate commerce commission to administer the new legislation.

Vertical Integration Controlling all stages of the production process -Carnegie.

Horizontal Integration Allying with competitors to monopolize a given market-rockefeller

Trusts Any large scale business combination.

J.P. Morgan Banker of Banks held the first billion dollars. Bought Carnegie's industry for $400 million.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act Forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without any distinct on between good trusts and bad trusts.

Yellow Dog Contracts were solemn agreements not to join a labor union.

Blacklists A person's name in a black list would be circulated among fellow employers. This meant no jobs for the workers.

Haymarket Square incident Tensions of labor unions rapidly built up to the bloody Haymarket Square. Labor disorders broke out and Chicago police advanced on it. Suddenly a dynamite broke out that killed people and police. Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions

The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse Know: Land grants 1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads?

But until they determined the precise location of their tracks and decided which sections were the choicest selections, the railroads withheld all the land from other users. However, it did provide much needed transportation. Spanning the Continent with Rails Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford 2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built. For each mile the builders were to receive a generous federal loan, ranging from $10,000 on the flat prairie to $48,000 for mountainous country. The Central Pacific had to go through rocky mountains. Binding the Country with Railroad Ties Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill 3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans. It significantly increased transportation, trade and such. but some railroads led from nowhere to nowhere and this led to bankruptcy which led investors bankrupt. Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars 4. What technological improvements helped railroads? It's iron was replaced steel. Westinghouse air brake- efficiency and safety. Pullman Palace Cars-Gorgeous traveling hotels. Revolution by Railways Know: Time Zones 5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole? Created an enormous domestic market for probably the largest integrated national market area in the world. Spurred the amazing industrializations of the post civil war. Boon for cities.

Wrongdoing in Railroading Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools 6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of? Produced monstrously OP Railroaders. Public Interest was tramped on. Government Bridles the Iron Horse Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission 7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation? Stabilizes the existing business system. Miracles of Mechanization Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison 8. What factors made industrial expansion possible?

Massive immigration. Mass production. Natural resources exploited. Alexander Graham Bell - Telephone. The Trust Titan Emerges Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate 9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits? Carnegie "Vertical Integration" - Making supplies more reliable, controlling the quality of the product of all stages of production and eliminating the middleman's fees. Trust led by Rockefeller. The Supremacy of Steel Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process 10. Why was steel so important for industrialization? Consumer goods and rails. Bessemer Process - Cold air blown on red-hot iron caused the metal to become white - hot by igniting carbon and thus eliminating impurities. Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel Know: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan 11. Briefly describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan. Carnegie started started poverished but rose to power. He didn't believe in monopolistic trust. Morgan financed the reorganizations of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose Know: Kerosene 12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy? He started in a wealthy. Controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the country.

The Gospel of Wealth Know: Social Darwinism 13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth? Social Darwinism said that the rich are rich because God destined the meant be. The Poor are poor because of their lazy lack of ambition. Government Tackles the Trust Evil Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act 14. What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts? State Legislation. Appeal to Congress created Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890. The South in the Age of Industry 15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing?

Railroads discriminated against the South but textiles were doing great. The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America 16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans. Factories demanded more labor. Standards of living rose sharply and well-fed American workers enjoyed more physical comforts. Uniform wake up routine by whistlers. Wages were rising. In Unions There is Strength Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town 17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"? Employers now employed by corporations, they can no longer care for his individual workers. Employers had the power to push around their labor because the labor could easily be dispensed of. Employers could use lawyers, local press, political, thugs, federal courts, troops, yellow dog contracts, and blacklists . Labor Limps Along Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor 18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor. They are similar in that they wanted 8-hour work. They are different in that the NLU were involved in Politics whereas the KoL wasn't. KoL also accepted freely women and blacks. Unhorsing the Knights of Labor Know: Haymarket Square 19. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor? They became involved in a number of May Day Strikes, more than half failed. Haymarket Square -> They failed strikes after. Skilled workers left the union for the American Federation of Labor.

