Sukhbir Singh Badal Sukhbir Singh Badal (Sukhbir Singh Dhillon) (Punjabi: ) (born 9 July 1962) is

President of Shiromani Akali Dal (Badal) political party [1]. He was Member of Parliament of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Faridkot constituency of Punjab. He is the son of the punjab chief minister Parkash Singh Badal, a former president of Shiromani Akali Dal. He currently serves as Deputy Chief Minister of Punjab. Father's Name : Shri Parkash Singh Badal Date of Birth : 9 July 1962 Place of Birth : Badal, Distt. Faridkot (Punjab) Marital Status : Married on 21 November 1991 Spouse's Name : Smt. Harsimrat Badal Educational Qualifications : B.A(Hons)Economics, M.A(Economics), M.B.A. Educated at Panjab University, Chandigarh (Punjab) and California State University, Los Angeles (U.S.A.) Profession : Agriculturist, Political and Social Worker, Artist and Economist Positions Held : 1996 Elected to 11th Lok Sabha 1996-97 Member, Committee on Commerce Member, Consultative Committees, Ministry of External Affairs; and Ministry of Commerce 1998 Re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha (2nd term) 19 March 1998 Union Minister of State, Industry onwards Literary, Artistic and Scientific Accomplishments : Won North Zone clay modelling competition held at Chandigarh Social and Cultural Activities : Managing a school at Gidder Baha (Punjab) Special Interests : Tourism and development of constituency Favourite Pastime and Recreation : Travelling, skeet and trap shooting and making sculptures Sports and Clubs Member : (i) Golf Club, Chandigarh; and (ii) President's Polo Club, New Delhi Countries Visited : Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, France, Italy, Nepal, Netherlands, Singapore, Switzerland, Thailand, U.K. and U.S.A. Political career Sukhbir Singh Badal was a Member of Parliament of the 11th and 12th Lok Sabha of India in 1996 and 1998 respectively. He was union minister of state for industry in Second Vajpayee Ministry from 1998 to 1999. He was a member of Rajya Sabha from 2001 to 2004 .he is the prime contributor to progress of punjab & he is visionary leader with clear head he is the most enterprising face of todays

politician , he is the one leader who has earned sobriquet of go-geter.. he is always on his toes for the welfare of the people of punjab .. be it socoio economic front, problem of common man ,

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January 21st, 2009 Sukhbir gets post, accountability Deputy CM, that wasn't too difficult, but now begins the real test for "man of moment" read more January 21st, 2009 Sukhbir gets Home, no major shuffle read more January 21st, 2009 Sukhbir Dy CM amidst fanfare read more January 17th, 2009 Sukhbir to be sworn in next week read more

Pratibha Patil
Pratibha Patil

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12th President of India In office 25 July 2007 25 July 2012 Prime Manmohan Singh Minister Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Preceded by Succeeded by Pranab Mukherjee Governor of Rajasthan In office 8 November 2004 23 July 2007 Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje Madan Lal Khurana Preceded by Succeeded by Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Personal details 19 December 1934 (age 77) Born Nadgaon, British India
(now Maharashtra, India)

Political party Indian National Congress Other political United Front (19962004) United Progressive Alliance (2004 affiliations
present)

Spouse(s)

Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat

Alma mater

Mooljee Jetha College, Jalgaon Government Law College, Mumbai

Pratibha Devisingh Patil ( pronunciation (helpinfo)) (born 19 December 1934) is an Indian politician who served as the 12th President of the Republic of India and was the first woman to hold the office. She was sworn in as President on 25 July 2007, succeeding Abdul Kalam and after defeating her rival Bhairon Singh Shekhawat. She retired from the office in July 2012. She was succeeded by Pranab Mukherjee as the 13th President.[1] Patil is a member of the Indian National Congress (INC) and was nominated for the presidency by the governing United Progressive Alliance and Indian Left.

Contents
[hide]

1 Early life 2 Political career 3 Presidential election o 3.1 Philanthropy o 3.2 Controversies 4 Positions held 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Early life

Pratibha Devisingh Patil is the daughter of Narayan Rao Patil.[2] She was born on 19 December 1934 in the village of Nadgaon, in the Jalgaon district of Maharashtra, India. She was educated initially at RR Vidyalaya, Jalgaon and subsequently was awarded a Masters degree in Political Science and Economics by Mooljee Jetha College, Jalgaon, and then a Bachelor of Law degree by Government Law College, Mumbai. Patil then began to practice law at the Jalgaon District Court, while also taking interest in social issues such as improving the conditions faced by Indian women.[3] Patil married Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat on 7 July 1965. The couple have a son and a daughter.[2]

[edit] Political career

The BBC has described Patil's political career prior to assuming Presidential office as "long and largely low-key".[4] In 1962, at the age of 27, she was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for the Jalgaon[clarification needed] constituency. Thereafter she won in the Muktainagar

(formerly Edlabad) constituency on four consecutive occasions between 1967 and 1985, before becoming a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha between 1985 and 1990. In the 1991 elections for the 10th Lok Sabha, she was elected as a Member of Parliament representing the Amravati constituency.[3] A period of retirement from politics followed later in that decade.[4] Patil had held various Cabinet portfolios during her period in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly and she had also held official positions while in both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. In addition, she had been for some years the president of the Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee and also held office as Director of the National Federation of Urban Co-operative Banks and Credit Societies and as a Member of the Governing Council of the National Cooperative Union of India.[2] On 8 November 2004 she was appointed as the 24th Governor of Rajasthan.[5] She was the first woman to hold that office,[6] and, according to the BBC, was "a low-profile" incumbent.[4]

[edit] Presidential election

Main article: Indian presidential election, 2007 The presidential role is largely that of a figurehead but it does potentially have greater significance, including that of overseeing the formation of a government in certain situations. The presidential electoral college consisted of around 4900 voters, being MPs and also legislators at state level who between them represented 1.09 million votes,[7] and the selection of a candidate for election is usually arranged by consensus among the various political parties. Consequently, it is common that the candidate does not face a challenger.[4] On 14 June 2007, United Progressive Alliance (UPA), which was the ruling alliance of political parties in India, headed by the Indian National Congress, and the Indian Left nominated Patil as their candidate for the presidential election to be held in July that year. She emerged as a compromise candidate, being proposed by Sonia Gandhi, the UPA chairwoman, after the Left parties would not agree to the nomination of former Home Minister Shivraj Patil or Karan Singh.[6] Patil had been loyal to the INC and the Nehru-Gandhi family for decades and this was considered to be a significant factor, although Patil said that she had no intention of being a "rubber-stamp president".[4][8] Contrary to the normal pattern of events, Patil faced a challenge in the 2007 presidential election. The BBC described the situation as "the latest casualty of the country's increasingly partisan politics and [it] highlights what is widely seen as an acute crisis of leadership". It "degenerated into unseemly mud slinging between the ruling party and the opposition".[9] Her challenger was Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, the incumbent vice-president and a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) veteran.[10] Shekhawat stood as an independent candidate and was supported by the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), a group led by the BJP,[10] which had initially considered a legal challenge to Patil's candidature on the basis of media reports concerning alleged irregularities in her financial affairs. That basis of challenge was dropped after legal advice was obtained and the focus of opposition became characterised as one of morality.[11]

Those opposed to Patil claimed that she lacked charisma, experience and ability. They also highlighted her time spent away from high-level politics and queried her belief in the supernatural when she claimed to have received a message from Dada Lekhraj, a dead guru, who told her than she would become president.[4][9][12] Various specific issues were raised, such as a comment made by her in 1975 that those suffering from hereditary diseases should be sterilised.[4] It was alleged that Patil had protected her brother, G. N. Patil, who had been named in connection with the Vishram Patil murder case,[13][clarification needed] while another alleged that as a Member of Parliament for Amravati between 1991 and 1996 Patil diverted Rs 36 lakh (Rs 3.6 million) from her MPLADS fund to a trust run by her husband Devisingh Shekhawat. This was in violation of Government rules which barred MPs from providing funds to organisations run by their relatives.[14] The parliamentary affairs minister denied any wrongdoing on Patil's part, and noted that the funds utilized under MPLADS are audited by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India[15] The INC countered the various issues raised by claiming that in 1947, soon after India gained independence, Shekhawat had been briefly suspended from his police work for taking a bribe. The opposition denied this, and also the INC claim that he had been protecting his son, who had faced charges of illegally acquiring land.[10] The gender of Patil and her interest in issues relating to Indian women were reported as positive attributes. The BBC noted her supporters' claim that her election would be "a landmark for women in a country where millions routinely face violence, discrimination and poverty",[4] while Bloomberg summarised the opinion of the social activist Nafisa Ali as, "In India, where female infanticide is still common and women's representation in the lower house of parliament hasn't crossed 9 percent since independence in 1947, Patil's elevation is seen as a step toward greater empowerment of women."[7] The INC had campaigned for Shekhawat to stand down from his challenge in order to allow a woman to be elected.[16] Bal Thackeray, the leader of the Maharashtra-based Shiv Sena (SS) party that had been allies with the BJP for 21 years, had announced that his party would break ranks with the NDA and support Patil rather than Shekhawat. This was in part because of her gender but also because SS desired to see the country have a Marathi president. Although he did not expect the decision to cause a more general split with the BJP, Thackeray said that if Kalam had been willing to stand for a second term then SS would have supported him. He also noted that Shekhawat's position as an independent candidate was a ploy by the BJP who, according to him, had realised that if Shekhawat stood as a BJP candidate then he would lose support.[17] Patil won the election held on 19 July 2007. She garnered nearly two-thirds of the votes[18] and took office as India's first woman president on 25 July 2007.[citation needed] The office of president has a five-year term[9] and Patil retired from the role in July 2012.[19]

[edit] Philanthropy
Along with her husband, she set up Vidya Bharati Shikshan Prasarak Mandal, an educational

institute which runs a chain of schools and colleges in Amravati, Jalgaon and Mumbai.[20] She also set up Shram Sadhana Trust, which runs hostels for working women in New Delhi, Mumbai and Pune; and an engineering college in Jalgaon.[20] She also founded a cooperative sugar factory known as Sant Muktabai Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana at Muktainagar[citation needed] and an eponymous cooperative bank, Pratibha Mahila Sahakari Bank, that ceased trading in February 2003.[21]

[edit] Controversies
Pratibha Patil's term as the President of India has seen various controversies.[22] During her term as president, Patil has commuted the death sentences of 35 petitioners to life, a record among them are those convicted of mass murder, kidnapping, rape and killing of children. Presidential office, however, defended this by saying that the President had granted clemency to the petitioners after due consideration and examining the advice of the Home Ministry.[23][24]

[edit] Positions held

Patil has held various official offices during her career. These are:[2]

Pratibha Patil in Northeast India. Period Position Deputy Minister, Public Health, Prohibition, Tourism, Housing & Parliamentary Affairs, Government of Maharashtra Cabinet Minister, Social Welfare, Government of Maharashtra Cabinet Minister, Public Health & Social Welfare, Government of Maharashtra

196772

197274

197475

197576

Cabinet Minister, Prohibition, Rehabilitation and Cultural Affairs, Government of Maharashtra Cabinet Minister, Education, Government of Maharashtra

197778

1979 - 1980

Leader of the Opposition, Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Cabinet Minister, Urban Development and Housing, Government of Maharashtra

198285

198385

Cabinet Minister, Civil Supplies and Social Welfare, Government of Maharashtra Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha Chairman, Committee of Privileges, Rajya Sabha; Member, Business Advisory Committee, Rajya Sabha

1986 - 1988

198688

1991 - 1996

Chairman, House Committee, Lok Sabha

8 November 2004 - 23 Governor of Rajasthan June 2007 25 July 2007 - 25 July President of India 2012

[edit] References
1. ^ http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/pranab-mukherjee-sworn-in-as-13th-president-ofindia-247372 2. ^ a b c d "Ex Governor of Rajasthan". Rajathan Legislative Assembly Secretariate. http://rajassembly.nic.in/PratibhaPatil.htm. Retrieved 26 June 2012. 3. ^ a b "Profile: President of India". NIC / President's Secretariat. http://india.gov.in/govt/whoswho.php?id=2. Retrieved 26 June 2012. 4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Profile: Pratibha Patil". BBC. 21 July 2007.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6910097.stm. Retrieved 26 June 2012. 5. ^ "Former Governors of Rajasthan". Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Secretariat. http://rajassembly.nic.in/govphoto.htm. Retrieved 26 June 2012. 6. ^ a b "Prez polls: Sonia announces Pratibha Patil's name". NDTV. 14 June 2007. http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070015515&ch=6/14/ 2007%206:54:00%20PM. Retrieved 3 July 2012. 7. ^ a b Pradhan, Bibhudatta (19 July 2007). "Patil Poised to Become India's First Female President". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601091&sid=aHJhXtWRZ4bA&refer=in dia. Retrieved 2 July 2012. 8. ^ "I will not be a rubber stamp President". PTI. Daily News & Analysis. 16 June 2007. http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1103782. Retrieved 3 July 2012. 9. ^ a b c Biswas, Soutik (13 July 2007). "India's muckraking presidential poll". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6294238.stm. Retrieved 3 July 2012. 10. ^ a b c "Indian MPs vote for new president". BBC. 19 July 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6905905.stm. Retrieved 2 July 2012. 11. ^ Singh, Sanjay (2 July 2007). "NDA's legal ploy fails, aims moral fire at Pratibha". DNA. http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1107322. Retrieved 3 July 2012. 12. ^ Dhawan, Himanshi (27 June 2007). "Pratibha believes in spirits?". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Pratibha_believes_in_spirits/articleshow/21521 56.cms. Retrieved 5 July 2012. 13. ^ "Congman's wife drags Pratibha name into allegations, NDA distances itself". Indian Express. 23 June 2007. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/congmans-wife-dragspratibha-name-into-allegations-nda-distances-itself/160239/0. Retrieved 5 July 2012. 14. ^ DNA Mumbai Now, a land grab haunts Patil Daily News & Analysis. Dnaindia.com (2007-07-04). Retrieved on 2011-11-06. 15. ^ "For family again: Patils MP funds for sports complex on land leased to husband society". Indian Express. 6 July 2007. http://www.indianexpress.com/story/203981.html. Retrieved 2011-11-06. 16. ^ "Advani writes to EC, wants Patil to declare assets". The Times of India. PTI. 2 July 2007. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-02/india/27981884_1_upaleaders-conscience-vote-pratibha-patil. Retrieved 3 July 2012. 17. ^ Menon, Meena (26 June 2007). "Shiv Sena backs Pratibha Patil". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/26/stories/2007062651100100.htm. Retrieved 3 July 2012. 18. ^ "First female president for India". BBC. 21 July 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6909979.stm. Retrieved 3 July 2012. 19. ^ Kshirsagar, Alka (25 June 2012). "Pratibha Patil gets retirement home in Pune". Business Line (The Hindu). http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-andeconomy/economy/article3569095.ece. Retrieved 26 June 2012. 20. ^ a b Pratibha Patil's Resume. The Times of India. 19 July 2007. 21. ^ "Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India, 2005-06: Appendix Table IV.3: Urban Co-operative Banks Under Liquidation". Reserve Bank of India. p. 328 (5). http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/73892.pdf. Retrieved 5 July 2012. 22. ^ President Pratibha Patil's brush with controversy - India News - IBNLive 23. ^ "President defends mercy spree to death row convicts". 26 June 2012.

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-defends-mercy-spree-to-death-rowconvicts/articleshow/14400295.cms. 24. ^ "President Pratibha Patil goes on mercy overdrive". 22 June 2012. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-Pratibha-Patil-goes-on-mercyoverdrive/articleshow/14330594.cms.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pratibha Patil

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Lok Sabha Preceded by Sudam Deshmukh Member for Amravati 19911996 Political offices Succeeded by Anant Gudhe

Preceded by Madan Lal Khurana Preceded by Abdul Kalam

Governor of Rajasthan 20042007 President of India 20072012

Succeeded by Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Succeeded by Pranab Mukherjee

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R. Venkataraman Shankar Dayal Sharma K. R. Narayanan A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Pratibha Patil Pranab Mukherjee

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References PunjabNewsline.com - Youngest president of Shiromani Akali Dal http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok12 /biodata/12pn12.htm http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/12/stories /2007031216981400.htm

Benazir Bhutto
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

Benazir Bhutto

Prime Minister of Pakistan In office 19 October 1993 5 November 1996 Wasim Sajjad President Farooq Leghari Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi (Acting) Preceded by Succeeded by Malik Meraj Khalid (Acting) In office 2 December 1988 6 August 1990 Ghulam Ishaq Khan President Muhammad Khan Junejo Preceded by Succeeded by Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi (Acting) Leader of the Opposition In office 5 November 1996 12 October 1999 Nawaz Sharif Preceded by Succeeded by Fazal-ur-Rehman In office 6 November 1990 18 April 1993 Khan Abdul Wali Khan Preceded by Succeeded by Nawaz Sharif Minister of Finance In office 26 January 1994 10 October 1996 Babar Ali (Acting) Preceded by Succeeded by Naveed Qamar

In office 4 December 1988 6 December 1990 Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi (Acting) Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif Mahbub ul Haq (Acting) Preceded by Succeeded by Sartaj Aziz Minister of Defence In office 4 December 1988 6 August 1990 Mahmoud Haroon (Acting) Preceded by Succeeded by Ghous Ali Shah Chairperson of the Pakistan Peoples Party In office 12 November 1982 27 December 2007
Acting until 10 January 1984

Nusrat Bhutto Asif Ali Zardari Succeeded by Bilawal Zardari Bhutto Personal details 21 June 1953 Born Karachi, Pakistan 27 December 2007 (aged 54) Died Rawalpindi, Pakistan Political party Pakistan Peoples Party Asif Ali Zardari (19872007) Spouse(s) Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (father) Nusrat Bhutto (mother) Murtaza Bhutto (brother) Relations Shahnawaz Bhutto (brother) Sanam Bhutto (sister) Bilawal Bakhtawar Children Asifa Harvard University Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford Alma mater St Catherine's College, Oxford Karachi Grammar School Islam Religion Preceded by Signature Website Official website

This article contains Urdu text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Urdu script.

