n6=0

2n 2n _ 1 z
2n 1 2

_ e
1 2n+ z n= _ 2 1Y

n=1

_ 1 1 4n2 _ 1 z2
(2n 1)2 4

! Using the in_nite product representation of sin(z), we have 2 _ = sin

_ 2

_
_ 2

= 1Y
n=1

1
_ 2

_2 n2_2 ! = 1Y
n=1

_ 1 4 n2 _ Hence, cos(_z) = 1Y
n=1

z2
(2n 1)2 4

! ) cos(z) = 1Y
n=1

0 B@ 1 z2 _
(2n 1)_ 2

_2 1 CA Hence, f(z) has the canonical product representation f(z) = 1Y

n=1

0 B@ 1 z _
(2n 1)_ 2

_2 1 CA Since 1X
n=1

_ (2n 2 _ 2 = _2 4 1X
n=1

1)_

1 (2n 1)2 < 1 being comparable to P1 n2 , we see that f(z) is an entire function of genus zero. 18

5.2.3 Exercise 4
Let f(z) be an entire function of genus h. Let fan 6= 0gn2N denotes the (at most countable) set of nonzero zeroes of f and hc denote the genus of the canonical product. We may write f(z) = zmeg(z) 1Y
n=1

_ 1 z

an _ e
z an

+1
2 an 2

(z )

+___+ 1

(z ) where g(z) is a polynomial and h = max (deg(g(z)); hc). Hence, f(z2) = z2meg(z2) 1Y
hc an hc

n=1

_ 1 z2 an _ e
z2 an

+1
2

_
z2 an

_2 +___+ 1
hc

_
z2 an

_hc

= z2meg(z2) 1Y
n=1

_ 1 z p an __ 1+ z p an _ e
pz an +1 2

_
pz an

_2 +___+ 1
2hc+1

_
pz an

_2hc+1

e
z p an

+1
2

_
z

p an

_2 +___+ 1
2hc+1

_
z p an

_2hc+1

where we've chosen some branch of the square root. If we de_ne b1 = p a1; b2 = p a1; _ _ _ . Then ~ f(z) = f(z2) = z2meg(z2) 1Y
n=1

_ 1 z bn _ e
z bn

+1
2 bn 2

(z )

+___+ 1

(z ) the breaking up of the product being justi_ed since the individual products converge absolutely by virtue of X1 jbnj2hc+1+1 = X1 janjhc+1 < 1 I claim that the genus of ~ f is bounded from below by h. If h = 0, then there is nothing to prove; assume otherwise. If h = deg(g(z)) > 0, then ~h _ deg(g(z2)) > h; so assume that h = hc. We will show that the genus ~hc of the canonical product associated to (bn) is bounded from below by 2hc. Suppose ~hc < 2hc. Since an ! 1 and therefore bn ! 1 by continuity, we have that for all n su_ciently large jbnj > 1. So it su_ces to consider the case ~hc = 2hc 1. Then 1> 1X
2hc+1 bn 2hc+1

n=1

1 jbnj
~h c+1

= 1X
n=1

1 jbnj2hc 1X
n=1

1+1 =

1 janjhc But this shows that the genus of the canonical product associated to (an) is at most hc 1, which is obviously a contradiction. Taking f to be a polynomial shows that this bound is sharp.

I claim that the genus of ~ f is bounded from above by 2h+1. Indeed, 2h+1 _ 2 deg(g(z)) = deg(g(z2)), and we showed above that ~hc _ 2hc + 1 _ 2h + 1. This bound is also sharp since we can take f(z) = 1Y
n=1

_ 1 z n2 _ ) f(z2) = Y
n6=0

_ 1 z n _ e
z n

f(z) is clearly an entire function of genus 0, and the genus of the canonical product associated to (n)n2Z is 1, from which we conclude the genus of f(z2) is 1 .

5.2.4 Exercise 2
Using Legendre's duplication formula for the gamma function (Ahlfors p. 200), _ 1 6 _ = p _ _ 2_ 1 6 _ 21 2_ 1
6

_ 1 6 + 1 2 _ 1 = p _2
2 3

_ 1 3 _ _

2 3 _ Applying the formula (z) (1 z) = _ sin(_z) (Ahlfors p. 199), we obtain _ 1 6 _ = p _2

2 3

_ 1 3 _ _ 1 3 _ sin __1
3

_ _