The AF of L to the Fore Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop 20. How was the AFL different from previous unions? No sweet by and by but bitter here and now. They boycotted and walkout. Had pooling funds. Makers of America: The Knights of Labor Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly 21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas?

Conservative in that it excluded Chinese but revolutionary in that it was for the common people for the purpose of benefitting the large. Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight 22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America? Despite the flexible social mobility, gender and race severely dampened the chance to rise for certain individuals. Chapter #25: America Moves to the City Big Picture Themes 1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities. 2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and nativism (anti-immigrant feelings). 3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacksWashington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects. 4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The new woman was idealized by the althletic, outgoing Gibson Girl.

Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley A life long battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. Led the Hull House Illinois antisweatshop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor.

Mary Baker Eddy Founded Church of Christ, scientist. She preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness.

William James Told Jane Addams "You utter instinctively the truth we others vainly seek." His Principles of Psychology helped to establish the modern discipline of behavioral psychology.

Henry George A journalist-author, he saw poverty in India and greed in California. His classic treatise Progress and Poverty undertook to solve "the great enigma of our times."

Horatio Alger His stock formula was that virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success, wealth, and honor.

Mark Twain Wrote Gilded Age. Americas most popular author.

Nativism Anti Foreignism earlier touched off by the Irish and German arrivals.

Philanthropy Philanthropist was cynically described as "one who steals privately and gives publicly." _ Social Gospel The religious doctrines preached by those who believed that the churches should directly address economic and social problems. Settlement House A place that became centers of women activism and of social reform, offered English, counseling to help cope with American big-city life, child-care services for working mothers, and cultural activities for neighborhood residents.

Women's Christian Temperance Union Militant women entered the alcoholic arena notably when this union was organized. The White Ribbon was its symbol of purity. Francis E. Willard was its leader.

Eighteenth Amendment Prohibited alcohol consumption. Chapter #25: Identifications The Urban Frontier Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements 1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's? Skyscrapers, electric trolleys, industrial jobs, late-night glitter of city lights, electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones. The New Immigration 2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants? Old immigrants were usually Protestant, most of them boosted a high rate of literacy and were accustomed to some kind of representative government. They usually took up farming. New Immigrants worshipped in orthodox churches or synagogues. They came from countries with little history of democratic government. Mostly illiterate and seeked industrial jobs. Southern Europe Uprooted 3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers? Europe seemed to have no room for them. Europe urbanization led the Europeans flooding into America. The land of the free was also blessed with freedom from military conscription and institutionalized religious persecution. Russia began prosecuting its Jews. Makers of America: The Italians Know: Birds of Passage, padron 4. How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America? They often worked as industrial workers. Parents would send their children off to work at a very young age.

Reactions to the New Immigration Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley 5. How did political bosses help immigrants? In return for their support at the polls, the bosses provided jobs on the city's payroll, found housing for new arrivals, tided over the needy with gifts of food and clothing. Patched up minor scraps with the law, and helped yet schools, parks, and hospitals built in immigrant neighbors.

Narrowing the Welcome Mat Know: Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty 6. In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty? "Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breath free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore". This is ironic because America was turning away the poor wretched. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA 7. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor? Salvation army offered free soup. Darwin Disrupts the Churches Know: Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll, 8. What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches? Most religious thinkers parted company with the conservatives and flatly refused to accept the Bible in its entirety as either history or science. They heralded the revolutionary theory as a newer and grander revelation of the ways of the Almighty. The Lust for Learning Know: Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua 9 What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War? Beginning 1870, more and more states were making at least a grade-school education compulsory. By 1900s there were some 6000s schools. In addition, free textbooks were being provided by the taxpayers of the states.

Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP 10. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Washington avoided social equality whereas Bois demanded it. The Hallowed Halls of Ivy

Know: Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act 11. What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase? Morril Act of 1862 was a law that provided a generous grant of the public lands to the States for support of education. Supported by the Hatch Act of 1887 which provided federal funds. The March of the Mind Know: William James 12. Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800s. Public Libraries were growing, mainly because of Carnegie's donations. Medicine was vastly improving because Louis Pasteur. Universities were specializing rather than synthesis. The Appeal of the Press Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism 13. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content? It started to become more based on sex, scandal, and other human-interest stories. Growing fear of offending advertisers and subscribers, the day of slashing journalistic giants was passing. #HoraceGreelyNoLonger Apostles of Reform Know: Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy 14. How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time? Through publications. The New York Nation crusaded militantly for civil-service reform, honesty in government, and a moderate tariff. Henry George pressured of growing population on a fixed supply of land unjustifiably pushed up property values. Edward Bellamy published "looking Backward" which was about nationalized big business to serve public interest. Postwar Writing Know: Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson 15. Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain. Post-Civil War Americans devoured millions of "dime novels" usually depicting the wilds of the wooly west.

Literary Landmarks Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser. 16 What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common? All of the writers revealed a part of humans.

The New Morality Know: Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock 17. What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality? Henry Ward Beecher, the most famous preacher of his day, had for years been carrying an adulterous affair. Families and Women in the City Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells 18. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement? States began to unrestricted suffrage to women. They also permitted wives to own or control their property after marriage. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton 19. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's? The National Prohibition Party which was against drunkards. Woman's Christian Temperance Union. And the Anti-Saloon League. Artistic Triumphs Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition 20. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?" A burst in artistic talents. Portraits and brush paintings bloomed. Music, too, was gaining popularity. A marvelous discovery was the reproduction of music by mechanicals means - the phonograph. Architect was bustling too. The Business of Amusement Know: Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith 21. What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900? Vaudeville, circus, shows, baseball, basketball, football, pugilism, croquet, bicycles.

Chapter #23.2 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Big Picture Themes 1. The government did reach the billion dollar level for the first time. This was largely due to military pension plans. The plans were very popular and revealed the goal of the legislatorspass something that will get me reelected. 2. Populism started. This was a farmer and worker movement that sought to clean up the government, bring it back to the people, and help the working man out.

Chapter #23.2 Identifications James A. Garfield Republicans nominated him for president.

Chester A. Arthur Garfield's Vice-President Grover Cleveland Democrats nominated Cleveland. Republicans unearthed the report that he had been involved in an amorous affair with a Buffalo Widows. She got an illegitimate son.

Resumption Act Pledged the withdrawal of greenbacks.

Mugwump After revealing james G. Blaine's "Burn this letter", reformers unable to swallow Blaine, bolted to the democrats.

Thomas B. Reed New Republican Speaker of the House, he counted as present Democrats who furiously denied that were legally there.

Pension Act Passed by the Fifty-fired congress in 1890 under the direction of president Harrison; it awarded stipends to all civil war veterans who had fought for at least 90 days and were no longer able to do manual labor. Chapter #23.2 Guided Reading Questions

The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-Reconstruction South Know: Redeemers, sharecropping, tenant farming, Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson 1. Analyze the data in the lynching chart on page 513. As the years progressed, it eventually came to 1965

Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes Know: Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Denis Kearney, Coolies, Chinese Exclusion Act 2. What was the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? Racial and Ethnic fissures among workers everywhere fractured labor unity and were particularly acute between the Irish and the Chinese. Garfield and Arthur Know: James A. Garfield, Charles J. Guiteau, Chester A. Arthur, Pendleton Act of 1883 3. What new type of corruption resulted from the Pendleton Act? Politicians had to look elsewhere for money; big corporations. The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884 Know: James G. Blaine, Tattooed man, Mugwumps, Grover Cleveland, Ma, ma where's my pa?, Rum, Romanism and Rebellion 4. Explain how character played a part in the presidential election of 1884. Republican clergyman insulted Irish Americans and Blaine didn't say anything about it. Lost New Yorkers. Old Grover" Takes Over 5. Assess the following statement: "As president, Grover Cleveland governed as his previous record as governor indicated he would." His philosophy politically stayed the same from before presidency to during. Cleveland Battles for a Lower Tariff 6. What were the reasons behind Cleveland's stance in favor of lower tariffs? Lower barriers would mean lower prices for consumers and less protection for monopolies. They would mean an end to the treasury surplus.