Benazir Bhutto (Sindhi: ; Urdu: , pronounced [benzir bo]; 21 June 1953 27 December 2007) was a public left-wing politician and stateswoman who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1988 until October 1990, and 1993 until her final dismissal on November 1996. She was the eldest daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a former prime minister of Pakistan and the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), which she led. In 1982, at age 29, Benazir Bhutto became the chairwoman of PPP a centre-left, democratic socialist political party, making her the first woman in Pakistan to head a major political party. In 1988, she became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state[1] and was also Pakistan's first (and thus far, only) female prime minister. Noted for her charismatic authority[2] and political astuteness, Benazir Bhutto drove initiatives for Pakistan's economy and national security, and she implemented social capitalist policies for industrial development and growth. In addition, her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation (particularly of the financial sector), flexible labour markets, the denationalisation of stateowned corporations, and the withdrawal of subsidies to others. Benazir Bhutto's popularity waned amid recession, corruption, and high unemployment which later led to the dismissal of her government by conservative President Ghulam Ishaq Khan. In 1993, Benazir Bhutto was re-elected for a second term after the 1993 parliamentary elections. She survived an attempted coup d'tat in 1995, and her hard line against the trade unions and tough rhetorical opposition to her domestic political rivals and to neighbouring India earned her the nickname "Iron Lady";[3] she is also respectfully referred to as "B.B.". In 1996, the charges of corruption levelled against her led to the final dismissal of her government by President Farooq Leghari. Benazir Bhutto conceded her defeat in the 1997 Parliamentary elections and went into self-imposed exile in Dubai, United Arab Emirates in 1998. After nine years of self-exile, she returned to Pakistan on 18 October 2007, after having reached an understanding with President Pervez Musharraf, by which she was granted amnesty and all corruption charges were withdrawn. Benazir Bhutto was assassinated in a bombing on 27 December 2007, after leaving PPP's last rally in the city of Rawalpindi, two weeks before the scheduled 2008 general election in which she was a leading opposition candidate. The following year, she was named one of seven winners of the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights.[4]

Contents
[hide]

1 Personal life

1.1 Background 1.2 Family 2 Martial Law: Arrest and imprisonment o 2.1 Release and Self-exile 3 Political campaign o 3.1 1988 parliamentary elections 4 Prime minister o 4.1 First term (19881990) 4.1.1 Relations with India and Afghanistan war 4.1.2 Science policy 4.1.3 Atomic weapons programme 4.1.4 Space programme 4.1.5 1989 military scandal 4.1.6 Dismissal o 4.2 Parliamentary opposition (19901993) o 4.3 Second term (19931996) 4.3.1 Domestic affairs 4.3.2 Women's issues 4.3.3 Economic issues 4.3.3.1 Privatization and era of stagflation 4.3.4 Foreign policy 4.3.5 Relations with military 4.3.6 Policy on Taliban 4.3.7 Coup d'tat attempt 4.3.8 Death of younger brother 4.3.9 Dismissal o 4.4 Parliamentary opposition (19961999) 5 Charges of corruption 6 Early 2000s (decade) in exile o 6.1 Public life o 6.2 Intention to return to Pakistan o 6.3 Attitudes toward Urdu-speaking class o 6.4 U.S. attempt for a Musharaff-Bhutto deal 7 2002 election 8 Return to Pakistan o 8.1 Possible deal with the Musharraf Government o 8.2 Return to Pakistan and the assassination attempt o 8.3 2007 State of Emergency and response o 8.4 Preparation for 2008 elections 9 Assassination 10 Controversies o 10.1 Nuclear proliferation with North Korea o 10.2 Position on 1998 Tests 11 Legacy o 11.1 Domestic challenges o 11.2 Assessment of 1997 elections

o o

o 11.3 Honors and eponyms 12 Benazir Bhutto's books 13 See also 14 References 15 Books about Benazir Bhutto o 15.1 Other related publications 16 External links

[edit] Personal life

[edit] Background
Benazir Bhutto was born at Pinto Hospital[5] in Karachi, Sindh, Dominion of Pakistan on 21 June 1953. She was the eldest child of former prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who was of Sindhi[6][7] ethnicity, and Begum Nusrat Ispahani, a Pakistani of Iranian Kurdish descent.[8][9][10] Her paternal grandfather was Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto. She had three younger siblings: brothers, Murtaza and Shahnawaz (both of whom became active in politics), and a sister, Sanam. Bhutto was raised to speak both English and Urdu;[11][12] English was her first language;[12] and while she was fluent in Urdu, it was often colloquial rather than grammatical.[11][12] Despite her family being Sindhi speakers, her Sindhi skills were almost non-existent.[11] She attended the Lady Jennings Nursery School and Convent of Jesus and Mary in Karachi.[13] After two years at the Rawalpindi Presentation Convent, she was sent to the Jesus and Mary Convent at Murree. She passed her O-level examinations at the age of 15.[14] She then went on to complete her A-Levels at the Karachi Grammar School. After completing her early education in Pakistan, she pursued her higher education in the United States. From 1969 to 1973 she attended Radcliffe College at Harvard University, where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree with cum laude honours in comparative government.[15] She was also elected to Phi Beta Kappa.[14] Bhutto later called her time at Harvard "four of the happiest years of my life" and said it formed "the very basis of her belief in democracy". Later in 1995 as Prime Minister, she arranged a gift from the Pakistani government to Harvard Law School.[16] In 1989, during her first visit, Benazir Bhutto was conferred with her honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Harvard University in 1989. In June 2006, she received an Honorary LL.D degree from the University of Toronto.[17] The next phase of her education took place in the United Kingdom. Between 1973 and 1977 Bhutto studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, during which time she took additional courses in International Law and Diplomacy.[18] After LMH she attended St Catherine's College, Oxford[19] and in December 1976 she was elected president of the Oxford Union, becoming the first Asian woman to head the prestigious debating society.[14] Her undergraduate career was dogged by controversy, partly relating to her father's unpopularity

with student politicians.[20] Her election to the presidency of the union was secured only when the poll was re-run after Bhutto had accused the original winner, Vivien Dinham, of canvassing.[21] On 18 December 1987, she married Asif Ali Zardari in Karachi. The couple had three children: two daughters, Bakhtawar and Asifa, and a son, Bilawal. When she gave birth to Bakhtawar in 1990, she became the first modern head of government to give birth while in office.[22]

[edit] Family
Main article: Bhutto family Benazir Bhutto's father, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was removed from office following a military coup in 1977 led by the then chief of army General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, who imposed martial law but promised to hold elections within three months. Instead of holding general elections, General Zia charged Bhutto with conspiring to murder the father of dissident politician Ahmed Raza Kasuri. Despite the accusation being "widely doubted by the public",[23] and many clemency appeals from foreign leaders, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was hanged on 4 April 1979 under the effective orders of Supreme Court of Pakistan. Appeals for clemency were dismissed by Chief Martial Law Administrator General Zia-ul-Haq. Benazir Bhutto, her siblings, and her mother were held in a "police camp" until May 1979.[24]

[edit] Martial Law: Arrest and imprisonment

Main articles: Left-wing politics in Pakistan, Jam Saqi case, and Soviet war in Afghanistan See also: 1980s Far-right military regime in Pakistan and Movement for the Restoration of Democracy After 1979, Zulfi Bhutto's children and his wife struggle hard against the ruthless far-right military dictatorship of General Zia-ul-Haq, despite consequences to themselves for their opposition. Benazir Bhutto and her younger brother Murtaza spent the next eighteen months in and out of house arrest while she worked to rally political support in an attempt to force General Zia-ul-Haq to drop murder charges against her father. On behalf of Bhutto's former Law minister Abdul Hafeez Pirzada and Fakhruddin Abrahim, the Bhutto's family filed a petition at the Chief Martial Law Administrator Office for the reconsideration the sentence of Zulfikar Bhutto, and for the release of Bhutto's friend Dr. Mubashir Hassan. However, General Zia-ul-Haq claimed to have misplaced the petition, and further ignored worldwide appeals for clemency. Zulfikar Bhutto was hanged on April 1979 despite the international pressure. Following the hanging of Bhutto, Benazir and Murtaza were arrested repeatedly. Following PPP's victory in the local elections, General Zia postponed the national elections indefinitely and moved Benazir, Murtaza, and their mother Nusrat Bhutto from Karachi to Larkana Central Jail. This was the seventh time that Nusrat Bhutto and her children had been arrested within two years of the military coup. After repeatedly placing them under house arrest, the regime finally imprisoned her under solitary confinement in a desert cell at Sindh Province during the summer of 1981. She

described the conditions in her wall-less cage in her book "Daughter of Destiny", which goes by the title of "Daughter of the East" in Commonwealth countries for copyright reasons: The summer heat turned my cell into an oven. My skin split and peeled, coming off my hands in sheets. Boils erupted on my face. My hair, which had always been thick, began to come out by the handful. Insects crept into the cell like invading armies. Grasshoppers, mosquitoes, stinging flies, bees and bugs came up through the cracks in the floor and through the open bars from the courtyard. Big black ants, cockroaches, seething clumps of little red ants and spiders. I tried pulling the sheet over my head at night to hide from their bites, pushing it back when it got too hot to breathe Benazir Bhutto, summer of 1981 After her six-month imprisonment in Sukkur jail, she remained hospitalised for months after which she was shifted to Karachi Central Jail, where she remained imprisoned until 11 December 1981. She was then placed under house arrest in Larkana for eleven months and Karachi for fourteen.

[edit] Release and Self-exile

In January 1984, after six years of house arrests and imprisonment, General Zia succumbed to international pressure and allowed Bhutto's family to travel abroad for medical reasons. After undergoing surgery, she resumed her political activities and began to raise awareness about the mistreatment of political prisoners in Pakistan at the hands of Zia regime. This intensified pressure forced General Zia into holding a referendum to give legitimacy to his government. The referendum held on 1 December 1984 proved to be a farce: only 10% of the voters bothered to turn out despite the state machinery. In 1985, Benazir Bhutto received news at a local hotel in Nice, France that her brother Shahnawaz Bhutto was murdered by poisoning. The Bhutto family believed that this was done under orders from General Zia-ul-Haq, prompting Zulfikar Bhutto's children to hide. Further pressure from the international community forced General Zia to hold elections, for a unicameral legislature on a non-party basis. Benazir Bhutto announced a boycott of the election on the grounds that they were not being held in accordance with the constitution of Pakistan. She continued to raise her voice against human rights violations by the Zia regime and addressed the European Parliament in Strasbourg in 1985. In retaliation to the speech, Zia announced death sentences for 54 members of her party at a military court in Lahore headed by Zia himself.

[edit] Political campaign

At left during Parliamentary session in 19981999. From left: Chaudhry Muhammad Barjees Tahir, Ajmal Khattak, Aitzaz Ahsan, Benazir Bhutto.

Benazir Bhutto on a visit to Washington, D.C. in 1989 Benazir Bhutto, who had returned to Pakistan after completing her studies, found herself placed under house arrest in the wake of her father's imprisonment and subsequent execution. Having been allowed to return to the United Kingdom in 1984, she became a leader in exile of Pakistan People's Party (PPP). For the first time in the history of Pakistan, a woman was chairwoman of a major political party, though she was unable to make her political presence felt in Pakistan until after the death of General Zia. She succeeded her mother as chairperson of the PPP and the prodemocracy opposition, although a left wing alliance, the Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD) to the far-right and ultraconservative military government of General Zia.

[edit] 1988 parliamentary elections

Main article: Pakistani general election, 1988 The seat, from which Benazir contested for the safe constituency for the post of Prime Minister in 1980s, namely, NA 207. This seat was considered a Bhutto clan's post and first contested in 1926 by the late Sardar Wahid Bux Bhutto, in the first ever elections in Sindh, British Indian Empire. The elections were for the Central Legislative Assembly of India. Sardar Wahid Bux won, and became not only the first elected representative from Sindh to a democratically elected parliament, but also the youngest member of the Central Legislative Assembly at age 27. Wahid Bux's achievement was monumental as it was he who was the first Bhutto elected to a government, from a seat that would, thereafter, always be contested by his family members. Therefore, it was he who paved the way for subsequent Bhuttos to enter Pakistani politics.

Sardar Wahid Bux went on to be elected to the Bombay Council. After Wahid Bux's untimely and mysterious death at the age of 33, his younger brother Nawab Nabi Bux Bhutto contested from the same seat and remained undefeated until retirement. It was Nabi Bux who then gave this seat to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to contest in 1970. On 16 November 1988, the first open political elections in more than a decade were held and Benazir Bhutto won major provinces of Pakistan and had the largest percentile for seats in the National Assembly a lower house of Parliament.

[edit] Prime minister

[edit] First term (19881990)
Benazir Bhutto became 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan on 2 December 1988. Arriving at the Prime Minister Secretariat, Benazir Bhutto addressed the huge crowd: We gather together to celebrate freedom, to celebrate democracy, to celebrate the three most beautiful words in the English language: `"We the People." Benazir Bhutto on December 2, 1988, [25] Initially on 2 December, Benazir Bhutto formed a coalition government with MQM, a liberal party, as her ally. As time passed, Bhutto quietly isolated MQM's influence from government and later ousted them, establishing a single party government and claiming the entire mandate from all of Pakistan. During this time, the effects of General Zia's domestic policies began to reveal themselves and she found them difficult to counter. During her first term, Bhutto vowed to repeal the controversial Hudood Ordinance and to revert the Eight Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan. Benazir Bhutto also promised to shift Pakistan's semi-presidential system to a parliamentary system. But none of the reforms were made and Benazir began to struggle with conservative President Ghulam Ishaq Khan over the issues of executive authority. President Khan repeatedly vetoed proposed laws and ordinances that would have lessened his presidential authority. Benazir Bhutto's accomplishments during this time were in initiatives for nationalist reform and modernisation, which some conservatives characterised as Westernization. [edit] Relations with India and Afghanistan war Main articles: Kashmir insurgency, PakistanSoviet Union relations, Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan, and Civil war in Afghanistan (19891992) Benazir took the office in the crucial and penultimate decade of Cold War, and closely aligned with the United States President George H. W. Bush, based on a mutual distrust of Communism,[25] although she strongly opposed United States's support of Afghan Mujaheddin which she labeled "America's Frankenstein" during her first state visit to United States in 1989.[26] Benazir Bhutto's government oversaw and witnessed the major events in the alignment of the Middle East and the South Asia.[25] On the Western front, the Soviet Union was withdrawing its combatant forces in Afghanistan and the United States-Pakistan alliance had broken off with the United States suspicions on Pakistani nuclear weapons, in 1990. Benazir Bhutto deliberately attempted to warm the relations with neighboring India and met with prime

minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1989 where she negotiated for a trade agreement when the Indian premier paid a farewell visit to Pakistan.[27] The goodwill relations with India continued until 1990 after V. P. Singh succeeded Gandhi as Premier.[28] The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) influence on Singh forced him to abrogate with agreements, and the tensions began to arise with Pakistan after BJP forced its hardline policies on Kashmir to Pakistan.[28] Soon, the Singh administration launched the military operation in Kashmir to curbed the liberation movement.[28] In response, Benazir allegedly gave authorization for covert operations to support Kashmiri succession movements in Indian Kashmir.[29][30][31] In 1990, Major-General Pervez Musharraf, who was the Director-General of the Directorate-General for the Military Operations (DGMO), proposed a strategic plan against India to Benazir Bhutto calling for a Kargil Infiltration, but Benazir refused because General Musharraf didn't have a strategy for dealing with any resultant international fallout.[28] In 1988, Lieutenant-General Hamid Gul met with Bhutto and advocated for a plan supporting the Khalistan movement, a Sikh nationalist movement. General Gul justified this strategy as the only way of preempting a fresh Indian threat to Pakistan's territorial integrity.[32] Bhutto disagreed with his views and asked him to stop playing this "card".[32] General Gul refused and, politely told the Prime minister in mocking French accent that, "Madame' Prime Minister, keeping [Indian] Punjab destabilized is equivalent... to the Pakistan Army.... having an extra division at no cost to the taxpayers...".[32] On the Western front, Bhutto also authorised further aggressive military operations in Afghanistan to topple the fragile communist regime and the Soviet influence in the region.[33] One of her notable military authorisations was military action in Jalalabad of Soviet Afghanistan in retaliation for the Soviet Union's long unconditional support of India, a proxy war in Pakistan, and Pakistan's loss in the 1965 and 1971 wars.[33] This operation was "a defining moment for her [Benazir's] government" to prove the loyalty to Pakistan Armed Forces.[33] This operation planned by then-Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) Lieutenant-General Hamid Gul, with inclusion of U.S. ambassador to Pakistan Robert Oakley.[33] Known as Battle of Jalalabad, it was intended to gain a conventional victory on Soviet Union after Soviet Union had withdrawn its troops.[33] The central planner of this operation was Lieutenant-General Hamid Gul who gained Bhutto's permission and authorisation after he had briefed her on the Afghanistan situation.[33] The mission, planned solely by Lieutenant-General Hamid Gul, brutally failed in a matter of two months with no effective results produced.[33] The morale of the mujahideen involved in the attack slumped and many local commanders ended truces with the government.[33] Angered and frustrated with the outcomes of the operation, Benazir Bhutto, who was already displeased with Gul, immediately deposed and sacked Lieutenant-General Hamid Gul while his rank was not degraded but his pay rate was made equivalent to Major rank officer.[33] Bhutto's decision to depose Gul was one of her authoritative moves that surprised many senior statesman, though they did back her.[33] She replaced Gul with another Lieutenant General Shamsur Rahman Kallu who proved to be more a capable officer in the Afghan war than Gul.[33] After Gul's removal, Benazir Bhutto took the matter into her own hands by favouring a political settlement between all the Afghan Mujaheddin factions and hence international legitimacy for the new government. This was never achieved and the factions began fighting each other, further destabilising the country. Benazir also promoted and strengthened relations with the United Kingdom, and met with her British counterpart Margaret Thatcher where a financial assistance and trade agreement was signed by both prime ministers. In all, during her first government, Benazir Bhutto's foreign policy revolved around Afghanistan,

India, and the United States. [edit] Science policy Main article: Science in Pakistan While on her trip to United Kingdom in 1990, Benazir Bhutto paid a visit to Dr. Abdus Salam, a Nobel laureate in Physics and science advisor of her father, where she had paid great respect to Abdus Salam. During her first and second term, Benazir Bhutto followed the same policy on science and technology as her father did in 1972, and promoted the military funding of science and technology as part of her policy. However, in 1988, Benazir Bhutto was denied access to any of the country's classified national research institutes run under the Pakistan Armed Forces which maintained under the control of civilian President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and the Chief of Army Staff.[34] Ironically, Bhutto was deliberately kept unaware about the progress of the nuclear complexes when country passed the milestone of manufacturing fissile core decades ago.[34] The U.S. Ambassador, Robert Oakley, was the first diplomat to have notified about the complexes in 1988.[34] Shortly after this, Benazir summoned Chairman of the PAEC, Munir Ahmad Khan who she knew since 1975 in her office where Khan brought Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan with him and introduced Dr. Khan to the prime minister.[35] At there, Benazir Bhutto learned to status of this crash program which had been matured since 1978, and on behalf of dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, Benazir first paid the visit to KRL in 1989 which angered the President Ghulam Ishaq Khan.[36][37] Benazir Bhutto also responded to Khan when she moved the Ministry of Science and Technology's office to the Prime Minister Secretariat with Munir Ahmad Khan directly reporting to her.[37] Benazir Bhutto had successfully eliminated any possibilities of Khan's involvement or any influence in science research programmes, a policy which also benefited Nawaz Sharif.[37] During her first and second term, Benazir Bhutto issued funding of many projects entirely devoted to country's national defence and security.[37] Dismissal of Lieutenant-General Gul by Benazir Bhutto had played a significant role on Chief of Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Beg who did not interfere in the matters science and technology, remained supportive towards Benazir Bhutto's hard line actions on the President.[37] In 1990, Benazir denied to allot funds of any military science projects that would be placed under LieutenantGeneral Zahid Ali Akbar, despite Akbar was known to be closed to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. In 1990, she forced Akbar from resigning from his active duty, and as director-general of Army Technological Research Laboratories (ATRL); she replaced him with Lieutenant-General Talat Masood as E-in-C of ATRL as well as director of entire military projects.

If we don't, India will go ahead and adopt aggressive designs on us... To preserve the minimum deterrence, tests should be performed this

month of year....
Benazir Bhutto, 1998, [38]

In 1980s, Benazir Bhutto started aerospace projects such as Project Sabre II, Project PAC, Ghauri project under dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan in 1990 and the Shaheen programme in 1995 under dr. Samar Mubarakmand.[39][40] The starting of the integrated space weapons programme was one of the major contributions that enhanced Pakistan's atomic bomb program as well.[39] To some observers and historians, Benazir is widely considered as "mother" of Pakistan's space programme, is widely given credit for given the authorisation and nurturing the development of the Ghauri and Shaheen programme.[39] During her second term, Benazir Bhutto declared "1996", a year of "information technology", and envisioned her policy of making Pakistan a "global player" in the information technology.[41] One of her initiatives was the launching of the an ambitious package of computer literacy through participation from the private sector.[41] Benazir issued an executive decree allowing to complete duty-tariff free imports of hardware and software exports, and to provide a low rate for data communications in public and private sector.[41] Benazir Bhutto also established and set up the infrastructure of soft-ware technology parks in rural and urban cities, and approved a financial assistance loan for soft-ware houses for public sector.[41] [edit] Atomic weapons programme Main article: Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program In opposition to her conservative opponent Nawaz Sharif whose policy was to make the nuclear weapons programme benefit the economy, Benazir Bhutto took aggressive steps and decisions to modernise and expand the integrated atomic weapons programme founded and started by her father in 1972, was one of the key political administrative figures of Pakistan's nuclear deterrent development.[42] During her first time, Benazir Bhutto established the separate but integrated nuclear testing programme in the atomic bomb programme, thus establishing a nuclear testing programme where the authorisations were required by the Prime minister and the military leadership.[43] Despite Benazir's denial for the authorisation of the nuclear testing programme in her second term, Benazir continued to modernise the programme into new heights despite the United States' embargo, which she termed this embargo as "contractual obligation".[44]

It took only two weeks and three days for Pakistan to master the [atomic] field... and (detonate) the nuclear devices of our own...

