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2012 osLerresenLauons.com
2117 lourLh SLreeL , unlL C
8erkeley CA 94710
!"#$%&!&%#%'$%&()*+,-./"*
Student discounts are available on our Facebook page.
Go to PosterPresentations.com and click on the FB icon
! Multiple electronic databases were searched using
keywords of India in conjunction with autism/
autistic, Asperger, and pervasive developmental
disorder. Rett and childhood disintegrative
were also used.
! Four key Indian journals that are not fully
indexed were manually searched at libraries in
India from the beginning of their publication:
" Indian J of Pediatrics, Indian J of Psychiatry, Child
Psychiatry Quarterly, and Indian J of Clinical
Psychology
" Idiot savant and Childhood schizophrenia
were also included for consideration if
appearing in these four journals, in order to
reflect historical usage of terms.
! Dissertations, theses, and conference
presentations were excluded.
! Articles eligible if meeting one or more criteria:
1. Authored by a researcher located in India
2. Appeared in an Indian journal
3. Used an Indian subject population
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n=188
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aruclpanLs
are noL lndlan
(n=4)
no
aruclpanLs
(n=42)
no auLhors wlLh amllauon
ln lndla (n=27)
lndlan
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;<=>7:
As autism awareness continues to grow globally, a
burgeoning research literature is emerging from
countries in which previous studies and reports
of ASD were limited. A review of literature
within a specific country or region offers a way to
synthesize often disjointed areas of work, and
can serve as a useful tool for researchers both in
the country of the review as well as geopolitically
similar areas in the world.

In contrast to other low and middle income
(LAMI) countries, India already has an extensive
research literature on ASD. This study presents a
comprehensive review of published literature
related to India dating between 1944 and 2010.
;<=>7:
The breadth of research emanating from India provides
a rich base by which to understand ASD in a LAMI
setting. While studies mirror many of the same trends
as research in the U.S., unique cultural issues can also be
identified, such as a focus on issues related to language
and family adjustment. The advantages of a
comprehensive review of literature within a single
country include the opportunity to link together
disparate areas of research and inquiry and identify
clear areas for future investigation.

Exclusion Criteria:
" Articles published in an Indian journal but not using
an Indian population or not having any India-
specific content and the author resided outside of
India at the time of publication
#Intended to exclude those articles for which
an Indian journal may have merely been used
as a vehicle for publication
0 20 40 60 80 100
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Crlgln of publlcauon
locus on ASu
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7.8
" Publications were primarily articles (88%) with some
letters to the editor (8%) and editorials (4%)
" Focus on ASD directly (80%) but also occur in the
context of other disorders, disabilities and topics
" Primarily appear in Indian journals (67%); In 81
different publications total
" Are authored exclusively by Indians in most cases
(94%)
" The rate of publications has increased dramatically
over time, with 24 articles published in 2010 alone.
0 20 40 60 80 100
AuLhorshlp
Crlgln of publlcauon
locus on ASu
Lllglble (n=167) noL Lllglble (n=20)
6<B8J=B
What are characteristics of participants?
" Single case studies common (29% of studies)

number of ubllcauons by ?ear
0
3
10
13
20
23
30
1 2-10 11-30 31-30 31-70 71-90 91-110 111 or
over
ASu aruclpanLs
number of paruclpanLs
3.3 3.3
22.4
13.4
19.6
29.4
6.3
uSM-lll
uSM-lll-8
uSM-lv or uSM-lv-18
lCu-9 or lCu-10
Auusmspeclc Lool
noL menuoned, specled or dened
CLher
How is ASD diagnosed for research publications?
" Evolved over time, from Nine Points of the British
Working Party to the ADI-R
" Heavy reliance on CARS (N=20 studies)
" Other autism-specific tools include Rimland form,
ABC, CHAT, and less well-known measures
" 30% do not state criteria and 40% of studies do not
identify any procedure (e.g., parent interview,
observation)
0 20 40 60
noL provlded
Above 18 years
12-18 years
6-11 years
2-3 years
under 2
aruclpanL Age
" Extremely wide range of topics of focus among the
descriptive studies (see accompanying examples)
" Treatment studies include medication, parent
intervention, yoga, alternative and augmentative
communication, dietary interventions; however, fewer
examples of educational strategies and limited rigor in
methodology
" Genetics a growing area in India; especially of interest
because of consanguinity
" Epidemiological studies based on record review in
hospitals and EI settings
B8;;26M
What type of studies have been published?
" Focus on younger and
latency aged children
" Extremely limited data
on adults
Dimensions developed for coding:
ASD focus
" Primary vs. secondary
Origin of publication
" India vs. outside
Authorship
" India vs. outside
Type of publication
" Article, letter, editorial or other
Characteristics of participants
" Sample size, age, source of recruitment
Type of study
" Descriptive; Treatment/Intervention;
Instrument development/validation;
Epidemiological; Genetic; Other
Disorder of focus and terminology
" PDD, Autism/autistic; Autistic disorder/ASD;
Retts; Childhood Disintegrative Disorder;
Aspergers; PDD-NOS; Early infantile autism/
Kanners autism; Childhood psychosis/
childhood schizophrenia etc
Process & criteria used to confirm diagnosis
" Clinical examination; parent interview
" DSM, ICD, Autism-specific tool, other
Interrater reliability, !=.81-.96
0
300
1000
1300
2000
2300
1944 1
Serles 1
Serles 2
Serles 3
Serles 4
Serles 3
Serles 6
Serles 7
Serles 8
Serles 9
Serles 10
rlmary Secondary
WlLhln lndla CuLslde lndla
Lxcluslvely lndlan wlLhln lndla A 8
A: AL leasL one auLhor wlLh amllauon ouLslde lndla
8: All auLhors have amllauon ouLslde lndla
0
3
10
13
20
23
1940 1930 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010