The Billion Dollar Congress Know: Thomas Reed, Civil War pensions, McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 7. Explain why the tariff was detrimental to American farmers. The McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 boosted rates to their highest peacetime level ever ( an average of 48.8 percent on dutiable goods). Debt-burdened farmers had no choice but to buy manufactured goods from high priced industrialists.

The Drumbeat of Discontent Know: Populists 8. What was the most revolutionary aspect of the Populist platform? Defend your answer with evidence. That it was made up of farmers. Cleveland and Depression Know: Grover Cleveland, Depression or 1893, William Jennings Bryan, Sherman Silver Purchase Act 9. What could Cleveland have done to lessen the impact of the financial turmoil? He loaned $65 million from a bank. Cleveland Breeds a Backlash Know: Wilson Gorman Tariff 10. Is the characterization of the Gilded Age presidents as the forgettable presidents a fair one? Explain. They are anything but the "forgettable presidents". Grant was the worst and a large number of depressions occurred during this era.

Chapter #26.2 Agricultural Revolution and Populism Big Picture Themes 1. Miners looking for silver and/or gold fled to Colorado and Nevada seeking quick fortune. A few found it, the vast majority didnt. 2. Cattle became king in Texas as cowboys drove herds north to the Kansas railroads and reaped quick money. 3. Farmers struggled out west due to several problems: weather, insects, high mortgage rates, high railroad shipping rates, and low prices for their crops. 4. The farmers struggles led to the Peoples (or Populist) Party. This party sought cheap money (or silver money) in order to create inflation and thus make it easier to pay off debts. Chapter #26:2 Identifications Joseph F. Glidden Barbed wire, perfected by Joseph, solved the problem of how to build fences on the treeless prairies.

James B. Weaver In the presidential election of 1880, the Greenbackers ran General James B. Weaver, and old Granger. He spoke to perhaps a half-million citizens in a hundred or so speeches but polled only 3# of the total popular votes.

Oliver H. Kelly Led the Patrons of Husbandry (Grangers). His first objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities.

Mary Elizabeth Lease Queen of the Populist. She reportedly demanded that Kansas should "raise less corn and more hell."

Comstock Lode 59ners poured into Nevada after Comstock was uncovered. A fantastic amount of gold and silver, worth more than #340 million was mined.

Long Drive Texas cowboys-black,white, and Mexican - drove herds numbering from 1000 to 10,000 head slowly over the unfenced and unpeopled plains until they reached a railroad terminal.

Homestead Act Allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about #30.

Patrons of Husbandry Better known as the Grange. The Grangers gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvement to improvement of the farmers collective plight. In a determined effort to escape the clutches of the trusts, they established cooperatively owned stores for consumers and cooperatively owned grain elevators and warehouses for producers.

Granger Laws Badly drawn and were bitterly fought through the high courts by the well-paid lawyers of the "interest". In the famed Wabash Case, decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate Commerce. After the Wabash Case, the Grangers influence faded.

Farmers' Alliance Farmers came together in the Alliance to socialize, but more importantly to break the strangling grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling. Unfortunately weakened itself by ignoring the plight of landless tenant farmers, sharecroppers, and farm workers. Also excluded blacks.

Populists The Peoples Party, born from the Farmer's alliance, better known as Populists. These frustrated farmers attacked Wall Street and the "Money trust".