Benazir Bhutto, on first nuclear tests on

May 1998, [45]

It was during her regime that Pressler amendment came in effect in an attempt to freeze the programme.[44] While her frequent trips to United States, Benazir Bhutto refused to compromise on the nuclear weapons programme and, shifted her rogue criticism to the Indian nuclear programme, and attacked the Indian nuclear programme on multiple occasions.[44] Benazir Bhutto had mislead the U.S. when she told the United States Government that the programme had been frozen, but the programme was progressively modernized and continued under her watch.[42] Under her regime, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) had conducted series of improvised designs of nuclear weapons designed by Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) at PAEC.[42] Benazir Bhutto's father, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who was the father of Pakistan's nuclear deterrence programme, and was instructed to keep in touch with senior scientists involved in this programme.[42] Benazir Bhutto also carried messages to Munir Ahmad Khan from her father and back in 1979 as her father, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, had instructed his daughter to remain in touch with the Chairman of PAEC.[nb 1] In this context, Bhutto had appointed Munir Ahmad Khan as her Science Adviser who kept her informed about the development of the programme. In all, the nuclear weapons and energy program remained Benazir's top priority as with the country's economy.[43] During her first term, the nuclear program was under attack and under pressure by the Western world, particularly the United States.[43] Despite the economic aid that was offered by the European Union and the United States in return to halt or freeze the program, Benazir did not compromise and continued this crash program under her first and second regime.[43] During her first term, Bhutto had approved and launched the Shaheen programme as she had advocated for this programme strongly.[43] A vocal and avid supporter of the program, Bhutto also allotted funds for the programme, and strategic programs were launched under Bhutto's premiership.[43] On 6 January 1996, Bhutto publicly announced that if India conducts a nuclear test, Pakistan could be forced to "follow suit".[46] Bhutto later said that the day will never arise when we have to use our knowledge to make and detonate a [nuclear] device and export our technology.[47] The People of (Pakistan)... are "security conscious" because of the (1971) severe trauma, and the three wars with (India). Our (Pakistan) nuclear development was peaceful... but was "an effective deterrence to India"..... because (New Delhi) had detonated a nuclear device. She (Pakistan)...., thus, had to take every step to ensure its territorial integrity and sovereignty..... Benazir Bhutto, on Pakistan's nuclear weapons, [48] [edit] Space programme Benazir Bhutto continued her policy to modernise and expand the space programme and as part of that policy, she launched and supervised the clandestine project integrated research programme (IRP), a missile programme which remained under Benazir Bhutto's watch and successfully ended in 1996, also under her auspices.[39] As part of her policy, Benazir constituted the establishment of National Development Complex[40] and the University Observatory in Karachi University and expanded the facilities for the space research. Pakistan's first military

satellite, Badr-I, was also launched under her government through China, while the second military satellite Badr-II was completed during her second term.[49] With launching of Badr-I, Pakistan became the first Muslim country to have launched and placed a satellite in Earth's orbit, second only after India.[50] She declared 1990 a year of space in Pakistan and conferred national awards to scientists and engineers who took participation in the development of this satellite.[50] [edit] 1989 military scandal Main article: Operation Midnight Jackal In 1989, public media reported a sting operation and political scandal codename, Midnight Jackal, when former members of ISI hatched a plan to topple the Bhutto government.[51] Midnight Jackal was a political intelligence operation launched under President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and the Chief of Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Beg, and the objectives were to bring the vote of no confidence movement in the Parliament by bribing the members of Benazir's own party.[51] Lieutenant-General Asif Nawaz had suspected the activities of Brigadier-General Imtiaz Ahmad, therefore, a watch cell unit was dispatched to keep an eye on the Brigadier.[51] This operation was exposed by ISI when it had obtained a VHS tape containing the conversation between two former army officers and former members of ISI, from the Intelligence Bureau (IB).[51] The tape was confiscated by ISI director-general Lieutenant-General Shamsur Rahman Kallu who showed this tape to Benazir the next day.[51] The video tape showed the conversation of Major Amir Khan and Brigadier-General Imtiaz Ahmed revealed that Chief of Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Baig of that time wanted to end government due to some issues.[51] Though the Brigadier had failed to prove the General Beg's involvement, General Mirza, on the other hand, sharply denied the accusation and started a full fledged courts martial of these officers with Benazir being the civilian Judge of JAG Branch to proceed the hearings.[51] The officers were deposed from their services and placing them at Adiala military correctional institute in 1989. It was not until 1996, that the officers were released from the military correctional institute by the order of Prime minister Nawaz Sharif.[51] [edit] Dismissal By the 1990, Benazir Bhutto had successfully lessened the role of President Ghulam Ishaq Khan in government operations as well as Khan's importance in the military.[52] With the following revelation of Midnight Jackal, Benazir had successfully undermined Khan's importance in national politics and his influence in government-ruling operations on the day-to-day basis.[51] Benazir Bhutto was thought by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan to be a young and inexperienced figure in politics, though highly educated.[52] But, Khan had miscalculated the capabilities of Bhutto who emerged as a 'power player' in international politics.[52] Benazir Bhutto's authoritative actions frustrated the President who was not taken in confidence while the decisions were made, and by 1990, the power struggle between the Prime minister and President ensued.[52] Because of the semi-presidential system, Benazir needed permission from Khan for imposing new policies, which Khan vetoed as he seen to moderate or contradict to his point of view. Benazir, through her legislators, also attempted to shift parliamentary democracy to replace the semi-presidential system, but Khan's constitutional powers always vetoed Benazir's

attempts.[52] The amid tales of corruption began to surfaced in the media in the nationalised industries and corporations which undermined the credibility of Benazir Bhutto.[52] The unemployment and labour strikes began to take place which halted and jammed the economic wheel of the country and Benazir Bhutto was unable to solve these issues due to in a cold war with the President.[52] In November 1990, after a long political battle, Khan finally used the Eighth Amendment (VIII Amendment) to dismiss the Bhutto government following charges of corruption, nepotism, and despotism.[52] Khan soon called for new elections in 1990 where Bhutto conceded defeat.[52]

[edit] Parliamentary opposition (19901993)

Following her dismissal in 1990, the Election Commission of Pakistan called for the new parliamentary elections in 1990. The Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (Islamic Democratic Alliance (IDA) under the leadership of conservative leader Navaz Sharif won the majority in the Parliament, Benazir Bhutto accepted her defeat soon after. For the first time in the history of Pakistan, the conservative forces had a chance to rule the country, and Navaz Sharif became 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan and Benazir Bhutto was took over the role of Leader of the Opposition for the next five years. In November of 1992, Benazir Bhutto attempted to perform a 10-mile march from Rawalpindi to Islamabad. However, Bhutto was forced to discontinue the rally due to a threat of being arrested from Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.[53] The demonstration was an anti-government rally that upset Pakistan officials.[54] As a result, she was placed on house arrest and vowed to bring down the Pakistani government.[55] In December of 1992, a two day march was conducted in protest of Nawaz Sharif.[56] In July of 1993, Nawaz Sharif resigned from his position due to political pressure. During 1990 until 1993, Benazir Bhutto worked for her voice and screen image. Pakistan affair intellectual, Anatol Lieven, compared her accent as "cut-glass accent", but acknowledge her education and good-standing academic background.[57] Benazir Bhutto began regularly to attend lunches at the Institute of Development Economics (IDE), a think tank founded in 1950s; she had been visiting IDE and reading its publications since the mid 1970s. During this time, the IDA launched a secret campaign against Benazir Bhutto's image to demoralised the party workers; this campaign brutally backfired on Nawaz Sharif when the media exposed the culprits and motives behind this plot.[58] More than . 5 million were spent on this campaign and it had undermined the credibility of the conservatives who also failed to resolve issues among between them.[58] Despite an economic recovery in the late 1993, the IDA government faced public unease about the direction of the country and an industrialisation revolved and centred only in Punjab Province. Amid protest and civil disorder in Sindh Province, following the imposition of Operation Clean-up, the IDA government lost the control of the province.[59] The Peoples Party attacked the IDA government's unemployment records, and industrial racism.[60] However, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed the conservative government on same charges when Sharif attempted to revert the 8th Amendment but was unsuccessful. Nawaz Sharif and Benazir

Bhutto would unite to oust the President who lost the control of the country in matter of weeks. Khan too was forced to resign along with Nawaz Sharif in 1993, and an interim government was formed until the new elections. A parliamentary election was called after the resignation of Nawaz Sharif and Ghulam Ishaq Khan by Pakistan Armed Forces. Both Sharif and Benazir Bhutto compaigned with full force, targeting each other's personalities.[61] Their policies were very similar but saw a clash of personalities with both parties making many promises but not explaining how they were going to pay for them.[62] Sharif stood on his record of privatisations and development projects and pledged to restore his taxi giveaway program.[62][63] Bhutto promised price supports for agriculture, pledged a partnership between government and business and campaigned strongly for the female vote.[63]

[edit] Second term (19931996)

Though the Pakistan People's Party won the most seats (86 seats) in the election but fell short of an outright majority, with the PML-N in second place with 73 seats in the Parliament.[64] The PPP performed extremely well on Bhutto's native province, Sindh, and rural Punjab, while the PML-N was strongest in industrial Punjab and the largest cities such as Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi.[65] On 19 October 1993, Benazir Bhutto was sworn as Prime Minister for second term allowing her to continue her reform initiatives.[65] Benazir Bhutto learned a valuable experience and lesson from the presidency of Ghulam Ishaq Khan, and the presidential elections were soon called after her re election.[64] After carefully examining the candidates, Benazir Bhutto decided to appoint Farooq Leghari as for her president, in which, Leghari sworned as 8th President of Pakistan on 14 November 1993 as well as first Baloch to have became president since the country's independence.[64] Leghari was an apolitical figure who was educated Kingston University London receiving his degree in same discipline as of Benazir Bhutto.[64] But unlike Khan, Leghari had no political background, no experience in government running operations, and had no background understanding the civilmilitary relations.[64] In contrast, Leghari was a figurehead and puppet president with all of the military leadership directly reporting to Benazir Bhutto.[64] She first time gave the main ministry to the minorities and appointed Mr. Julius Salik (formerly J. Salik) as Minister for Population Welfare. The previous governments only give ministry for minority affairs as a minister of state or parliamentary secretary. J. Salik is a very popular leader among minorities and won the MNA seat by getting highest votes throughout Pakistan. [edit] Domestic affairs Main articles: Indophobia and Operation Blue Fox Benazir Bhutto was Prime Minister at a time of great racial tension in Pakistan.[3] Her approval poll rose by 38% after she appeared and said in a private television interview after the elections: "We are unhappy with the manner in which tampered electoral lists were provided in a majority of constituencies; our voters were turned away."[65] The Conservatives attracted voters from religious society (MMA) whose support had collapsed.[65] The Friday Times noted "Both of them (Nawaz and Benazir) have done so badly in the past, it will be very difficult for them to do

worse now. If Bhutto's government fails, everyone knows there will be no new elections. The army will take over".[64] In confidential official documents Benazir Bhutto had objected to the number of Urdu speaking class in 1993 elections, in context that she had no Urdu-speaking sentiment in her circle and discrimination was continued even in her government.[3] Her stance on these issues was perceived as part of rising public disclosure which Altaf Hussain called "racism".[3] Due to Benazir Bhutto's stubbornness and authoritative actions, her political rivals gave her the nickname "Iron Lady"[3] of Pakistan.[3] No response was issued by Bhutto, but she soon associated with the term.[3]

Benazir Bhutto meeting with socialist intellectuals in 1996 during a socialist convention in Pakistan. The racial violence in Karachi was reached at peak and became a biggest problem for Benazir Bhutto to counter.[3] The MQM attempted to make an alliance with Benazir Bhutto under her own conditions, but Benazir Bhutto refused.[3] Soon the second operation, Operation Blue Fox was launched to wipe the MQM from country's political spectrum.[3] The results of this operation remains inconclusive and resulted in thousands killed or gone missing, with majority contains Urdu-speaking.[3] Benazir Bhutto issued the statement to MQM asking the MQM to surrender to her government unconditionally.[66] Though the operation was halted in 1995,[66] but amid violence continued and, Shahid Javed Burki, a professor of economics, noted that "Karachi problem was not so much an ethnic problem as it was an economic question.[67] Amid union and labour strikes beginning to take place in Karachi and Lahore, which were encouraged by both Altaf Hussain and Nawaz Sharif to undermine her authority,[68] Benazir Bhutto responded by disbanding these trade union and issuing orders to arrest the leaders of the trade unions, while on other hand, she provided incentives to local workers and labourers as she had separated the workers from their union leaders successfully.[69] Benazir Bhutto expanded the authoritative rights of Police Combatant Force and the provisional governments that tackled the local opposition aggressively.[69] Bhutto, through her Internal Security Minister Naseerullah Babar, intensified the internal security operations and steps gradually putting down the opposition's political rallies, while she did not complete abandoned the reconciliation policy. In her own worlds, Benazir Bhutto announced: "There was no basis for (strikes)... in view of the on going political process...".[69] In August 1993, Benazir Bhutto narrowly escaped an assassination attempt near her residence in the early morning. While no one was injured or killed, the culprits of this attempt went into hiding.[70] In December 1993, disturbing news began to surface in the Swat valley when Sufi

Muhammad, a religious cleric, began to mobilise the local militia calling for overthrow of the "un-Islamic rule of [Iron] Lady".[70] Benazir Bhutto responded quickly and ordered the Pakistan Army to crackdown the militia, leading to the movement crushed by the Army and the cleric was apprehended before he could escape.[70] However, corruption grew during her government, and her government became increasingly unpopular amid corruption scandals which became public. One of the most internationally and nationally reported scandals was the Agosta Submarine scandal. Benazir Bhutto's spouse Asif Ali Zardari was linked with former Admiral Mansurul Haq who allegedely made side deals with French officials and Asif Ali Zardari while acquiring the submarine technology. It was one of the consequences that her government was dismissed and Asif Ali Zardari along with Mansurul Haq were arrested and a trial was set in place. Both Zardari and Haq were detained due to corruption cases and Benazir Bhutto flew to Dubai from Pakistan in 1998. [edit] Women's issues During her election campaigns, she had promised to repeal controversial laws (such as Hudood and Zina ordinances) that curtail the rights of women in Pakistan.[71] Bhutto was pro-life and spoke forcefully against abortion, most notably at the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, where she accused the West of "seeking to impose adultery, abortion, intercourse education and other such matters on individuals, societies and religions which have their own social ethos."[72] However, Bhutto was not supported by the leading women organisations, who argued that after being elected twice, none of the reforms were made, instead controversial laws were exercised more toughly. Therefore, in 1997 elections, Bhutto failed to secure any support from women's organisations and minorities also gave Bhutto the cold-shoulder when she approached them. It was not until 2006 that the Zina ordinance was finally repealed by a Presidential Ordinance issued by Pervez Musharraf in July 2006.[73] Bhutto was an active and founding member of the Council of Women World Leaders, a network of current and former prime ministers and presidents.[74] [edit] Economic issues Main article: Second Phase, Nationalization programme See also: Seventh Five-Year Plans of Pakistan

The total GDP per capita stood between 8.4% (in 1970s) and 8.3% (in 199396), periods of nationalisation.

Benazir Bhutto was an economist by profession; therefore during her terms, Benazir Bhutto had no Minister to lead the Ministry of the Treasury. Benazir Bhutto appointed herself as Treasury Minister, taking the charge of economic and financial affairs on her hand. Benazir sought to improve the country's economy which was declining as the time was passing.[75] Benazir disagreed with her father's nationalization and socialist economics.[75] Soon after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Benazir attempted to privatize major industries that were nationalized in 1970s.[75] Benazir Bhutto promised to end the nationalisation programme and to carried out the industrialisation programme by means other than the state intervention.[76] But controversially Benazir Bhutto did not carry out the denationalization programme or liberalization of the economy during her first government.[76] No nationalized units were privatized, few economic regulations were reviewed.[76]

During the periods of 199396, the local local production of coal remained steady. Pakistan suffered a currency crisis when the government failed to arrest the 30% fall in the value of the Pakistani Rupee from . 21 to .30 compared to the United States dollar.[75] Soon economic progress became her top priority but her investment and industrialisation programs faced major setbacks due to conceptions formed by investors based upon her People's Party nationalisation program in 1970s.[75] By the 1990s, Khan and Benazir Bhutto's government had also ultimately lost the currency war with the Indian currency when the Indian Rupee beat the value of Pakistan rupee for the first time in 1970s.[75] Benazir Bhutto's denationalisation program also suffered from many political setbacks, as many of her government members were either directly or indirectly involved with the government corruption in major government-owned industries, and her appointed government members allegedly sabotaged her efforts to privatised the industries.[75]

Justice is economic independence. Justice is social equality...

Benazir Bhutto, 1996, Cited source[77]

Overall, the living standard for people in Pakistan declined as inflation and unemployment grew

at an exponential rate particularly as UN sanctions began to take effect.[75] During her first and second term, the difference between rich and poor visibly increased and the middle class in particular were the ones who bore the brunt of the economic inequality.[75] According to a calculation completed by the Federal Bureau of Statistics, the rich were statistically were improved and the poor declined in terms of living standards.[75] Benazir attributed this economic inequality to be a result of ongoing and continuous illegal Bengali immigration.[75] Benazir Bhutto ordered a crackdown on and deportation of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants.[78] Her action strained and created tensions in BangladeshPakistan relations, with prime minister Khaleda Zia, who was in power in Dhaka during the time. Zia refused to accept the deportees and reportedly sent two planeloads back to Pakistan. Religious parties also criticised Bhutto and dubbed the crackdown as anti-Islamic.[78] This operation backfired and had devastating effects on Pakistan's economy.[78] President Khan saw this as a major economic failure despite Khan's permission granted to Benazir Bhutto for the approval of her economic policies.[75] Khan blamed Benazir for this extensive economic slowdown and her policy that failed to stop the illegal immigration.[75] Khan attributed Benazir Bhutto's government members corruption in government-owned industries as the major sink hole in Pakistan's economy that failed to compete with neighbouring India's economy.[75]
[edit] Privatization and era of stagflation

Main articles: Second Phase, Privatization Programme, Eighth Five-Year Plans (Pakistan), and Periods of Stagflation

The GDP growth rate was at ~4.37% in 1993, which fell to ~1.70% in 1996, before Bhutto's dismissal. During her second term, Benazir Bhutto continued to follow former prime minister Nawaz Sharif's privatisation policies, which she called a "disciplined macroeconomics policy".[79] After the 1993 general elections, the privatisation programme of state-owned banks and utilities accelerated; more than 42 billion was raised from the sale of nationalised corporations and industries,[80] and another $20 billion from the foreign investment made the United States.[79] After 1993, the country's national economy again entered in the second period of the stagflation and more roughly began bite the country's financial resources and the financial capital.[81] Bhutto's second government found it extremely difficult to counter the second era of stagflation with Pressler amendment and the US financial and military embargo tightened its position.[81] After a year of study, Benazir Bhutto implemented and enforced the Eighth Plan to overcome the stagflation by creating a dependable and effective mechanism for accelerating economic and social progress. But, according to American ambassador to Pakistan, William Milam's bibliography, "Bangladesh and Pakistan:Flirting with Failure in South Asia", the Eighth Plan

(which reflected the Soviet styled highly centralized and planned economic system) was doomed to meet with failure from the very beginning of 1994, as the policies were weak and incoherent.[82] On many occasions, Benazir Bhutto resisted to privatise the globally competitive and billion dollar worth state-owned enterprises (such as Pakistan Railway and Pakistan Steel Mills), instead the grip of nationalisation in those state-owned enterprises was tightened in order to secure the capital investment of these industries. The process of privatisation of the nationalised industries was associated with the marked performance and improvement, especially the terms of labour productivity.[80] A number of privatization of industries such as gas, water supply and sanitation, and electricity general, were natural monopolies for which the privatization involved little competition.[80] Interestingly, the currency gained in the process of privatization was avoided not spent on people's living standard, and it was in 1997, when the Auditor-General and Institute of Public Finance Accountants founded that the amount gained in privatization had gone somewhere else and it was no where to be found in government's account.[83] Furthermore, Benazir denied that privatisation of the Pakistan Railways would take place despite the calls made in Pakistan, and was said to have told to Chairman of the Planning Commission Naveed Qamar, "Railways privatization will be the "blackhole" of this government. Please never mention the railways to me again". Benazir Bhutto always resisted to privatised the UBL, but UBL management sent the recommendation for the privatisation which dismayed the labour union.[84] The United Group of Employees Management (UGEM) asked the Madame Prime minister for issue of regulation sheet which she denied.[84] The holding of UBL in government control turned out to be a move that ended in "disaster" for Benazir Bhutto's government.[84] [edit] Foreign policy See also: Pakistan-North Korea relations, Pakistan-India relation, Pakistan - Israeli relations, and Civil war in Afghanistan (19921996) Benazir Bhutto's foreign policy was controversial. As for her second term, Benazir Bhutto expanded Pakistan's relations with the rest of the world. As before like her father, Benazir Bhutto sought to strengthen the relations with socialist states, and Benazir Bhutto's first visit to Libya strengthened the relations between the two countries.[85] Benazir also thanked Muammar al-Gaddafi for his tremendous efforts and support for her father during before Zulfikar's trial in 1977.[85] Ties continued with Libya but deteriorated after Nawaz Sharif became prime minister in 1990 and again in 1997.[85] In Pakistan, Gaddafi was said to be very fond of Benazir Bhutto and was a family friend of Bhutto family, but disliked Nawaz Sharif due to his ties with General Zia in the 1980s.[85] Benazir Bhutto is said to have paid a state visit to North Korea in early 1990 and in 1996, and according to journalist Shyam Bhatia, Bhutto smuggled CDs containing uranium enrichment data to North Korea on a state visit that same year in return for data on missile technology.[86] According to the expert, Benazir Bhutto acted as female "James Bond",[35] and left with a bag of computer disks to pass on to her military to North Korea.[35]

Benazir Bhutto in the United States, 1989. Major-General Pervez Musharraf closely worked with Benazir Bhutto and her government in formulating the foreign strategy with Israel.[87] In 1993, during Benazir Bhutto's state visit to the United States, Major-General Pervez Musharraf who was tenuring as the Director-General of the Pakistan Army's Directorate-General for the Military Operation (DGMO), was ordered by Bhutto to join this state visit.[87] As unusual and unconventional it was for the Director of the Directorate-General for Military Operations (DGMO) to join this trip, Benazir Bhutto and her DGMO had chaired a secret meeting with Israeli officials in New York in 1993 who especially flew to Washington.[87] Under her guidance, General Musharraf had intensified the ISI's liaison with Israel's Mossad.[87] A final meeting took place in 1995, and General Musharraf had also joined this meeting with Benazir Bhutto after she ordered General Musharraf to fly to New York immediately.[87] Benazir Bhutto also strengthened relations with communist state Vietnam and visited Vietnam to sign the mutual trade and international political cooperation between both countries.[44] In 1995, Benazir Bhutto paid a state visit to United States where she held talks with U.S. President Bill Clinton. During the visit, Benazir Bhutto urged the United States to amend the Pressler Amendment and emphasized United States to launch a campaign against the extremism.[44] Though, the Prime Minister criticized U.S.'s nonproliferation policy and demanded that the United States honour its contractual obligation.[44] She was successful in getting the United States to pass the Brown Amendment which released Pakistani government funds which had been frozen after the Pressler Amendment, However the arms exports ban remained. During her second term, the relationship with P. V. Narasimha Rao of India further deteriorated. As like her father, Benazir Bhutto used the rhetoric opposition to India, campaigning international community against the Indian nuclear programme.[88] On 1 May 1995, Benazir Bhutto used harsh language and publicly warned India for her "continuation of [Indian] nuclear programme would have terrible consequences".[88] India responded to this statement as interfering in India's "internal matter", and the Indian Army fired a RPG near at the Kahuta which further escalating the events leading into the full-fledged war.[3] When the news reached to Benazir Bhutto, she responded by high-alerting the Air Force Strategic Command which, heavily armed Arrows, Griffins, Black Panthers and the Black Spiders (all of these squadrons are part of the Strategic Command) began to take the air sorties and patrol the Indo-Pakistan border on day and night regular missions.[3] On 30 May, India test fired the Prithvi-1 missile near the Pakistan border, which was condemned by Benazir Bhutto.[3] Following this test, Benazir responded by deploying Shaheen-I missile, however these missiles were not armed.[3] Benazir

Bhutto permitted PAF to deploy the Crotale missile defence and the Anza-Mk-III near at the Indian border which escalated the conflict, but it had produced effective results that kept the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force from launching any surprise attack.[3] In 1994, she bought the Agosta submarines and the AIP technology from France to replace the aging Daphn-class submarines for the Pakistan Navy.[89] It was a highly controversial agreement, but it had tripled the Pakistan's naval capabilities that later posed a substantial threat to Indian Navy to launch a naval adventure against Pakistan.;[89] Benazir Bhutto later deployed the Pakistan Navy's Mu-90 torpedo, and authorised a submarine operation to patrol the vicinity of Pakistan naval borders in order to keep Indian Navy away from the economical ports.[89] In 1995, the ISI reported to the Bhutto that P.V. Narasimha Rao, Indian Premier had given an authorisation for nuclear tests, and the tests could be conducted any minute.[3] Benazir responded by putting the country's nuclear arsenal programme on high-alert[90] emergency preparations were made by the government, and Benazir Bhutto ordered the Pakistan Armed Forces to stay on high-alert.[88] However, after the United States interfered, the Indian operations for conducting the nuclear tests were called off and the Japanese tried to provide mediation between both countries.[88] However, in 1996, Benazir Bhutto met with the Japanese officials where she warned India about conducting the nuclear tests, and in the first time, Benazir Bhutto revealed that Pakistan has achieved "parity" with India in its "capacity" to produce nuclear weapons and their "delivery capability."[88] While talking to Indian press, Benazir Bhutto said that Pakistan "cannot afford to negate the parity we maintain with India" in the nuclear area.[88] Benazir Bhutto's statements represent a departure from Pakistan's previous policy of "nuclear ambivalence.[88] Soon after learning this news, Prime minister Benazir Bhutto issued a statement concerning the tests in which she reportedly told the international press and condemned Indian nuclear tests, as she put it: if (India) conducts a nuclear test, it would forced her (Pakistan) to.. "follow suit...The day will never arise... when we (Pakistan)...have to use our knowledge to make and detonate a [nuclear] device and export our [nuclear] technology... Benazir Bhutto, 6 January 1996, [88] Benazir Bhutto also intensified her policy on Indian-held Kashmir by rallying against India.[91] Benazir Bhutto, accompanied by her then-Speaker of the National Assembly Yousaf Raza Gillani (future prime minister) at the Inter-Parliamentary Union meeting at the United Nations, gave a vehement and intensified criticism to India which upset and angered the Indian delegation headed by prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.[91] Vajpayee responded by saying: It is Pakistan which is flouting the United Nations resolution by not withdrawing its forces from Kashmir...You people create problems every time. You know the Kashmiri people themselves acceded to India. First, the Maharajah, then the Kashmiri parliament both decided to go with India".[91] In 1996, Benazir Bhutto attacked the Indian nuclear programme and warned India of "tragic consequences".[92] Bhutto criticised Indian held-Kashmir and described it as the worst example of Indian intransigence.[92] Benazir also countered Indian allegation for Pakistan's putative nuclear test as "baseless allegation".[92] Bhutto criticised India as a bid to hide its plan to explode a nuclear device, and failure to cover up its domestic problems including its failure in

suppressing the freedom struggle in Kashmir.[92] [edit] Relations with military During her first term, Benazir Bhutto had strained relationship with the Pakistan Armed Forces, especially with Pakistan Army. Chief of Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Beg had cold relations with the elected prime minister, and continued to undermine her authority. As for the military appointments, Benazir Bhutto refused to appoint General Beg as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, instead invited Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey to take the chairmanship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[93][94] In 1988, Benazir Bhutto appointed Air Chief Marshal Hakimullah as the Chief of Air Staff and Admiral Jastural Haq as the Chief of Naval Staff. In 1988, shortly after assuming the office, Benazir Bhutto paid a visit to Siachen region, to boost the moral of the soldiers who fought the Siachen war with India.[95] This was the first visit of any civilian leader to any military war-zone area since the country's independence in 1947.[95] In 1988, Benazir appointed Major-General Pervez Musharraf as Director-General of the Army Directorate General for Military Operations (DGMO); and then-Brigadier-General Ishfaq Pervez Kayani as her Military-Secretary.[96] In 1989, the Pakistan Army exposed the alleged Operation Midnight Jackal against the government of Benazir Bhutto.[97] When she learned the news, Benazir Bhutto ordered the arrest and trial of former ISI officer Brigadier Imtiaz Ahmad and Major Amir Khan, it was later revealed that it was General Beg who was behind this plot.[97] General Beg soon paid the price in 1993 elections, when Benazir Bhutto politically destroyed the former general and his career was over before taking any shifts in politics.[97] During her first term, Benazir Bhutto had successfully removed senior military officers including LieutenantGenerals Hamid Gul, Zahid Ali Akbar, General Jamal Ahmad Khan, and Admiral Tarik Kamal Khan, all of whom had anti-democratic views and were closely aligned to General Zia-ul-Haq, replacing them with officers who were educated in Western military institutes and academies, generally the ones with more westernised democratic views.[98] During her second term, Benazir Bhutto's relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces took a different and pro-Bhutto approach, when she carefully appointed General Abdul Waheed as the Chief of Army Staff.[98] General Abdul Waheed was an uptight, strict, and a professional officer with a views of Westernized democracy. Benazir also appointed Admiral Saeed Mohammad Khan as Chief of Naval Staff; General Abbas Khattak as Chief of Air Staff.[98] Whilst, Air Chief Marshal Farooq Feroze Khan was appointed Chairman Joint Chiefs who was the first (and to date only) Pakistani air officer to have reached to such 4 star assignment. Benazir Bhutto enjoyed a strong relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces, and President who was hand-picked by her did not questioned her authority.[98] She hand-picked officers and promoted them based on their pro-democracy views while the puppet President gave constitutional authorisation for their promotion.[98] The senior military leadership including Jehangir Karamat, Pervez Musharraf, Ashfaq Pervez Kayani, Ali Kuli Khan, Farooq Feroze Khan, Abbas Khattak and Fasih Bokhari, had strong Western democratic views, and were generally close to Bhutto as they had resisted Nawaz Sharif's conservatism.[98] Unlike Nawaz Sharif's second democratic term, Benazir worked with the military on many issues where the military disagreement, solving many problems relating directly to civil-military relations.[98] Her tough and hardline policies on Afghanistan, Kashmir and India, which the military had backed Benazir Bhutto staunchly.[98]

After the assassination was attempted, Benazir Bhutto's civilian security team headed under Rehman Malik (now current interior minister), was disbanded by the Pakistan Army whose XCorps' 111th Psychological Brigade an army brigade tasked with countering the psychological warfare took control of the security of Benazir Bhutto, that directly reported to Chief of Army Staff and the Prime Minister.[98] Benazir Bhutto ordered General Abdul Waheed Kakar and the Lieutenant-General Javed Ashraf Qazi director-general of ISI, to start a sting and manhunt operation to hunt down the ringmaster, Ramzi Yousef. After few arrests and intensive manhunt search, the ISI finally captured Ramzi before he could flew the country.[98] In matter of weeks, Ramzi was secretly extradited to the United States, while the ISI managed to kill or apprehend all the culprits behind the plot. In 1995, she personally appointed General Naseem Rana as the Director-General of the ISI, who later commanded the Pakistan Army's assets in which came to known as "Pakistan's secret war in Afghanistan.[98] During this course, General Rana directly reported to the prime minister, and led the intelligence operations after which were approved by Benazir Bhutto. In 1995, Benazir also appointed Admiral Mansurul Haq as the Chief of Naval Staff, as the Admiral had personal contacts with the Benazir's family. However, it was the Admiral's large-scale corruption, sponsored by her husband Asif Zardari, that shrinked the credibility of Benazir Bhutto by the end of 1996 that led to end of her government after all.[98] [edit] Policy on Taliban Main articles: Pakistani state terrorism, Afghan Taliban, and Afghanistan-Pakistan relations The year of 1996 was crucial for Benazir Bhutto's policy on Afghanistan when Pakistan-backed extremely religious group, the Taliban, took power in Kabul in September 1996.[99] It was during Benazir Bhutto's rule that the Taliban gained prominence in Afghanistan and many of her government, including herself, had backed the Taliban for gaining the control of Afghanistan.[99] She continued her father's policy on Afghanistan taking aggressive measures to curb the antiPakistan sentiments in Afghanistan. During this time, many in the international community at the time, including the United States government, viewed the Taliban as a group that could stabilise Afghanistan and enable trade access to the Central Asian republics, according to author Stephen Coll.[100] He claims that her government provided military and financial support for the Taliban, even sending a small unit of the Pakistan Army into Afghanistan.[99] Benazir had approved the appointment of Lieutenant-General Naseem Rana who she affectionately referred to him as "Georgy Zhukov"; and had reported to her while providing strategic support to Taliban.[99] During her regime, Benazir Bhutto's government had controversially supported the hardline Taliban, and many of her government officials were providing financial assistance to the Taliban.[99] Fazal-ur-Rehman, a right-wing cleric, had a traditionally deep influence on Benazir Bhutto as he convinced[101] and later assisted Benazir Bhutto to help the regime of Taliban she established the Taliban's Afghanistan.[101] Under her government, Pakistan had recognised the Taliban regime as legitimate government in Afghanistan, allowing the Taliban to open an embassy in Islamabad. In 1996, the newly appointed Afghan Ambassador to Pakistan Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef presented her diplomatic credentials while he paying a visit to her.[99] However during 2007, she took an anti-Taliban

stance, and condemned terrorist acts allegedly committed by the Taliban and their supporters.[102] [edit] Coup d'tat attempt Main article: 1995 Pakistani coup d'tat attempt In 1995, Benazir Bhutto's government survived an attempted coup d'tat hatched by renegade military officers of the Pakistan Army. The culprit and ringleader of the coup was a junior level officer, Major-General Zahirul Islam Abbasi, who had radical views. Others included BrigadierGenerals Mustansir Billa, and Qari Saifullah of Pakistan Army. The secret ISI learned of this plot and tipped off the Pakistan Army and at midnight before the coup could take place, it was thwarted. The coup was exposed by Lieutenant-General (retired) Ali Kuli Khan, at that time Major-General and head of the Military Intelligence, and Lieutenant-General (retired) Jehangir Karamat, Chief of General Staff. The Military Intelligence led the arrest of 36 army officers and 20 civilians in Rawalpindi; General Ali Kuli Khan reported to Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto early morning and submitted his report on the coup. After learning this, Benazir was angered and dismayed, therefore a full-fledged running court martial was formed by Benazir Bhutto. Prime Minister Benazir issued arrests of numbers of religiously conservatives leaders and therefore denied the amnesty and clemency calls made by the Army officers. By the 1996, all of the dissident officers were either jailed or shot dead by the Pakistan Army and a report was submitted to the Prime minister. General Kuli Khan and General Karamat received wide appreciation from the prime minister and were decorated with the civilian decorations and award by her. [edit] Death of younger brother Main article: Murtaza Bhutto In 1996, the Bhutto family suffered another tragedy in Sindh Province, Benazir Bhutto's stronghold and political lair.[103] Murtaza Bhutto, Benazir Bhutto's younger brother, was controversially and publicly shot down in a police encounter in Karachi.[103] Since 1989, Murtaza and Benazir had a series of disagreements on formulating the Pakistan Peoples Party's policies and Murtaza's opposition towards Benazir's operations against the Urdu-speaking class.[103] Murtaza also developed serious disagreement with Benazir's spouse Asif Ali Zardari, and unsuccessfully attempted to remove his influence in the government.[103] Benazir and Murtaza's mother, Nusrat Bhutto, sided with Murtaza which also dismayed the daughter.[103] In a controversial interview, Benazir declared that Pakistan only needed one Bhutto, not two, though she denied giving or passing any comments.[103] Her younger brother increasingly made it difficult for her to run the government after he raised voices against Benazir's alleged corruption.[103] Alone in Sindh, Benazir lost the support of the province to her younger brother.[103] At the political campaign, Murtaza demanded party elections inside the Pakistan Peoples Party, which according to Zardari, Benazir would have lost due to Nusrat backing Murtaza and many workers inside the party being willing to see Murtaza as the country's Prime minister as well as the chair of the party.[103] More problems arose when Abdullah Shah Lakiyari, Chief Minister of Sindh, and allegedly her spouse created disturbances in Murtaza's

political campaign.[103] On 20 September 1996, in a controversial police encounter, Murtaza Bhutto was shot dead near his residence along with six other party activists.[103] As the news reached all of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto hurriedly returned to Karachi, and an emergency was proclaimed in the entire province.[103] Benazir Bhutto's limo was stoned by angered PPP members when she tried to visit Murtaza's funeral ceremonies.[103] Her brother's death had crushed their mother, and she was immediately admitted to the local hospital after learning that her son had been killed.[104] At Murtaza's funeral, Nusrat accused Benazir and Zardari of being responsible, and vowed to pursue prosecution.[104][105][106] President Farooq Leghari, who dismissed the Bhutto government seven weeks after Murtaza's death, also suspected Benazir and Zardari's involvement.[105] Several of Pakistan's leading newspapers alleged that Zardari wanted his brother-in-law out of the way because of Murtaza's activities as head of a breakaway faction of the PPP.[105] In all, after this incident, Benazir Bhutto lost all support from Sindh Province. Public opinion later turned against her, with many believing that her spouse was involved in the murder, a claim her spouse strongly rejected.[103] [edit] Dismissal In spite of her tough rhetorical actions to subdue her political rivals and neighbouring India and Afghanistan, the government corruption heightened and exceeded its limits during her second regime by her appointed government members and cabinet ministers, most notable figures were both Asif Ali Zardari and Admiral Mansurl Haq. Soon after the death of her younger brother, Benazir Bhutto widely became unpopular and public opinion turned against her government.[107] In Sindh Province, Benazir Bhutto lost all the support from the powerful feudal lords and political spectrum that turned against her.[107] In 1996, the major civil-military scandal became internationally and nationally known when her spouse Asif Ali Zardari (now the current President of Pakistan) was linked with then-Chief of Naval Staff and former Admiral Mansurol Haque. Known as Agosta class scandal, many of higher naval admirals and government officials of both French and Pakistan were accused to have gotten heavy commissions while the deal was disclosed to sell this sensitive submarine technology to Pakistan Navy.[107] In November 1996, Bhutto's government was dismissed by Leghari primarily because of corruption and Murtaza's death,[105] who used the Eighth Amendment discretionary powers to dissolve the government. Benazir was surprised when she discovered that it was not the military who had dismissed her but her own hand-picked puppet President who had used the power to dismiss her. She turned to the Supreme Court hoping for gaining Leghari's actions unconstitutional. But the Supreme Court justified and affirmed President Leghari's dismissal in a 61 ruling.[108] Many military leaders who were close to Prime minister rather than the President, did not wanted Benazir Bhutto's government to fall, as they resisted the Nawaz Sharif's conservatism.[98] When President Leghari, through public media, discovered that General Kakar (Chief of Army Staff), General Khattak (Chief of Air Staff), and Admiral Haq (Chief of Naval Staff) had been backing Benazir to come back in the government; President Leghari aggressively responded by dismissing the entire military leadership by bringing the pro-western democracy views but neutral military leadership that would supervise the upcoming elections. This was the move that Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif (elected in 1997) did repeat in 1999, when Nawaz Sharif had deposed General Jehangir Karamat after developing serious disagreements on the

issues of national security. (see Dismissal of General Jehangir Karamat). Criticism against Benazir Bhutto came from the powerful political spectrum of the Punjab Province and the Kashmir Province who opposed Benazir Bhutto, particularly the nationalisation issue that led the lost of Punjab's privatised industries under the hands of her government. Bhutto blamed this opposition for the destabilisation of Pakistan.[107] Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Jehangir Karamat at one point intervened in the conflict between President and the Prime Minister, and urged Benazir Bhutto to focus on good governance and her ambitious programme of making the country the welfare state, but the misconduct of her cabinet ministers continued and the corruption which she was unable to struck it down with a full force.[98] Her younger brother's death had devastating effect on Benazir's image and her political career that shrunk her and her party's entire credibility.[98] At one point, Chairman of Joint Chiefs General Jehangir Karamat noted that: In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a mirror image of the society from which it is drawn. General Jehangir Karamat commenting on Benazir's dismissal, [98] Soon after her government was ended, the Naval intelligence led the arrest of Chief of Naval Staff and acquitted him with a running court-martial sat up at the Naval Judge Advocate General Corps led by active duty 4-star admiral.[107] Many of her government members and cabinet ministers including her spouse were thrown in jails and the trials were sat up at the civilian Supreme Court. Faced with serious charges by the Navaz Sharif's government, Bhutto flew to Dubai with her three young children while her spouse was thrown in jail. Shortly after rising to power in a 1999 military coup, General Pervez Musharraf characterized Bhutto's terms as an "era of sham democracy" and others characterized her terms a period of corrupt, failed governments.[109]

[edit] Parliamentary opposition (19961999)

Benazir Bhutto suffered wide range public disapproval after the intense corruption cases were made public, and it was clearly seen after Benazir Bhutto's defeat in 1997 parliamentary elections.[110] Soon, Benazir left for Dubai taking her three children with her, while her husband was set to face trial.[110] Bhutto assumed the position of Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament despite living in Dubai, working to enhance her public image whilst being supportive of public reforms. In 1998, soon after the Indian nuclear tests, Benazir publicly called for the tests, rallying and pressuring the elected Prime minister Nawaz Sharif to take the decision.[111] Benazir had political intelligence from within close circles of the prime minister that Nawaz Sharif was reluctant and hesitated to give authorisation to the tests. Therefore, it was felt, her public call for the Test would increase her popularity.[111] However, this move backfired when the Prime minister indeed authorised and gave orders to the scientists from PAEC and KRL to conduct the tests. A wide range of approvals of these tests was conceived by the Prime Minister; the public image and prestige of Nawaz Sharif was at its peak point.[111] As for Benazir, it was another political

defeat and her image gradually declined in 1998.[110] However, Pakistan entered in the year of 1999 that brought dramatic changes for Benazir Bhutto as well as the entire country.[103] Benazir criticized Sharif for violating the Armed Forces's code of conduct when the prime minister illegally appointed General Pervez Musharraf as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[103] Senior scientist, dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, also criticised the Prime minister for making this move and rendered as prime minister's unforgettable and biggest mistake, though he traced his remarks later.[103] In early months of 1999, Sharif remained widely popular while Sharif took initiatives to make peace with neighbouring India.[103] However, this all changed when Pakistan became involved with unpopular and undeclared war with India.[103] This conflict, known as Kargil war, brought international embarrassment for the country, and the prime minister's public image and prestige was destroyed in matter of two months.[103] Benazir gave rogue criticism to the prime minister, and called the Kargil War, "Pakistan's greatest blunder"[citation needed] Lieutenant-General (retired) Ali Kuli Khan, Director-General of ISI at that time, also publicly criticised the prime minister and labelled this war as "a disaster bigger than East Pakistan".[112] Benazir Bhutto, now joined by religious and liberal forces, made a tremendous effort to destroy the prestige and credibility of her political enemy, according to south Asia expert William Dalrymple.[110] In August 1999, Sharif soon faced an event that completely shattered what remained of his image and support. Two Indian Air Force MiG-21FL fighters shot down a Pakistan Navy reconnaissance plane, killing 16 naval officers. Benazir Bhutto criticised Sharif for having failed to gather any support from the navy.[103] Sharif's relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces deteriorated as the Armed Forces began to criticise the prime minister for causing the military disasters.[103] During this time, Benazir's approval ratings were favourable and received a wide range of positive approvals in society.[103] The Armed Forces Chiefs remained sympathetic towards Benazir as she continued to criticise the now unpopular Sharif.[103] I went over the statement with [American] officials.... and [I] find there is (nothing) which supports the ...(Nawaz) Government. Before December of...(1999)... Nawaz Sharif's premiership and his... government would fall.... Benazir Bhutto, Statement issued on 25 September 1999, [113] Benazir Bhutto was highly confident that her party would secure an overwhelming victory in the coming Senate elections on 1999 on Nawaz Sharif's conservatives in the Senate due to widespread unpopularity of the prime minister.[103] Controversially, when the coup d'tat was initiated by the Pakistan Armed Forces, Benazir Bhutto did not issue any comments or criticism, rather remaining silent in support of General Pervez Musharraf, as noted by south Asia expert William Dalrymple.[110] Benazir remained supportive towards General Musharraf's coordinated arrests of Nawaz Sharif's supporters and staff in Pakistan.[103] Ultimately, General Musharraf had destroyed and shattered Nawaz Sharif's political presence in Sindh and Kashmir Provinces.[103] Many political offices of Sharif's constituency were forcefully closed and Sharif's sympathetic elements were jailed. In 2002, Benazir Bhutto and the MQM made a side-line deal with General Musharraf that allows

both to continue underground political activities in Sindh and Kashmir Provinces and to fill the gap after Musharraf had destroyed Sharif's presence in the both provinces.[103] The effects of the arrests was seen clearly in the 2008 parliamentary elections, when Nawaz Sharif failed to secure support back in Sindh and Kashmir Provinces.[103] The PPP and the MQM formed the coalition government in 2008 in Sindh and Kashmir Provinces and strongly opposed Nawaz Sharif in both provinces.[103]