Jacob S. Coxey The most famous marcher during the panic of 1893. He set out for Washington in 1894 with a few score of supporters and a swarm of newspaper reporters.

Williams Jennings Bryan He delivered a fervent plea for silver. He delivered the Cross of Gold Speech.

Bimetallism A system allowing the unrestricted currency of two metals.

Free Silver Movement for using silver in all aspects of currency.

Depression of 1893 Profits dwindles, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Led to the Pullman Strike.

Cross of Gold Speech William Bryan delivered this speech. Chapter #26.2 Guided Reading Questions The Farm Becomes a Factory Know: Montgomery Ward, Combine 1. Explain the statement, "The amazing mechanization of agriculture in the postwar years was almost as striking as the mechanization of industry." The speed of harvesting wheat was dramatically increased in the 1870s by the invention of the twin binder and then in the 1880s by the "comine" - the combined reaperthresher. Deflation Dooms the Debtor Know: Deflation 2. What problems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 19th century? Low Prices and a deflated currency were the chief worries of the frustrated farmers. They were engaged in one of the most fiercely competitive of businesses, for the price of their product was determined in a world market by the world output. Unhappy Farmers 3. How did nature, government, and business all harm farmers? Nature- mile-wide clouds of grasshoppers periodically ravaged prairie farms. Floods added to the waste of erosion. Expensive fertilizers were needed. Droughts. Government- Their land was over assessed and they paid painful local taxes. High protective tariffs poured profits into the pockets of manufacturers. Farmers, on the other hand, had no choice but to sell their low-products in a fiercely competitive world while buying high-priced manufactured goods. Businesses-they were at the mercy of the harvester trust, barbed-wire trust, and the fertilizer trust, all of which could control output and raise prices to extortionate levels. Railroads-Freight rates could be so high that the farmers sometimes lost less if they burned their corn for fuel.

The Farmers Take Their Stand Know: The Grange, Cooperatives, Greenback-Labor Party, James B. Weaver 4. How did the Grange attempt to help farmers? Enhance farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities. Improvement of the farmers collective plights. Prelude to Populism Know: The Farmers Alliance, Mary Elizabeth Lease 5. What steps did the Farmers Alliance believe would help farmers? Cooperative buying and selling. the Populists called for nationalizing the railroads, telephone, and telegraph; instituting a graduated income tax; and creating a new federal "sub-treasury". they also wanted the free and unlimited coinage of silver. Coxeys Army and the Pullman Strike Know: Coxeys Army, Eugene V. Debs, Pullman Palace Car Company 6. Why did President Cleveland send in federal troops during the Pullman Strike? U.S. Attorney general Richard Olney urged the dispatch of federal troops because the strikers were interfering with the transit of the U.S. mail. Golden McKinley and Sliver Bryan Know: Mark Hannah, William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold speech 7 Was William McKinley a strong presidential candidate? Explain. The Republicans were for hard money but McKinley's voting record in Congress shows a history of silver votes. He believed that the government should help businesses. Also said the money trickled down to the laborers. Class Conflict: Plowholders versus Bondholders Know: Fourth Party System 8. The free-silver election of 1896 was probably the most significant since Lincolns victories in 1860 and 1864. Explain. The Bryan-McKinley battle heralded the advent of a new era in American politics. The outcome was instead a resounding victory for big business, the big cities, middleclass values, and financial conservatism. Dubbed this new era the period of the "fourth party system". Republican Standpattism Enthroned Know: Dingley Tariff Bill 9. Did McKinley possess the characteristics necessary to be an effective president? He seemed never to perspire. Though a man of considerable ability, he was an ear-to-the-ground politician who seldom got far out of line with majority opinion. His cautious, conservative nature caused him to shy away from the flaming barrier of reform. Varying Viewpoints: Was the West Really Won? Know: Frederick Jackson Turner 10. Which criticism of the Turner Thesis seems most valid? Explain National character had been uniquely shaped by the westward movement.