[edit] Charges of corruption

Main article: Corruption charges against Benazir Bhutto After the dismissal of Bhutto's first government on 6 August 1990 by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan on the grounds of corruption, the government of Pakistan issued directives to its intelligence agencies to investigate the allegations. After national elections held shortly after, Nawaz Sharif became the Prime Minister and intensified prosecution proceedings against Bhutto. Pakistani embassies through western Europe, in France, Switzerland, Spain, Poland and Britain were directed to investigate the matter. Bhutto and her husband faced a number of legal proceedings, including a charge of laundering money through Swiss banks. Though never convicted, her husband, Asif Ali Zardari, spent eight years in prison on similar corruption charges. After being released on bail in 2004, Zardari suggested that his time in prison involved torture; human rights groups have supported his claim that his rights were violated.[114] A 1998 New York Times investigative report[115] claims that Pakistani investigators have documents that uncover a network of bank accounts, all linked to the family's lawyer in Switzerland, with Asif Zardari as the principal shareholder. According to the article, documents released by the French authorities indicated that Zardari offered exclusive rights to Dassault, a French aircraft manufacturer, to replace the air force's fighter jets in exchange for a 5% commission to be paid to a Swiss corporation controlled by Zardari. The article also said a Dubai company received an exclusive license to import gold into Pakistan for which Asif Zardari received payments of more than $10 million into his Dubai-based Citibank accounts. The owner of the company denied that he had made payments to Zardari and claims the documents were forged. Bhutto maintained that the charges levelled against her and her husband were purely political.[116][117] An Auditor General of Pakistan (AGP) report supports Bhutto's claim. It presents information suggesting that Benazir Bhutto was ousted from power in 1990 as a result of a witch hunt approved by then-president Ghulam Ishaq Khan. The AGP report says Khan illegally paid legal advisers 28 million rupees to file 19 corruption cases against Bhutto and her husband in 199092.[118] Yet the assets held by Bhutto and her husband continue to be scrutinised and speculated about. The prosecutors have alleged that their Swiss bank accounts contain 740 million.[119] Zardari also bought a neo-Tudor mansion and estate worth over 4 million in Surrey, England, UK.[120][121] The Pakistani investigations have tied other overseas properties to Zardari's family. These include a $2.5 million manor in Normandy owned by Zardari's parents, who had modest assets at the time of his marriage.[115] Bhutto denied holding substantive overseas assets.

Despite numerous cases and charges of corruption registered against Bhutto by Nawaz Sharif between 1996 and 1999 and Pervez Musharraf from 1999 until 2008, she was yet to be convicted in any case after a lapse of twelve years since their commencement. The cases were withdrawn by the government of Pakistan after the return to power of Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party in 2008.

[edit] Early 2000s (decade) in exile

By the end of 1990s, the one-time populist prime minister Nawaz Sharif had became widely unpopular, and following the military coup, Sharif's credibility, image, and even his career was destroyed by General Pervez Musharraf in Pakistan. Musharraf formed the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) in order to politically banish the former prime minister's party support in Balochistan, Punjab, Sindh, Khyber, and Kashmir Provinces. The Pakistan Muslim League (Q) had consisted of those who were initially part of the former prime minister's party but then moved with Musharraf in order to avoid prosecution and going to jail. The year of 2000 brought positive changes for Benazir Bhutto who widely became unpopular in Pakistan in 1996. In the 2000s decade, following the declassification of secret Hamoodur Rahman Commission's papers and other secret documents of 1970s, Benazir Bhutto's support in Pakistan began to rally. Her image in the country widely became positive and People's Party seemed to be coming back in the government soon the new elections were scheduled to take place. Amid fear of coming back of Benazir Bhutto threatened Pervez Musharraf, therefore, Musharraf released many of the political prisoners of the liberal-secular force, the Mutahidda Qaumi Movement (MQM). Musharraf saw MQM as the vital political weapon of holding back of Pakistan Peoples Party. But, MQM had only support in Karachi at that time, and lacked its support to urban areas of Sindh, which remained a vital threat for Musharraf. Therefore, in 2002, Pakistan president Pervez Musharraf amended Pakistan's constitution to ban prime ministers from serving more than two terms, fearing the comeback of Benazir Bhutto. This disqualified Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif from ever holding the office again. This move was widely considered to be a direct attack on former prime ministers Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif. On 3 August 2003, Bhutto became a member of Minhaj ul Quran International (an international Muslim educational and welfare organisation).[122][123][124]

[edit] Public life

While living in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, she cared for her three children and her mother Nusrat, who was suffering from Alzheimer's disease, travelling to give lectures and keeping in touch with the PPP's supporters. They were reunited with her husband in December 2004 after more than five years.[125][126][127][128] In 2006, Interpol issued a request for the arrest of Bhutto and her husband on corruption charges, at the request of Pakistan. The Bhuttos questioned the legality of the requests in a letter to Interpol.[129] On 27 January 2007, she was invited by the United States to speak to President George W. Bush and Congressional and State Department officials.[130] Bhutto appeared as a panellist on the BBC TV programme Question Time in the UK in March 2007. She has also appeared on BBC current affairs programme Newsnight on several occasions. She rebuffed comments made by Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq in May 2007 regarding the knighthood of Salman Rushdie, citing that he was calling for the assassination of

foreign citizens.[131][132][133]

[edit] Intention to return to Pakistan

Bhutto had declared her intention to return to Pakistan within 2007, which she did, in spite of Musharraf's statements of May 2007 about not allowing her to return ahead of the country's general election, due late 2007 or early 2008. It was speculated that she may have been offered the office of Prime Minister again.[134][135][136]

[edit] Attitudes toward Urdu-speaking class

In 1980s, Benazir Bhutto removed the Urdu-speaking Dr. Mubashir Hassan, co-founder of Pakistan People's Party and close friend of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Some attribute this is her dislike of "muhajirs" whilst others attribute it to Dr Hasan being unhappy with PPP's move away from traditional socialism and anti US spirit.[137] From the inception of the party, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto had enjoyed a strong relations with Urdu-speaking communities and muhajirs had strong base in People's Party of Pakistan, and remained supporter of her father until the end. Many attribute Benazir's hatred towards Muhajir, was the imposition of martial law and then hanging of her father by General Zia-ul-Haq, a Punjabi muhajir from Jalandhar.

[edit] U.S. attempt for a Musharaff-Bhutto deal

By mid-2007, the U.S. appeared to be pushing for a deal in which Musharraf remained president and step down as military head, and either Bhutto or one of her nominees became prime minister.[136] On 11 July 2007, the Associated Press, in an article about the possible aftermath of the Red Mosque incident, wrote: Benazir Bhutto, the former prime minister and opposition leader expected by many to return from exile and join Musharraf in a power-sharing deal after year-end general elections, praised him for taking a tough line on the Red Mosque. "I'm glad there was no cease-fire with the militants in the mosque because cease-fires simply embolden the militants," she told Britain's Sky TV on Tuesday. "There will be a backlash, but at some time we have to stop appeasing the militants."[138] This remark about the Red Mosque was seen with dismay in Pakistan as reportedly hundreds of young students were burned to death and remains are untraceable and cases are being heard in Pakistani supreme court as a missing persons issue. This and subsequent support for Musharraf led Elder Bhutto's comrades like Khar to criticise her publicly.[citation needed] Bhutto however advised Musharraf in an early phase of the latter's quarrel with the Chief Justice, to restore him. Her PPP did not capitalise on its CEC member, Aitzaz Ahsan, the chief Barrister for the Chief Justice, in successful restoration. Rather he was seen as a rival and was isolated.

[edit] 2002 election

The Bhutto-led PPP secured the highest number of votes (28.42%) and won eighty seats (23.16%) in the national assembly during the October 2002 general elections.[139] Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) managed to win only eighteen seats. Some of the elected candidates of PPP formed a faction of their own, calling it PPP-Patriots, which was being led by Faisal Saleh Hayat, the former leader of Bhutto-led PPP. They later formed a coalition government with Musharraf's party, PML-Q.

[edit] Return to Pakistan

[edit] Possible deal with the Musharraf Government
In mid-2002 Musharraf implemented a two-term limit on Prime Ministers. Both Bhutto and Musharraf's other chief rival, Nawaz Sharif, had already served two terms as Prime Minister.[140] In July 2007, some of Bhutto's frozen funds were released.[141] Bhutto continued to face significant charges of corruption. In an 8 August 2007 interview with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Bhutto revealed the meeting focused on her desire to return to Pakistan for the 2008 elections, and of Musharraf retaining the Presidency with Bhutto as Prime Minister. On 29 August 2007, Bhutto announced that Musharraf would step down as chief of the army.[142][143] On 1 September 2007, Bhutto vowed to return to Pakistan "very soon", regardless of whether or not she reached a power-sharing deal with Musharraf before then.[144] On 17 September 2007, Bhutto accused Musharraf's allies of pushing Pakistan into crisis by their refusal to permit democratic reforms and power-sharing. A nine-member panel of Supreme Court judges deliberated on six petitions (including one from Jamaat-e-Islami, Pakistan's largest Islamic group) asserting that Musharraf be disqualified from contending for the presidency of Pakistan. Bhutto stated that her party could join one of the opposition groups, potentially that of Nawaz Sharif. Attorney-general Malik Mohammed Qayyum stated that, pendente lite, the Election Commission was "reluctant" to announce the schedule for the presidential vote. Bhutto's party's Farhatullah Babar stated that the Constitution of Pakistan could bar Musharraf from being elected again because he was already chief of the army: "As Gen. Musharraf was disqualified from contesting for President, he has prevailed upon the Election Commission to arbitrarily and illegally tamper with the Constitution of Pakistan."[145] Musharraf prepared to switch to a strictly civilian role by resigning from his position as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He still faced other legal obstacles to running for reelection. On 2 October 2007, Gen. Musharraf named Lt. Gen. Ashfaq Kayani, as vice chief of the army starting 8 October with the intent that if Musharraf won the presidency and resigned his military post, Kayani would become chief of the army. Meanwhile, Minister Sheikh Rashid Ahmed stated that officials agreed to grant Benazir Bhutto amnesty versus pending corruption charges. She has emphasised the smooth transition and return to civilian rule and has asked Pervez Musharraf to shed uniform.[146] On 5 October 2007, Musharraf signed the National Reconciliation Ordinance, giving amnesty to Bhutto and other political leadersexcept exiled

former premier Nawaz Sharifin all court cases against them, including all corruption charges. The Ordinance came a day before Musharraf faced the crucial presidential poll. Both Bhutto's opposition party, the PPP, and the ruling PMLQ, were involved in negotiations beforehand about the deal.[147] In return, Bhutto and the PPP agreed not to boycott the Presidential election.[148] On 6 October 2007, Musharraf won a parliamentary election for President. However, the Supreme Court ruled that no winner can be officially proclaimed until it finishes deciding on whether it was legal for Musharraf to run for President while remaining Army General. Bhutto's PPP party did not join the other opposition parties' boycott of the election, but did abstain from voting.[149] Later, Bhutto demanded security coverage on-par with the President's. Bhutto also contracted foreign security firms for her protection.

[edit] Return to Pakistan and the assassination attempt

Main article: 2007 Karachi bombing

While under house arrest, Benazir Bhutto speaks to supporters outside her house. Bhutto was well aware of the risk to her own life that might result from her return from exile to campaign for the leadership position. In an interview on 28 September 2007, with reporter Wolf Blitzer of CNN, she readily admitted the possibility of attack on herself.[150] After eight years in exile in Dubai and London, Bhutto returned to Karachi on 18 October 2007, to prepare for the 2008 national elections.[151][152][153][154] En route to a rally in Karachi on 18 October 2007, two explosions occurred shortly after Bhutto had landed and left Jinnah International Airport. She was not injured but the explosions, later found to be a suicide-bomb attack, killed 136 people and injured at least 450. The dead included at least 50 of the security guards from her PPP who had formed a human chain around her truck to keep potential bombers away, as well as six police officers. A number of senior officials were injured. Bhutto, after nearly ten hours of the parade through Karachi, ducked back down into the steel command center to remove her sandals from her swollen feet, moments before the bomb went off.[155] She was escorted unharmed from the scene.[156] Bhutto later claimed that she had warned the Pakistani government that suicide bomb squads would target her upon her return to Pakistan and that the government had failed to act. She was careful not to blame Pervez Musharraf for the attacks, accusing instead "certain individuals within the government who abuse their positions, who abuse their powers" to advance the cause of Islamic militants. Shortly after the attempt on her life, Bhutto wrote a letter to Musharraf

naming four persons whom she suspected of carrying out the attack. Those named included[citation needed] Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, a rival PML-Q politician and chief minister of Pakistan's Punjab province, Hamid Gul, former director of the Inter-Services Intelligence, and Ijaz Shah, the director general of the Intelligence Bureau, another of the country's intelligence agencies. All those named are close associates of General Musharraf. Bhutto had a long history of accusing parts of the government, particularly Pakistan's premier military intelligence agencies, of working against her and her party because they oppose her liberal, secular agenda. Bhutto claimed that the ISI has for decades backed militant Islamic groups in Kashmir and in Afghanistan.[156] She was protected by her vehicle and a "human cordon" of supporters who had anticipated suicide attacks and formed a chain around her to prevent potential bombers from getting near her. The total number of injured, according to PPP sources, stood at 1000, with at least 160 dead (The New York Times claims 134 dead and about 450 injured). A few days later, Bhutto's lawyer Senator Farooq H. Naik said he received a letter threatening to kill his client.

[edit] 2007 State of Emergency and response

Main article: 2007 Pakistani state of emergency On 3 November 2007, President Pervez Musharraf declared a state of emergency, citing actions by the Supreme Court of Pakistan and religious extremism in the nation. Bhutto returned to the country, interrupting a visit to family in Dubai. She was greeted by supporters chanting slogans at the airport. After staying in her plane for several hours she was driven to her home in Lahore, accompanied by hundreds of supporters. While acknowledging that Pakistan faced a political crisis, she noted that Musharraf's declaration of emergency, unless lifted, would make it very difficult to have fair elections. She commented that "The extremists need a dictatorship, and dictatorship needs extremists."[157][158][159] On 8 November 2007, Bhutto was placed under house arrest just a few hours before she was due to lead and address a rally against the state of emergency. The following day, the Pakistani government announced that Bhutto's arrest warrant had been withdrawn and that she was free to travel and to appear at public rallies. However, leaders of other opposition political parties remained prohibited from speaking in public.

[edit] Preparation for 2008 elections

On 2 November 2007, Bhutto participated in an interview with David Frost on Al Jazeera, stating Osama Bin Laden had been murdered by Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, who is one of the men convicted of kidnapping and killing U.S. journalist Daniel Pearl. Frost never asked a follow up question regarding the claim that Bin Laden was dead.[160] Her interview could later be viewed on BBC's website, although it was initially distorted by the BBC as her claim about Bin Laden's death was taken out. But, once people discovered this and started posting evidence on YouTube, the BBC replaced its version with the version that was originally aired on Al Jazeera.[161]

On 24 November 2007, Bhutto filed her nomination papers for January's Parliamentary elections; two days later, she filed papers in the Larkana constituency for two regular seats. She did so as former Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, following seven years of exile in Saudi Arabia, made his much-contested return to Pakistan and bid for candidacy.[162] When sworn in again on 30 November 2007, this time as a civilian president after relinquishing his post as military chief, Musharraf announced his plan to lift the Pakistan's state of emergency rule on 16 December. Bhutto welcomed the announcement and launched a manifesto outlining her party's domestic issues. Bhutto told journalists in Islamabad that her party, the PPP, would focus on "the five E's": employment, education, energy, environment, equality.[163][164] On 4 December 2007, Bhutto met with Nawaz Sharif to publicise their demand that Musharraf fulfill his promise to lift the state of emergency before January's parliamentary elections, threatening to boycott the vote if he failed to comply. They promised to assemble a committee that would present to Musharraf the list of demands upon which their participation in the election was contingent.[165][166] On 8 December 2007, three unidentified gunmen stormed Bhutto's PPP office in the southern western province of Balochistan. Three of Bhutto's supporters were killed.[167]

[edit] Assassination
Main article: Assassination of Benazir Bhutto

Memorial at the site of the assassination On 27 December 2007, Bhutto was killed while leaving a campaign rally for the PPP at Liaquat National Bagh in the run-up to the January 2008 parliamentary elections. After entering her bulletproof vehicle, Bhutto stood up through its sunroof to wave to the crowds. At this point, a gunman fired shots at her, and subsequently explosives were detonated near the vehicle killing approximately 20 people.[168] Bhutto was critically wounded and was rushed to Rawalpindi General Hospital. She was taken into surgery at 17:35 local time, and pronounced dead at 18:16.[169][170][171] The cause of death, whether it was gunshot wounds, the explosion, or a combination thereof, was not fully determined until February 2008. Eventually, Scotland Yard investigators concluded that it was due to blunt force trauma to the head as she was tossed by the explosion.[172]

The events leading up to Benazir Bhutto's death correlated with the protest in 1992. In the month of December, Bhutto met with Nawaz Sharif and expressed frustration with their government. In response, a rally was conducted in Rawalpindi, the same place as 1992. Alternatively, these events resulted in her death in 2007. Al-Qaeda commander Mustafa Abu al-Yazid claimed responsibility for the attack,[173] and the Pakistani government stated that it had proof that Baitullah Mehsud, affiliated with Lashkar i Jhangvian al-Qaeda-linked militant groupwas the mastermind.[174] However this was vigorously disputed by the Bhutto family, the Pakistan Peoples Party that Bhutto had headed, and by Mehsud.[175] On 12 February 2011, an Anti-Terrorism Court in Rawalpindi issued an arrest warrant for Musharraf, claiming he was aware of an impending assassination attempt by the Taliban, but did not pass the information on to those responsible for protecting Bhutto.[176] After the assassination, there were initially a number of riots resulting in approximately 20 deaths, of which three were of police officers.[177] President Musharraf decreed a three-day period of mourning. Bhutto's 19-year-old son Bilawal Bhutto Zardari succeeded his mother as titular head of the PPP, with his father effectively running the party until his son completes his studies at Christ Church, Oxford.[178]

[edit] Controversies
[edit] Nuclear proliferation with North Korea
See also: Pakistan North Korea relations, North Korean nuclear program, and Nuclear proliferation The defence cooperation between North Korea and Pakistan started sometime in 1994 and the country led by Benazir Bhutto and her personal role had much more deeper and controversial role in North Korea's nuclear programme.[179] Zulfikar Ali Bhutto had lasting friendship with Kim Il-sung founder of the North Korean communist state.[179] In a state visit paid by Benazir Bhutto in 1994, Benazir Bhutto closed the deal with the transfer of North Korean missile technology in return of nuclear technology, an allegation Benazir Bhutto had strongly dismissed the claims.[179] According to Zahid Hussain, author of "Frontline Pakistan", there was a huge respect for Benazir Bhutto and as directly persuaded by the North Korean military leadership to go and meet with Kim Jong-il.[179] Shyam Bhatia, an Indian journalist, alleged in his book Goodbye Shahzadi that in 1993, Bhutto had downloaded secret information on uranium enrichment, through Pakistan's former top scientist dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, to give to North Korea in exchange for information on developing ballistic missiles (Rodong-1) and that Bhutto had asked him to not tell the story during her lifetime. Nuclear expert David Albright of the Institute of Science and International Security said the allegations "made sense" given the timeline of North Korea's nuclear program. George Perkovich of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace called Bhatia a "smart and serious guy." Selig Harrison of the Center for International Policy called Bhatia "credible on

Bhutto." The officials at the Pakistan Embassy in Washington, D.C. denied the claims and a senior U.S. Department of State officials dismissed them, insisting that Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, who had been earlier accused of proliferating secrets to North Korea (only to deny them later, prior to Bhatia's book), was the source.[180] In spite of Pakistan Government's denial. In 2012, senior scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan, summed up to The News International that "the transfer of nuclear technology was not so easy that one could put it into his pocket and hand it over to another country."[181] Abdul Qadeer Khan also asserted that: "The-then prime minister (Mohtarma) Benazir Bhutto summoned me and named the two countries which were to be assisted and issued clear directions in this regard."[181]

[edit] Position on 1998 Tests

Main articles: Chagai-I and Chagai-II In May 1998, India detonated its five nuclear devices in Pokhran Test Range, and established itself as the sixth nuclear power.[182] Benazir and the top elite members her central committee publicly called for Pakistan's nuclear tests in response.[182] It was later confirmed that Benazir and the People's Party had political gains for the calls of conducting atomic tests to increase their popularity numbers on the country's political scoring board, which had been shattered in the 1996 scandals.[183] However, Benazir's calls for the tests gained momentum on Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to order and authorise the nuclear testing programme, which bloomed the Prime minister's reputation at a record level, despite Benazir Bhutto being first to publicly call for them.[183] In recent declassified and undated papers released by Wikileaks in 2011, Benazir Bhutto falsely assured the American diplomats that she was against conducting nuclear tests, as the similar assurances given by Nawaz Sharif to American diplomats.[183] But it later turns out that Benazir Bhutto did not keep to that commitment and made another public calls for Pakistan to conduct tests in reply to Indian nuclear tests (see Pokhran-II).[183] Benazir Bhutto justified that the "eat grass" statements frequently used by her father Zulfikar Bhutto and rival Navaz Sharif have been used to assure people of Pakistan that austerity measures would be adopted but national security would not be compromised.[183] In an undated leaks, Benazir Bhutto was sought by the American diplomats multiple times to soften her stance and support for nuclear tests, and cautioned Benazir Bhutto that her reaction to India's tests had been criticized in the West media.[183] At that meeting, Benazir Bhutto and her party's elite officials notified the senior U.S. diplomats that "PPP publicly state that the issue of tests was too important to be used as a political football.[183] While talking to an unnamed American diplomat, Bhutto said that: "The time for the test had passed and it would have a disastrous impact on Pakistan's national economy and an international reputation.[183] She maintained and famously quoted: "I cannot say these things publicly, but neither will I call for a (nuclear) detonation".[183] After the observing the successful detonation and her rival's public speech, Benazir Bhutto calculated her rival's popularity in Pakistan after the Prime minister Nawaz Sharif had authorized the tests. Benazir Bhutto asserted that these tests "had erased the existed doubts and fear from the minds of people of Pakistan who questioned Pakistan's deterrence capability after 1971 collapse".[184]

[edit] Legacy
Commenting on her legacy, the acclaimed south Asia expert William Dalrymple commented that "It's wrong for the West simply to mourn Benazir Bhutto as a martyred democrat since her legacy was far murkier and more complex".[110] Despite her western and positive image in the world, Bhutto's controversial policies and support have made her legacy much more complicated.[185] Benazir Bhutto failed to revert the controversial Hudood Ordinance a controversial presidential ordinance enforced which is criticised for to subordinate and suppressing woman's rights.[110] In 2009, the CBS News, described her legacy as "mixed", and commented that: "It's only in death that she will become an icon in some ways people will look at her accomplishments through rose-tinted glasses rather than remembering the corruption charges, her lack of achievements or how much she was manipulated by other people."[186]

[edit] Domestic challenges

Original cabinet members of Zulfikar Bhutto did not join Benazir's government, most notably Dr. Mubaschir Hassan who declined to work with Benazir Bhutto supposedly due to disagreement with her policies, notably the issue nationalization. Critics accused Benazir Bhutto of sidelining Urdu-speaking sentiment in the party, feudal leaders, and notable Sindhi nationalists from her party during both terms in government.[187]

[edit] Assessment of 1997 elections

For some observers, it was the worst parliamentary defeat of People's Party and Bhutto since the party's inception where People's party secured only 21.8% of the vote.

[edit] Honors and eponyms

In spite of criticism, Benazir Bhutto, the Iron Lady, remains respected among her rivals, and is often remembered with good wishes.[185] Her rivals always referred to her as B.B. and have never called her by her actual name in accordance to her respect.[185] Benazir Bhutto is often seen as a symbol of women empowerment and participation in national politics as many parties ranging from Liberal-secular, national conservatives to the religious society have now allowed women to be part of their political ideology and fully participate in elections.[185] Her efforts and struggle to save her father and democracy remain a lasting legacy that is deeply respected among in her rivals.[185] The Pakistan government honored Bhutto on her birthday by renaming the Islamabad International Airport as Benazir Bhutto International Airport, Muree Road of Rawalpindi as Benazir Bhutto Road and Rawalpindi General Hospital as Benazir Bhutto Hospital. Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani, a member of Bhutto's PPP, also asked President Pervez Musharraf to pardon convicts on death row on her birthday in honour of Bhutto.[188] The city of Nawabshah in Sindh was renamed Benazirabad in her honour. A university in the Dir Upper district of NWFP was founded in her name.Benazir Income Support Program (BISP), a program which provides benefits to the poorest Pakistanis, is named after Bhutto.[189]

[edit] Benazir Bhutto's books

Benazir Bhutto (1983). Pakistan: the gathering storm. ISBN 978-0-7069-2495-4. http://books.google.com/?id=JkBuAAAAMAAJ. Benazir Bhutto (1989). Daughter of the East. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-123980. http://books.google.com/?id=juVtAAAAMAAJ.

Daughter of the East was also released as:

Benazir Bhutto (1989-03). Daughter of Destiny: An Autobiography. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-66983-6. http://books.google.com/?id=5OVtAAAAMAAJ.

At the time of Bhutto's death, the manuscript for her third book, to be called Reconciliation: Islam, Democracy and the West, had been received by HarperCollins. The book, written with Mark Siegel, was published in February 2008.[190]

Benazir Bhutto (2008). Reconciliation: Islam, Democracy, and the West. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-156758-2. http://books.google.com/?id=tUecIRpP8jcC.

[edit] See also

Pakistan portal Sindh portal Karachi portal Government of Pakistan portal Biography portal Politics portal

Politics of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari Bilawal Bhutto Zardari Benazirabad International reaction to the assassination of Benazir Bhutto Mausoleum of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

[edit] References
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studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1996/01Feb96.html#priv. Retrieved 20 November 2011. 81. ^ a b Aziz, Sartaj (18 May 1995). "The Curse of Stagflation". Sartaj Aziz. Islamabad,: Sartaj Aziz published at the Dawn News. p. 1. http://www.lib.virginia.edu/areastudies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/18My95B.html. Retrieved 26 August 2012. 82. ^ Milam, William B (2009). "The Democratically elected Governmens' Failures to Deal with Economic crises" (google books.). Bangladesh and Pakistan:Flirting with Failure in South Asia. United States: Columbia University Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-23170066-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=JrF2fUx6te0C&pg=PA137&lpg=PA137&dq=Benazi r+Bhutto+and+economy&source=bl&ots=IBHtAHQn5r&sig=EmvGK8INuERzlNrjjk77 Vuy0Ik4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YiU3UIGkLqbYigLbooDIDQ&ved=0CDcQuwUwAQ#v=o nepage&q=Benazir%20Bhutto%20and%20economy&f=true. Retrieved 24 August 2012. 83. ^ "See "Corruption Charges (Page) on encyclopedia.". 84. ^ a b c Staff Reporter. "Concern over UBL sale move". October 11, 1995. UBL Dawn Wire Services Managemnt. http://www.lib.virginia.edu/areastudies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/12Oc95.html. Retrieved 20 November 2011. 85. ^ a b c d Khalil, Tahir. "Libyan Dictator' and State terrorism". Tahir Khalil, special correspondent to Middle East affairs. Jang Media Group. http://www.jang.com.pk/jang/oct2011-daily/21-10-2011/main.htm. Retrieved 21 October 2011. 86. ^ Kessler, Glenn (1 June 2008). "Bhutto Dealt Nuclear Secrets to N. Korea, Book Says". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/story/2008/06/01/ST2008060100007.html. Retrieved 1 June 2008. 87. ^ a b c d e Journalist and author George Crile's book, Charlie Wilson's War (Grove Press, New York, 2003) 88. ^ a b c d e f g h NTI. "6 January 1996". NTI; Pakistan Television (PTV). http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_2000.html. Retrieved 18 November 2011. 89. ^ a b c "Agosta 90 class submarines". Pakistan Military Consortium. Directorate-General for the Pakistan Military Consortium. http://www.pakdef.info/pakmilitary/navy/agosta.html. Retrieved 20 November 2011. 90. ^ Special news, Kamran Khan (25 December 1995). "Pakistan is alert: Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto". DawnWireService, 1995 (25 December 1995). http://www.lib.virginia.edu/areastudies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/21Dc95.html#paki. Retrieved 19 November 2011. 91. ^ a b c Masood Haider (5 September 1995). "Pakistan's raising of Kashmir issue upsets India". Dawn. http://www.lib.virginia.edu/areastudies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/07Sp95.html#paki. Retrieved 19 November 2011. 92. ^ a b c d Special Report. "India wants to divert attention from N-test plan..Benazir". 1996/04/Jan. Dawn Service News on 1996/04/Jan. http://www.lib.virginia.edu/areastudies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1996/04Jan96.html#indi. Retrieved 19 November 2011. 93. ^ Kazi, MBBS, Doc. "With her Services Chiefs and Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff".

http://www.flickr.com/photos/pimu/2148246322/. Retrieved 18 November 2011. 94. ^ Happiest years for Pakistan " (in English). Truth Never Retires:An autobiography of Admiral Ifitkhar Ahmad Sirohey, CNS. The Jang Group Publishers. 1994. pp. 359/592. ISBN 978-969-8500-00-9 95. ^ a b Kazi, Ghulam Nabi. "Boosting morale at the Siachin Glacier". http://www.flickr.com/photos/pimu/2148240616/in/photostream/. Retrieved 18 November 2011. 96. ^ NDTV Correspondent. "General Asfaq Kayani a heavy smoker and mumbler". Wikileaks. NDTV. http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/wikileaks-paks-gen-kayani-avidgolfer-heavy-smoker-mumbles-103268. Retrieved 18 November 2011. 97. ^ a b c Daily Times Monitor. "Midnight Jackal was launched to overthrow Benazir: Imtiaz". Daily Times. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\28\story_28-8-2009_pg1_4. Retrieved 18 November 2011. 98. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Mazhar Aziz (2008). Military control in Pakistan: the parallel state. Milton Park, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK: Taylor and Francis-e-Library. pp. 8081. ISBN 978-0-415-43743-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=tIwXnkZOyoMC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=dismis sal+of+general++karamat&source=bl&ots=Uzb9PkhEc&sig=zwt4KeYFNGEPqpdmNqT4C17HMxI&hl=en&ei=niLgTs62EJSOigK gnpSeDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=one page&q=dismissal%20of%20general%20%20karamat&f=false. 99. ^ a b c d e f "Bhutto's deadly legacy". http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/04/opinion/eddalrymple.php. 100. ^ S. Coll, "Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to 10 September 2001", Penguin Press HC, USA 2004 101. ^ a b "Maulana Fazlur Rahman". Story of Pakistan. http://storyofpakistan.com/maulana-fazlur-rahman/. Retrieved 31 May 2012. "Maulana Fazlur Rahman, with a gray beard and wearing a yellow turban, is a powerful man. A traditionally close ally, mentor, and father-like figure of Benazir Bhutto. Despite his fundamentalist orientation, he supported her right to become premier and opposed the campaign of the Jamaat-e-Islami (JEI) in the 1990s against a woman heading the government of an Islamic country." 102. ^ "Bhutto blames Taliban, al-Qaida for explosions". NBC News. 19 October 2007. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21374344/. Retrieved 13 September 2008. 103. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Lieven, Anatol (2011). Pakistan: A hard country. United Kingdom and Pakistan: PublicAffairs. p. 449. ISBN 978-161039-021-7.. http://books.google.com/books?id=fEZt49MVZIAC&pg=PA244&dq=Nawaz+Sharif+bo rn&hl=en&ei=boCfToiJLYLV0QG2luHTBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnu m=5&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Nawaz%20Sharif%20born&f=false. 104. ^ a b "Bhutto's brother dies in shooting". Beaver County Times (Beaver, Pennsylvania). 22 September 1996. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=S5JUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YTsNAAAAIBAJ&pg= 4955,4903862&dq=zardari&hl=en. Retrieved 22 July 2011. 105. ^ a b c d Burns, John F (5 November 1996). "Pakistan's Premier Bhutto is put

under house arrest". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/05/world/pakistan-s-premier-bhutto-is-put-underhouse-arrest.html. Retrieved 5 March 2011. 106. ^ Burns, John F (6 November 1996). "With goats and gunfire, Pakistanis cheer Bhutto's fall". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/06/world/withgoats-and-gunfire-pakistanis-cheer-bhutto-s-fall.html. Retrieved 5 March 2011. 107. ^ a b c d e Bhutto, Fatima (2010). Songs of Blood and Sword: A daughter's memoir. Washington D.C.: Nation Books. pp. 443470. ISBN 978-1-56858-632-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=mjo3xkGSV6cC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Story+of +Pakistan+book&hl=en&ei=lGynTq6WNrH8iQK0nJSzDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct= bookthumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CDUQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=Story%20of%20Pakistan %20book&f=false. 108. ^ "Pakistan Supreme Court Upholds Benazir Bhutto's Dismissal on the basis of Corruption and Extra-Judicial Killings of MQM Workers and Supporters". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110611234646/http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1997/jan/ 01-30-97/news/news7.html. 109. ^ Many Pakistanis See Leader As Having Reigned Too Long 14 January 2008 110. ^ a b c d e f g William Dalrymple (30 December 2007). "Pakistan's flawed and feudal princess". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2007/dec/30/pakistan.world. Retrieved 24 June 2010. 111. ^ a b c Hoodbhoy, PhD (Nuclear Physics), Pervez Amerali. "Pakistan's nuclear bayonet". Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy, professor of nuclear physics. Dr. Hoodbhoy, senior scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics. 112. ^ Farji News. "Kargil was the victory of General Musharraf". Farjinews. http://farjinews.blogspot.com/2009/07/kargil-was-success-only-for-pervez-only.html. Retrieved 24 July 2009. 113. ^ Shaheen Sehbai (25 September 1999). "Benazir says Nawaz to go by December". DawnWire Serivce 25 September 1999. http://www.lib.virginia.edu/areastudies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/25sep99.html#bena. Retrieved 19 November 2011. 114. ^ "C'wealth apprised of Asif's 'illegal' detention Dawn Pakistan". http://www.dawn.com/2003/11/09/local35.htm. 115. ^ a b Bhutto Clan Leaves Trail of Corruption in Pakistan, by John F. Burns, The New York Times, 9 January 1998[dead link] 116. ^ Bhutto's Husband Appeals 11 May 1999 117. ^ World News Briefs; Bhutto's Jailed Husband Sworn In as Senator 30 December 1997 118. ^ "The Bhutto saga takes a new turn". http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20060725/16131.htm. 119. ^ Corruption amnesty may release millions for Bhutto, The Sunday Times, 14 October 2007 120. ^ Asif Zardari lays claim to 4-mn-pound UK estate, The Times of India, 22 August 2004

121. ^ 4 m Surrey mansion in Bhutto 'corruption' row, The Sunday Times, 21 November 2004 122. ^ Minhaj-ul-Quran International[dead link], By Mr. Jawed Iqbal 123. ^ Benazir Bhutto announces she is Kurdish 21 July 2003 124. ^ Storyofpakistan.com profile 1 June 2003 125. ^ "Asia Times Bhutto on Al-Qaeda". Asia Times Bhutto on Al-Qaeda. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FK03Df03.html. 126. ^ Pakistani police deploy in force, shut Lahore: Thousands arrested ahead of opposition leader's return 16 April 2005 127. ^ BBC News Bhutto cleared of corruption charges 30 November 2005 128. ^ The Bhutto saga takes a new turn 25 July 2006 129. ^ "Pakistan seeks arrest of Bhutto, BBC News, 26 January 2006". 26 January 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4650234.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2010. 130. ^ Pakistan Times, Pakistan's ex-PM Benazir Bhutto to meet President Bush, by Khalida Mazhar, 25 January 2007[dead link] 131. ^ Bhutto at the Council on Foreign Relations 15 August 2007[dead link] 132. ^ A Piece of Political Theatre[dead link] 19 October 2007 133. ^ David Frost interview with Bhutto 3 November 2007 134. ^ Former Leader Talks of Return To Pakistan, and Maybe Power 4 June 2007 135. ^ Bhutto claims Sharif agreed to power-sharing deal[dead link] 18 June 2007 Archived 12 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine[dead link] 136. ^ a b Back to Bhutto? 28 June 2007 137. ^ Nadeem F. Paracha (30 October 2011). "Smokers Corner: The dubious left". Dawn. http://www.dawn.com/2011/10/30/smokers-corner-the-dubious-left.html. Retrieved 9 June 2012. 138. ^ Mosque Crisis May Boost Musharraf's Hand[dead link] 11 July 2007 Archived 18 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine[dead link] 139. ^ "2002 election results by ECP (Election Commission of Pakistan)". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110726091956/http://www.ecp.gov.pk/content/GE2002.htm. 140. ^ Rohde, David (14 September 2002). "Pakistan Court Bars Former Prime Minister From Election". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801E5DE1E31F937A2575AC0A9649 C8B63&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/S/Sharif,%20Nawaz. Retrieved 31 March 2010. 141. ^ "Bhutto's accounts de-frozen for deal with Musharraf: reports India News". http://www.indiaenews.com/pakistan/20070730/63246.htm. 142. ^ Bhutto: 'Musharraf has agreed to quit as military chief' 29 August 2007 143. ^ Bhutto Expects Musharraf to Quit as Military Chief 29 August 2007 144. ^ "BBC NEWS, Bhutto vows early Pakistan return". BBC News. 1 September 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6974083.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2010. 145. ^ "AP: Pakistani court hears cases on Musharraf". http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=3611002.[dead link] 146. ^ Masood, Salman (2 October 2007). "New York Times, Maneuvering Before Vote in Pakistan". The New York Times.

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/02/world/asia/03pakistan.html?hp. Retrieved 31 March 2010. 147. ^ "Musharraf signs national reconciliation ordinance". http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/oct/05pak2.htm. 148. ^ "Musharraf wins presidential vote". BBC News. 6 October 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7031070.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2010. 149. ^ "BBC NEWS, Musharraf 'wins presidency vote'". BBC News. 6 October 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7031070.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2010. 150. ^ Wolf Blitzer interview 28 September 2007 151. ^ "Supporters flock to Karachi for Bhutto's return". CBC News. 17 October 2007. http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/10/17/bhutto.html. 152. ^ "Huge crowds greet Bhutto return". BBC News. 18 October 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7050274.stm. Retrieved 18 October 2007. 153. ^ Opposition walks out: State media accused of maligning Benazir 15 December 2005 154. ^ "Bhutto returns to Pakistan after 8 years". 18 October 2007. http://iht.com/articles/2007/10/18/asia/19pakistan.php. 155. ^ A Wrong Must Be Righted An interview from Pakistan by Gail Sheehy, quote: "I Am What the Terrorists Most Fear", published in Parade Magazine, Sunday 6 January 2008: 156. ^ a b Gall, Carlotta; Masood, Salman (20 October 2007). "After Bombing, Bhutto Assails Officials' Ties". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/20/world/asia/20Pakistan.html?pagewanted=2. Retrieved 31 March 2010. 157. ^ Musharraf declares emergency in Pakistan[dead link], Matthew Pennington, AP, 3 November 2007 158. ^ "Pakistani opposition leader Bhutto returns to Karachi". PR Inside. 3 November 2007. Archived from the original on 6 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071106014307/http://www.pr-inside.com/pakistaniopposition-leader-bhutto-returns-r281794.htm. Retrieved 3 November 2007. 159. ^ "Benazir returns to Pak, faces no problem". IBN Live. 3 November 2007. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. http://www.ibnlive.com/news/benazirreturns-to-pak-faces-no-problem/51692-2.html. Retrieved 3 November 2007. 160. ^ "So who did kill Benazir Bhutto?". 2 May 2011. http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-englishonline/Opinions/Columns/07-Jun-2009/So-who-did-kill-Benazir-Bhutto.[dead link] 161. ^ "Editing interviews". 4 January 2008. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2008/01/post_8.html. 162. ^ "Sharif, Bhutto set aside differences". 4 December 2007. http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/dec/04pakemergency.htm. 163. ^ "Musharraf: State of emergency will end before elections". CNN. 29 November 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/pakistan.musharraf/. Retrieved 31 March 2010. 164. ^ "Pakistan's Bhutto launches election manifesto". Forbes. 30 November 2007. http://www.forbes.com/afxnewslimited/feeds/afx/2007/11/30/afx4390340.html. 165. ^ "Sharif, Bhutto and the ex-general". 29 November 2007.

http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/11/29/opinion/edpak.php. 166. ^ "Ultimatum Delivered: Pakistan's leading opposition leaders have united (sort of) against President Pervez Musharraf. But their impact will probably be minimal". 4 December 2007. http://www.newsweek.com/id/73724. 167. ^ "Gunmen kill Bhutto's supporters". BBC News. 8 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7134027.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2010. 168. ^ "Scotland Yard: Bomb blast killed Bhutto". CNN. 8 February 2008. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/08/pakistan.bhutto/index.html.[dead link] 169. ^ Bhutto photographer: 'Gunshots rang out and she went down'[dead link] CNN 170. ^ "Benazir Bhutto 'killed in blast'". BBC News. 27 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7161590.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2010. 171. ^ "Benazir Bhutto assassinated". CNN. 27 December 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/12/27/pakistan.bhutto/. Retrieved 31 March 2010. 172. ^ Schmitt, Eric; Masood, Salman (8 February 2008). "Head Injury Killed Bhutto, Report Said to Find". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/08/world/asia/08bhutto.html. Retrieved 5 March 2008. 173. ^ "Al-Qaida claims Bhutto assassination". 28 December 2007. http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070037061&ch=12/28 /2007%208:21:00%20AM. Retrieved 28 December 2007. 174. ^ Fletcher, Martin (29 December 2007). "Named: the al-Qaeda chief who 'masterminded murder'". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3105443.ece. Retrieved 29 December 2007. 175. ^ "Bhutto's Party Rejects Al-Qaeda Claim as Riots Spread (Update5)". 29 December 2007. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aWpSJGDLZJYQ&refer=h ome. Retrieved 29 December 2007. 176. ^ "Bhutto assassination: Arrest warrant issued against Musharraf". Hindustan Times. 12 February 2011. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Bhutto-assassination-Arrestwarrant-issued-against-Musharraf/Article1-661457.aspx. 177. ^ "Bhutto's body flown home". CNN Asia. 27 December 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/12/27/pakistan.friday/index.html. 178. ^ "Bhutto's son named as successor". BBC News. 30 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7164968.stm. Retrieved 31 December 2007. 179. ^ a b c d Hussain, Zahid (2007). "Rogue in the Ranks". In Zahid Hussain (google books). Frontline Pakistan. New York City, NY State, United States: Columbia University Press, 2007. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-231-14225-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=cD36RbtSKNkC&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=nort h+korea+deep+respect+Benazir+Bhutto&source=bl&ots=4VGoq9yzmz&sig=DpCEbJX B2qslSxDM5KRdNuwq5I&hl=en#v=onepage&q=north%20korea%20deep%20respect%20Benazir%20Bhutto&f= true. 180. ^ "Global Security Newswire Monday, 2 June 2008". NTI. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110605073833/http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2008

_6_2.html#C3F9574A. Retrieved 24 June 2010. 181. ^ a b Aqdas, Farooq (15 September 2012). "I transferred N-technology to two countries on Benazirs orders: AQ Khan". The News International, 15 September 2012. The Jang Group (Islamabad, Pakistan): p. 1. http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News13-17471-I-transferred-N-technology-to-two-countries-on-Benazirs-orders-AQ-Khan. Retrieved 15 September 2012. "I was not independent but was bound to abide by the orders of the prime minister Benazir Bhutto, hence I did take this step in compliance with her order. The prime minister would have certainly known about the role and cooperation of the two countries, mentioned by her, in our national interest," 182. ^ a b Sublet, Carey. "1998: The year of Testings". Nuclear Weapons Archive. http://www.nuclearweaponsarchive.org. 183. ^ a b c d e f g h i Saba Imtiaz (3 September 2011). "Wikileaks on 1998 nuclear tests: Talk of eating grass rather than actually eating it". The Tribune Express, 3 September 2011. http://tribune.com.pk/story/243872/wikileaks-on-1998-nuclear-tests-talk-of-eatinggrass-rather-than-actually-eating-it/. Retrieved 21 August 2012. 184. ^ Bhutto, Benazir. "Pakistan's nuclear tests in 1998.". GEO Television. 185. ^ a b c d e Dodds, Paisley (11 February 2009<!- 3:39 PM-->). "Benazir Bhutto's Mixed Legacy For Women's Rights" (in English (American)). CBS News, 11 February, 2009 3:39 pm. CBS News: p. 1. http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-202_162-3669380.html. Retrieved 9 September 2012. 186. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CBS_News.2C_11_February.2C_2009_3:39_PM; see the help page. 187. ^ Herman, PhD, Arthur; Arthur Herman (14 June 2007). "Why Bhutto and the Elites Hate Musharraf: Readers of Benazir Bhutto's commentary who are unfamiliar with Pakistan's history need to be aware of certain facts:". The Wall Street Journal (Washington D.C.): p. 1. http://www.mqm.org/English-News/Jun2007/news070616.htm. Retrieved 8 August 2011. 188. ^ "Pakistan pays tribute to Bhutto". Reuters. 21 June 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSISL1809220080621?feedType=RSS&fe edName=worldNews. Retrieved 24 June 2008. 189. ^ APP (11 May 2009). "Benazir Bhutto awarded Best Mother by World Population Federation". Associated Press of Pakistan. http://www.roboxpress.com/politics/benazir-bhutto-awarded-best-mother-worldpopulation-federation/. Retrieved 30 July 2009. 190. ^ Bhutto's book primed. HarperCollins rushes manuscript into print 28 December 2007

[edit] Books about Benazir Bhutto

W.F.Pepper, (1983), Benazir Bhutto, WF Pepper, ISBN 978-0-946781-00-3 Rafiq Zakaria (1990). The Trial of Benazir. Sangam Books. ISBN 978-0-86132-265-7. http://books.google.com/?id=koUbAQAAMAAJ. Katherine M. Doherty; Craig A. Doherty (1 September 1990). Benazir Bhutto. Franklin Watts. ISBN 978-0-531-10936-6. http://books.google.com/?id=KYfAPAAACAAJ. Rafiq Zakaria (1989). The trial of Benazir Bhutto: an insight into the status of women in Islam. Eureka Pubns. ISBN 978-967-978-320-9.

http://books.google.com/?id=sSzaGwAACAAJ. Diane Sansevere-Dreher (1 August 1991). Benazir Bhutto. Skylark. ISBN 978-0-55315857-1. http://books.google.com/?id=rKFoqkseYFgC. Christina Lamb (18 November 1992). Waiting for Allah: Pakistan's struggle for democracy. ISBN 978-0-14-014334-8. http://books.google.com/?id=ZIeJQAAACAAJ. M. Fathers, (1992), Biography of Benazir Bhutto, W.H. Allen / Virgin Books, ISBN 9780-245-54965-6 Elizabeth Bouchard (1 February 1992). Benazir Bhutto: Prime Minister. Blackbirch Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-56711-027-2. http://books.google.com/?id=lVFcPQAACAAJ. Iqbal Akhund (2000). Trial and error: the advent and eclipse of Benazir Bhutto. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-579160-0. http://books.google.com/?id=fQJuAAAAMAAJ. Libby Hughes (2000-05). Benazir Bhutto: From Prison to Prime Minister. Backinprint.com. ISBN 978-0-595-00388-4. http://books.google.com/?id=fGMFAAAACAAJ. Iqbal Akhund; Fahm dah Riy z 15 September 2001 . Benazir Hukoomat: Phela Daur, Kia Khoya, Kia Paya?. ISBN 978-0-19-579421-2. http://books.google.com/?id=wsIwPQAACAAJ. Mercedes Padrino Anderson; Mercedes Padrino (2004-03). Benazir Bhutto. Chelsea House Pub. ISBN 978-0-7910-7732-0. http://books.google.com/?id=gjzUNwAACAAJ. Mary Englar (28 February 2007). Benazir Bhutto: Pakistani Prime Minister and Activist. Coughlan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7565-1798-4. http://books.google.com/?id=PDbd8vli_iMC. Ayesha Siddiqa; Ayesha Siddiqa-Agha (2007). Military Inc: inside Pakistan's military economy. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-2545-3. http://books.google.com/?id=E9jeAAAAMAAJ. Benazir Bhutto Selected Speeches 19892007, 600 Pages Articles written to pay tribute to Benazir Bhutto; Sani Panhwar, (2010) 247 Pages

[edit] Other related publications

Abdullah Malik, (1988), Bhutto se Benazir tak: Siyasi tajziye, Maktabah-yi Fikr o Danish, ASIN B0000CRQJH Bashir Riaz, (2000), Blind justice, Fiction House, ASIN B0000CPHP8 Khatm-i Nabuvat, ASIN B0000CRQ4A Mujahid Husain, (1999), Kaun bara bad unvan: Benazir aur Navaz Sharif ki bad unvaniyon par tahqiqati dastavez, Print La'in Pablisharz, ASIN B0000CRPC3 Ahmad Ejaz, (1993), Benazir Bhutto's foreign policy: A study of Pakistan's relations with major powers, Classic, ASIN B0000CQV0Y Lubna Rafique, (1994), Benazir & British Press, 19861990, Gautam, ASIN B0000CP41S Sayyid Afzal Haidar, (1996), Bhutto trial, National Commission on History & Culture, ASIN B0000CPBFX Mumtaz Husain Bazmi, (1996), Zindanon se aivanon tak, al-Hamd Pablikeshanz, ASIN B0000CRPOT

Unknown author, (1996), Napak sazish: Tauhin-i risalat ki saza ko khatm karne ka benazir sarkari mansubah, Intarnaishnal Institiyut af Tahaffuz-i

[edit] External links

Benazir Bhutto Story of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto Benazir Bhutto Pictures Pakistan Peoples Party Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Benazir Bhutto Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Benazir Bhutto Wikinews has related news: Benazir Bhutto This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (January 2011)

Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto All about Benazir Bhutto Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto from Pakistan People's Party Appearances on C-SPAN Benazir Bhutto CNN topic Benzir Bhutto New York Times topic Works by or about Benazir Bhutto in libraries (WorldCat catalog) Bhutto, PBS Independent Lens 2011 documentary film Benazir Bhutto at the Open Directory Project "Benazir Bhutto". Find a Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgibin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=23574601. Retrieved 10 August 2010.

Media coverage

The death of Benazir Bhutto from BBC News Returning to Benazir (2008) from Dawn (Pakistan) Life in Pictures 19532007, Inside Bhutto's 'Prison' Photo Essay and The Aftermath of an Assassination from Time Photo Diary of Benazir Bhutto[dead link] from AOL Benazir Bhutto 3-part interview on Indian Television[dead link] The assassination of Benazir Bhutto responses at The Immanent Frame, a blog hosted by the Social Science Research Council Fatima Bhutto discusses Benazir Bhutto's legacy in a podcast Remembering Benazir Bhutto from Daily News (Sri Lanka) 27 December 2008 Pakistan remembers Benazir Bhutto In Pics from Arabian Business

Or Zanjeer Toot Gaie Collection of Articles, Columns, and Essays on the Life and Death of Benazir Bhutto Shaheed

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The Political Situation in Pakistan[dead link] (audio) Benazir Bhutto on Capitol Hill in September 2007 News & Videos about Benazir Bhutto CNN, 2007 Timeline shows conflicting reports on cause of Bhutto's death, 2007 In pictures: Bhutto laid to rest, BBC News, 28 December 2007 Life in pictures: Benazir Bhutto, BBC News, 27 December 2007 Bhutto murder: the key questions 31 December 2007 Medical report of Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto, Washington Post (27 December 2007) Facts on Pakistan's ex-PM Benazir Bhutto 31 December 2007 Bhutto's deadly legacy from the International Herald Tribune, 4 January 2008
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Kiran Bedi
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Kiran Bedi

Bedi at the "Successful Women in Management" (SWIM) conference, 2007 June 9, 1949 (age 63)[1] Born Amritsar, Punjab, India Indian Nationality Panjab University, Chandigarh University of Delhi Alma mater IIT Delhi IPS Officer (19722007) Occupation Social activist Hinduism[1] Religion Suryadatta National Award 2007 United Nations Medal 2004 Awards Ramon Magsaysay Award 1994 Presidents Gallantry Award 1979 Website Kiran Bedi Kiran Bedi (born 9 June 1949) is an Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer.[1] Bedi joined the police service in 1972 and became the first woman officer in the IPS.[2] Bedi held the post of Director General at the Bureau of Police Research and Development before she voluntarily retired from the IPS in December 2007.[3] Bedi was the host and judge of

the popular TV series "Aap Ki Kachehri" (English, "Your Court"), which is based on real-life disputes and provides a platform for settling disputes between consenting parties.[4] She has also founded two NGOs in India: the Navjyoti Delhi Police Foundation for welfare and preventative policing in 1988[5] which was later renamed as the Navjyoti India Foundation in 2007, and the India Vision Foundation for prison reformation, drug abuse prevention and child welfare in 1994.[6] Bedi was awarded Ramon Magsaysay award in 1994 for Government service.[7]

Contents
[hide]

1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Social initiatives o 3.1 Lokpal Movement 4 Honours and awards 5 Controversies 6 In films and literature 7 Bibliography 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

[edit] Early life and education

Kiran Bedi was born in Amritsar, Punjab, India. She is the second of four daughters of Prakash Peshawaria and Prem Peshawaria. Her three sisters are; Shashi, an artist settled in Canada, Reeta, a clinical psychologist and writer, and Anu, a lawyer.[citation needed] She attended the Sacred Heart Convent School, Amritsar, where she joined the National Cadet Corps(NCC). She took up tennis, a passion she inherited from her father, a tennis player.[1] She won the Junior National Lawn Tennis Championship in 1966, the Asian Lawn Tennis Championship in 1972, and the All-India Interstate Women's Lawn Tennis Championship in 1976.[8] In addition, she also won the All-Asian Tennis Championship, and won the Asian Ladies Title at the age of 22. She earned her Bachelor of Arts in English (Hons.) from the Government College for Women, Amritsar in 1968. She then earned a Masters degree in Political Science from Punjab University, Chandigarh, graduating at the top of her class in 1970. She later obtained Bachelor of Laws in 1988 from Faculty of Law, University of Delhi. In 1993, she obtained a Ph.D. in Social Sciences from the Department of Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi,[9] where the topic of her thesis was 'Drug Abuse and Domestic Violence'.[10]

In 1972, Kiran Bedi married Brij Bedi,[1] a textile machine manufacturer whom she met at the Amritsar tennis courts. Neither of them were particularly religious, so they married in a quasireligious ceremony at a local Shiva temple.[1] Three years later, in 1975, they had daughter Saina, who is now also involved in community service. In one of her lectures to a corporate meeting, Kiran Bedi expressed her belief that everyone in society has an important role to play which will enable others to fulfill their duties (or important tasks), quoting the example of her uneducated housemaid whose help in Bedi's daily household work had helped Bedi to complete an important task of writing a book.[citation needed]

[edit] Career
She began her career as a Lecturer in Political Science (197072) at Khalsa College for Women, Amritsar. In July 1972, she joined the Indian Police Service, becoming the first woman to do so.[11] Bedi joined the police service "because of [her] urge to be outstanding".[12] She served in a number of tough assignments ranging from New Delhi traffic postings, Deputy Inspector General of Police in Mizoram, Advisor to the Lieutenant Governor of Chandigarh, Director General of Narcotics Control Bureau, to a United Nations delegation, where she became the Civilian Police Advisor in United Nations peacekeeping operations.[13] For her work in the UN, she was awarded a UN medal.[14] She is popularly referred to as Crane Bedi for towing the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's car for a parking violation,[11] during the PM's tour of United States at the time.[9] Kiran Bedi influenced several decisions of the Indian Police Service, particularly in the areas of narcotics control, Traffic management, and VIP security. During her stint as the Inspector General of Prisons, in Tihar Jail (Delhi) (19931995), she instituted a number of reforms in the management of the prison, and initiated a number of measures such as detoxification programs, Art of Living Foundation Prison Courses,[15] yoga, vipassana meditation, Murat redressing of complaints by prisoners and literacy programs.[16] For this she won the 1994 Ramon Magsaysay Award, and the 'Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship', to write about her work at Tihar Jail.[10] She was last appointed as Director General of India's Bureau of Police Research and Development. In May 2005, she was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Law in recognition of her humanitarian approach to prison reforms and policing.[17] On 27 November 2007, she expressed her wish to voluntarily retire from the police force to undertake new challenges in life. On 25 December 2007, the Government of India agreed to relieve Bedi of her duties as Director General of the Bureau of Police Research and Development.

[edit] Social initiatives

Kiran Bedi along with 17 other police officers set up Navjyoti India Foundation (NIF) in 1987,[5] NIF started with a de-addiction and rehabilitation initiative for the drug addicts and now the organization has expanded to other social issue like illiteracy and women empowerment.[5] In 1994 Bedi setup India Vision Foundation which works in field of police reforms, prison reforms, women empowerment and rural and community development.[18] Her efforts have won national and international recognition, and her organizations were awarded the "Serge Soitiroff Memorial Award" for drug abuse prevention by the United Nations.[citation needed]

[edit] Lokpal Movement

Kiran Bedi is one of the prominent members of the India Against Corruption (IAC) along with Anna Hazare and Arvind Kejriwal. IAC has been actively protesting against corruption and is urging the government of India to enact a strong Lokpal Bill.[19] On August 16, 2011, Key members of the India Against Corruption including Bedi were arrested four hours before the planned indefinite hunger strike by Hazare.[20] However, Bedi and other activist were later released in the evening same day.[21] After twelve days of protests and many discussions between the government and the activists, Parliament passed a resolution to consider three points in drafting of Lokpal bill.[22]

[edit] Honours and awards

Year Name of Award or Honor Awarding Organization Indian Institute of Planning and Management Reference s
[23]

2011 Bharatiya Manavata Vikas Puraskar 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2009 2009 2008 2008 2008 MSN Most Admired Indian Female Icon 2011 Avicenna Leadership Award 2011 Tarun Kranti Puraskar 2010 in Women Empowerment Category Kalpana Chawla Excellence Awards 2010 The 9th Annual Academy Award Global Trail Blazer Award STAR Parivaar Awards Arch Bishop Benedict Mar Gregorius Award- 2009 Women Excellences Awards Certificate of Recognition, Los Angeles, State of California Indo- American Pride Of Punjab The Indian society of Criminology Lifetime Achievement Awards

[24] [25] [26]

Tarun Award Council

[25] [25] [25]

STAR Plus
[25] [25] [25] [25] [25] [25]

Aaaj Tak

Bank of Baroda

[25]

2007 Suryadatta National Award Suryadatta Group of Institutes 2007 Baba Farid Award Amity Woman Achiever for Social 2007 Justice 2007 Public Service Excellence Award 2007 Zee Astitva Award Zee TV 2005 Mother Teresa Award for Social Justice Transformative Leadership in the Indian 2005 Police Service 2005 FICCI Award 2004 United Nations Medal United Nations Blue Drop Group Management, Cultural 2002 Woman of the Year Award and Artistic Association, Italy. 2001 Morrison Tom Gitchoff Award 1999 Bharat Gaurav Award American Federation of Muslims of Indian 1999 Pride of India Award Origin (AFMI) 1999 Serge Sotiroff Award (UNDCP) 1998 ACCU-IEF Award 1997 Fourth Joseph Beuys Award Germany 1995 Lion of the Year 1995 Father Machismo Humanitarian Award Don Bosco Shrine Office, Bombay-India 1995 Mahila Shiromani Award 1994 Magsaysay Award Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation 1992 International Woman Award Asia Region Award for Drug Prevention International Organisation of Good 1991 and Control Templars (IOGT), Norway 1981 Women of the Year Award National Solidarity Weekly, India 1979 Presidents Gallantry Award President of India

[27] [28] [28] [28] [28] [28] [28] [28]

[28] [28] [28]

[28] [28]

[28] [28] [29] [28]

[edit] Controversies
In July 1994, Kiran Bedi, the then Inspector-General of Prisons of Tihar Jail was pulled up by the Supreme Court of India for ignoring the apex court directives for providing medical attention to a foreign under-trial prisoner by initiating contempt proceedings against her. In 1988 Wadhwa Commission criticized Bedi for her role in lathi-charge on lawyers protesting against a colleagues arrest outside Bedis office.[30] Karan Thapar, host of many popular interview shows published an article on controversies surrounding Bedi after she pulled out of one of Thapar's interview show.[31] Bedi was criticized for being a hardliner in the negotiations with government over Lokpal bill.[32] Later members of parliament proposed to bring a breach of privilege motion against Kiran Bedi

and a few other activists for allegedly mocking the parliamentarians during the lokpal bill protests,[33] however withdrew the notice later.[34] Kiran Bedi was alleged to have charged her hosts full fare for air tickets despite her paying discounted fare. She was also alleged to have charged her hosts business class fare while flying economy class and presenting false invoices.[35][36][37] Bedi was also accused by an NGO of claiming business class fare from Delhi to Mumbai, while her travel intineray communicated to them showed she was flying from nearby Pune.[38] Kiran Bedi has said that money was not earned for personal gains, but given to her NGO.[39] In 1992 Kiran Bedi's daughter was given admission for MBBS course in Delhi's Hardinge College under a quota for student's from North-East. Kiran Bedi was posted in Mizoram at that time. She had defended the move to get her daughter admitted in a reserved seat saying that Central Government employees are entitled to such schemes.[40] On 26 November 2011, based on a complaint filed by a Delhi-based lawyer Devinder Singh Chauhan, the additional chief metropolitan magistrate Amit Bansal has directed the crime branch of Delhi police to register a case against Kiran Bedi within 24 hours, for allegedly misappropriating funds meant for her NGOs.[41] Consequently, Delhi Police has registered a case against Bedi under Section 420 (cheating), 406 (criminal breach of trust), 120 b (criminal conspiracy) of IPC.[42]

[edit] In films and literature

A non fiction feature film on Kiran Bedi's life, Yes Madam, Sir, has been produced by Australian film maker, Megan Doneman. This film is being screened in film festivals around the world. Its commentator is an Academy Award winner, Helen Mirren. Kiran Bedi was present during its screenings in Toronto, Dubai and Adelaide, and to address the Q&A sessions at the end of each show. The documentary has made a clean sweep of the award categories---Best Documentary with a cash award of $100,000, the biggest prize for a documentary in any film festival in the US and the Social Justice Award with $2500 at Santa Barbara International Film Festival. Yes Madam, Sir got a unanimous vote from the jury. In 2006, Norwegian Mpower Film & Media and film maker Oystein Rakkenes released another documentary on Bedi and her prison revolution in Tihar Central Jail, In Gandhi's footsteps. The film was awarded Best Documentary at the Indo-American Film Festival in Atlanta, in November 2006. Kiran Bedi also became host in 200910 on the TV show Aap Ki Kachehri Kiran Ke Saath on Star Plus. Biographies of Bedi:

I dare!: Kiran Bedi : a biography by Parmesh Dangwal[43]

Kiran Bedi, the kindly baton by Meenakshi Saxena[44]

[edit] Bibliography

It's always possible: transforming one of the largest prisons in the world (1999) by Kiran Bedi[45] "What Went Wrong?", collection of The fortnightly column written by Kiran Bedi. The Motivating Bedi by Kiran Bedi.[10] Government@net: new governance opportunities for India(2001) by Kiran Bedi, Sandeep Srivastava and Parminder Jeet Singh[46] As I see-(2005) by Kiran Bedi[47] Himmat Hai by Kiran Bedi[48]

[edit] See also

Jan Lokpal Bill

[edit] References
1. ^ a b c d e f Kiran Bedi Biography 1994 Ramon Magsaysay Awardee at rmaf. 2. ^ "Kiran Bedi quits police force, takes voluntary retirement". CNN-IBN. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kiran-bedi-quits-police-force-takes-voluntaryretirement/53100-3.html. Retrieved 2 September 2011. 3. ^ CNN-IBN, Kiran Bedi quits police force, takes voluntary retirement. Ibnlive.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-16. 4. ^ "Courting trouble". Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Courtingtrouble/395318. Retrieved 2 September 2011. 5. ^ a b c Official website Navjyoti. Navjyoti.org.in (2011-10-08). Retrieved on 2011-10-16. 6. ^ India Vision Foundation Official website. Indiavisionfoundation.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-16. 7. ^ "The 1994 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationBediKir.htm. Retrieved 2 September 2011. 8. ^ Kiran Bedi essortment. 9. ^ a b A Kiran Bedi:Tough Lady In All Male Bastion[dead link] Kiran Bedi at living.oneindia. 10. ^ a b c Kiran Bedi Celebrities at nilacharal. 11. ^ a b First female police officer BBC News, Delhi, Tuesday, 27 November 2007. 12. ^ What made me join the IPS?. Kiranbedi.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-16. 13. ^ Interview with Kiran Bedi Un Chronicle, January 2003. 14. ^ Indian Heros Kiran Bedi at iloveindia. 15. ^ Prison SMART Program | Stress management | Rehabilitation Training. The Art of Living (2011-10-10). Retrieved on 2011-10-16. 16. ^ Kiran Bedi on being Indias first woman police officer. Reuters , Mar 4, 2010 17. ^ Kiran Bedi's profile The Hindustan Times, July 25, 2007.

18. ^ "India Vision Foundation Objective being to save the NEXT VICTIM". http://www.indiavisionfoundation.org/objectives.asp. Retrieved 10 September 2011. 19. ^ "What is the Jan Lokpal Bill, why it's important". NDTV. http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/what-is-the-jan-lokpal-bill-why-its-important96600&cp. Retrieved 24 August 2011. 20. ^ "Anna Hazare IS the movement". Rediff. http://www.rediff.com/news/report/annahazare-is-the-movement/20110823.htm. Retrieved 24 August 2011. 21. ^ "Anna Hazare refuses to leave Tihar Jail, says allow fast at JP Park". NDTV. August 17, 2011. http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/anna-hazare-to-be-released-from-tihar-jailtonight-say-sources-126962. Retrieved 29 August 2011. 22. ^ "Agreed! says Parliament to Anna; fast ends at 10 am". NDTV. August 28, 2011. http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/absolutely-says-parliament-to-anna-no-vote-requiredfast-ends-at-10-am-129474. Retrieved 29 August 2011. 23. ^ India's Most Influential Business and Economy Magazine IIPM Celebrates Selfless Service. Business and Economy. Retrieved on 2011-10-16. 24. ^ "Kiran Bedi". Jagran Bureau. jagran.com. April 24, 2012. http://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-9173835.html. Retrieved April 24, 2012. 25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Awards. Kiran Bedi. Retrieved on 2012-03-13. 26. ^ | title=Tarun kranti puraskar| publisher=ujjwal patni ( National chairman of Tarun Award council)|accessdate= 2012-05-13. 27. ^ List of Honorable Recipients of the "Suryadatta National Award 2003 2011. Suryadatta.org (2012-02-29). Retrieved on 2012-03-13. 28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Awards. Kiran Bedi. Retrieved on 2012-03-13. 29. ^ 1994 Ramon Magsaysay Awardee for Government Service- Kiran Bedi. Rmaf.org.ph (1994-08-31). Retrieved on 2012-03-13. 30. ^ "Lawyers renew Bedi battle". The Telegraph. Wednesday, August 24, 2005. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050824/asp/nation/story_5148897.asp. Retrieved 9 September 2011. 31. ^ Thapar, Karan (August 4, 2007). "Ten questions for Kiran Bedi". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ten-questions-for-Kiran-Bedi/Article1-240600.aspx. Retrieved 9 September 2011. 32. ^ "The negotiators, their role". Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/thenegotiators-their-role/838153/2. Retrieved 30 August 2011. 33. ^ "Om Puri and Kiran Bedi to get Privilege Motion notices from Parliament". India Summary. http://www.indiasummary.com/2011/08/29/om-puri-and-kiran-bedi-to-getprivilege-motion-notices-from-parliament. Retrieved 10 September 2011. 34. ^ "Congress MP withdraws privilege notice against Anna's aides". Times of India. Sep 8, 2011. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Congress-MP-withdraws-privilege-noticeagainst-Annas-aides/articleshow/9904549.cms. Retrieved 10 September 2011. 35. ^ "Kiran Lokpal Bedi buys discount air tickets, gets hosts to pay full fare". Indian Express. Oct 20, 2011. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kiran-lokpal-bedi-buysdiscount-air-tickets-gets-hosts-to-pay-full-fare/862515/. Retrieved 27 October 2011. 36. ^ "Inflated bill: trustee of Kiran Bedi's NGO quits". The Hindu (Chennai, India). Oct 25, 2011. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2570806.ece?homepage=true. Retrieved 27 October 2011.

37. ^ "Kiran Bedi overcharged us for travel, says NGO". The Hindu (Mumbai, India). 25 October 2011. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2568506.ece. 38. ^ "Kiran Bedi overcharged us for travel, says NGO". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 25 October 2011. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2568506.ece. 39. ^ "'No Personal Gain' on Inflated Air Tickets: Kiran Bedi". Outlook India. Oct 20, 2011. http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=738857. Retrieved 27 October 2011. 40. ^ "'Good cop, bad cop". Business Standard. September 10, 2011. http://www.businessstandard.com/india/news/good-cop-bad-cop/448626/. Retrieved 27 October 2011. 41. ^ Court orders FIR against Bedi for misuse of funds. Indian Express (2011-11-27). Retrieved on 2012-03-13. 42. ^ "Delhi Police registers case against Kiran Bedi The Times of India". The Times Of India. 27 November 2011. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Policeregisters-case-against-Kiran-Bedi/articleshow/10890250.cms. 43. ^ Dangwal, Parmesh (1995). I dare!: Kiran Bedi : a biography. UBS Publishers' Distributors. http://books.google.com/books?id=XNoEAQAAIAAJ&source=gbs_book_similarbooks. 44. ^ Saxena, Meenakshi (2000). Kiran Bedi, the kindly baton. Books India International. http://books.google.com/books/about/Kiran_Bedi_the_kindly_baton.html?id=M5PaAAA AMAAJ. 45. ^ Bedi, Kiran (1999). It's always possible: transforming one of the largest prisons in the world. Indra Publishing. ISBN 0-9585805-3-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=mFYaRxSj1GcC&source=gbs_book_similarbooks. 46. ^ Government@net: new governance opportunities for India. Sage Publications. 2001. ISBN 0-7619-9569-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=r_uJAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_book_similarbooks. 47. ^ Bedi, Kiran (2005). As I see-. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-207-2938-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=CBu56vOnzLQC&source=gbs_book_similarbooks. 48. ^ Bedi, Kiran. Himmat Hai. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.. ISBN 81-7182-991-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=T0l4hPC52o8C&source=gbs_book_similarbooks.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kiran Bedi

Kiran Bedi Official Website Kiran Bedi Blog Safer India Official website India Police Navjyoti India Foundation website Aap Ki Kachehri Kiran Ke Saath TED talk: Kiran Bedi: A police chief with a difference

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Jawaharlal Nehru
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Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru in 1951 1st Prime Minister of India In office 15 August 1947 27 May 1964 George VI (until 26 January 1950) Monarch Rajendra Prasad President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan The Earl Mountbatten of Burma Governor Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (until General 26 January 1950) Vallabhbhai Patel Deputy Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting) Minister of Defence In office 31 October 1962 14 November 1962

Preceded by V. K. Krishna Menon Succeeded by Yashwantrao Chavan In office 30 January 1957 17 April 1957 Preceded by Kailash Nath Katju Succeeded by V. K. Krishna Menon In office 10 February 1953 10 January 1955 Preceded by N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar Succeeded by Kailash Nath Katju Minister of Finance In office 13 February 1958 13 March 1958 Tiruvellore Thattai Preceded by Krishnamachariar Succeeded by Morarji Desai In office 24 July 1956 30 August 1956 Preceded by Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh Tiruvellore Thattai Succeeded by Krishnamachariar Minister of External Affairs In office 15 August 1947 27 May 1964 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Gulzarilal Nanda Personal details 14 November 1889 Allahabad, North-Western Born Provinces, British India 27 May 1964 (aged 74) Died New Delhi, India Political party Indian National Congress Kamala Kaul Spouse(s) Indira Gandhi Children Trinity College, Cambridge Alma mater Inns of Court Barrister Profession None (Agnostic atheism)[1][2][3] Religion Signature

Jawaharlal Nehru (IPA: [darlal neru] ( listen), 14 November 1889 27 May 1964),[4] often referred to as Panditji, was an Indian politician and statesman, a leader in the Indian Independence Movement, and the first Prime Minister of independent India. Nehru was elected by the Indian National Congress to assume office as independent India's first Prime Minister in 1947, and re-elected when the Congress party won India's first general election in 1951. He was one of the founders of the international Non-Aligned Movement. The son of moderate nationalist leader and Congressman Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress. He became Congress President under the mentorship of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Nehru advocated Democratic Socialism/Fabian Socialism and a strong public sector as the means by which economic development could be pursued by poorer nations. He was the father of Indira Gandhi and the maternal grandfather of Rajiv Gandhi, who were to later serve as the third and sixth Prime Ministers of India, respectively.

Contents
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1 Early life and career (18891912) 2 Struggle for Indian Independence (191247) o 2.1 Home rule movement o 2.2 Political apprenticeship o 2.3 Non-cooperation o 2.4 Internationalising the struggle o 2.5 Republicanism o 2.6 Declaration of Independence o 2.7 Civil disobedience o 2.8 Architect of India o 2.9 Electoral politics o 2.10 World War II and Quit India 3 Prime Minister of India (194764) o 3.1 Economic policies 3.1.1 Land and agrarian reform o 3.2 Domestic policies 3.2.1 States reorganisation o 3.3 Education and social reform o 3.4 National security and foreign policy 4 India China War 1962 5 Religion 6 Personal life 7 Legacy o 7.1 Commemoration o 7.2 In popular culture 8 Writings 9 Awards

10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links

Early life and career (18891912)

Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad in British India. His father, Motilal Nehru (18611931), a wealthy barrister who belonged to the Kashmiri Pandit community,[5] served twice as President of the Indian National Congress during the Independence Struggle. His mother, Swaruprani Thussu (18681938), who came from a well known Kashmiri Brahmin family settled in Lahore,[6] was Motilal's second wife, the first having died in child birth. Jawaharlal was the eldest of three children, two of whom were girls.[5] The elder sister, Vijaya Lakshmi, later became the first female president of the United Nations General Assembly.[7] The youngest sister, Krishna Hutheesing, became a noted writer and authored several books on her brother.

The Nehru family ca. 1890s Nehru described his childhood as a "sheltered and uneventful one." He grew up in an atmosphere of privilege at wealthy homes including a large palatial estate called the Anand Bhawan. His father had him educated at home by private governesses and tutors.[8] Under the influence of a tutor, Ferdinand T. Brooks, Nehru became interested in science and theosophy.[9] Nehru was subsequently initiated into the Theosophical Society at age thirteen by family friend Annie Beasant. However, his interest in theosophy did not prove to be enduring and he left the society shortly afterwards Brooks departed as his tutor.[10] Nehru wrote: "for nearly three years [Brooks] was with me and in many ways he influenced me greatly."[9]

Although Nehru was disdainful of religion, his theosophical interests had induced him to the study of the Buddhist and Hindu scriptures.[11] According to B.R. Nanda, these scriptures were Nehru's "first introduction to the religious and cultural heritage of [India]....[they] provided Nehru the initial impulse for [his] long intellectual quest which culminated...in the Discovery of India."[11] Nehru became an ardent nationalist during his youth. The Boer War and the Russo-Japanese War intensified his feelings. About the latter he wrote, "[The] Japanese victories [had] stirred up my enthusiasm... Nationalistic ideas filled my mind... I mused of Indian freedom and Asiatic freedom from the thraldom of Europe."[9] Later when Nehru had began his institutional schooling in 1905 at Harrow, a leading school in England, he was greatly influenced by G.M. Trevelyan's Garibaldi books, which he had received as prizes for academic merit.[12] Nehru viewed Garibaldi as a revolutionary hero. He wrote: "Visions of similar deeds in India came before, of [my] gallant fight for [Indian] freedom and in my mind India and Italy got strangely mixed together."[9]

Nehru dressed in cadet uniform at Harrow School in England Nehru went to Trinity College, Cambridge in October 1907 and graduated with an honours degree in natural science in 1910.[13] During this period, Nehru also studied politics, economics, history and literature desultorily. Writings of Bernard Shaw, H.G Wells, J.M. Keynes, Bertrand Russell, Lowes Dickinson and Meredith Townsend moulded much of his political and economic thinking.[9]

Nehru at the Allahabad High Court After completing his degree in 1910, Nehru went to London and stayed there for two years for law studies at the Inns of Court School of Law (Inner Temple).[14] During this time, he continued to study the scholars of the Fabian Society including Beatrice Webb.[9] Nehru passed his bar examinations in 1912 and was admitted to the English bar.[14] After returning to India in August 1912, Nehru enrolled himself as an advocate of the Allahabad High Court and tried to settle down as a barrister. But, unlike his father, he had only a desultory interest in his profession and did not relish either the practice of law or the company of lawyers. Nehru wrote: "Decidedly the atmosphere was not intellectually stimulating and a sense of the utter insipidity of life grew upon me.[9] His involvement in nationalist politics would gradually replace his legal practice in the coming years.[9]

Struggle for Indian Independence (191247)

Nehru had developed an interest in Indian politics during his time in Britain.[15] Within months of his return to India in 1912 he had attended an annual session of the Indian National Congress in Patna.[16] Nehru was disconcerted with what he saw as a "very much an English-knowing upper class affair."[17] The Congress in 1912 had been the party of moderates and elites.[16] Nehru harboured doubts regarding the ineffectualness of the Congress but agreed to work for the party in support of the Indian civil rights movement in South Africa.[18] He collected funds for the civil rights campaigners led by Mohandas Gandhi in 1913.[16] Later, he campaigned against the indentured labour and other such discriminations faced by Indians in the British colonies.[19] When the First World War broke out in August 1914, sympathy in India was divided. Although educated Indians "by and large took a vicarious pleasure" in seeing the British rulers humbled, the ruling upper classes sided with the Allies. Nehru confessed that he viewed the war with mixed feelings. Frank Moraes wrote: "If [Nehru's] sympathy was with any country it was with France, whose culture he greatly admired."[20] During the war, Nehru volunteered for the St John Ambulance and worked as one of the provincial secretaries of the organisation in Allahabad.[16] Nehru also spoke out against the censorship acts passed by the British government in India.[21]

Nehru in 1918 with wife Kamala and daughter Indira Nehru emerged from the war years as a leader whose political views were considered radical. Although the political discourse had been dominated at this time by Gopal Krishna Gokhale,[18] a moderate who said that it was "madness to think of independence",[16] Nehru had spoken "openly of the politics of non-cooperation, of the need of resigning from honorary positions under the government and of not continuing the futile politics of representation."[22] Nehru ridiculed the Indian Civil Service (ICS) for its support of British policies. He noted that someone had once defined the Indian Civil Service, "with which we are unfortunately still afflicted in this country, as neither Indian, nor civil, nor a service."[23] Motilal Nehru, a prominent moderate leader, acknowledged the limits of constitutional agitation, but counseled his son that there was no other "practical alternative" to it. Nehru, however, was not satisfied with the pace of the national movement. He became involved with aggressive nationalists leaders who were demanding Home Rule for Indians.[24] The influence of the moderates on Congress politics began to wane after Gokhale died in 1915.[16] Anti-moderate leaders such as Annie Beasant and Lokmanya Tilak took the opportunity to call for a national movement for Home Rule. But, in 1915, the proposal was rejected due to the reluctance of the moderates to commit to such a radical course of action. Besant nevertheless formed a league for advocating Home Rule in 1916; and Tilak, on his release from a prison term, had in April 1916 formed his own league.[16] Nehru joined both leagues but worked especially for the former.[25] He remarked later: "[Besant] had a very powerful influence on me in my childhood... even later when I entered political life her influence continued."[25] Another development which brought about a radical change in Indian politics was the espousal of HinduMuslim unity with the Lucknow pact at the annual meeting of the Congress in December 1916. The pact had been initiated earlier in the year at Allahabad at a meeting of the All-India Congress Committee which was held at the Nehru residence at Anand Bhawan. Nehru welcomed and encouraged the rapprochement between the two Indian communities.[25]

Home rule movement

Several nationalist leaders banded together in 1916 under the leadership of Annie Besant to voice a demand for self-government, and to obtain the status of a Dominion within the British Empire as enjoyed by Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Newfoundland at the time. Nehru joined the movement and rose to become secretary of Besant's All India Home Rule League.[25][26] In June 1917 Besant was arrested and interned by the British government. The Congress and various other Indian organisation threatened to launch protests if she were not set free. The British government was subsequently forced to release Besant and make significant concessions after a period of intense protests.

Political apprenticeship
This section is incomplete. Please help to improve the article, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (June 2012) This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone etc. You can assist by editing it. (June 2012) Nehru returned to India in 1912, where he worked as a barrister in Allahabad while moving up the ranks of the Congress during World War I. His close association with the Congress dates from 1919, in the immediate aftermath of World War I. Nehru first met Gandhi in 1916, at the Lucknow session of the Congress. It was to be the beginning of a lifelong partnership between the two, which lasted until the Gandhi's death. Nehru quickly rose to prominence under the mentorship of Gandhi. By late 1921, he had already become one of the most prominent leaders of the Congress. When the British colonial administration outlawed the Congress party, Nehru went to prison for the first time. Over the next 24 years he was to serve another eight periods of detention. In all, he would spend more than nine years in jail. Nehru's political apprenticeship under Gandhi lasted from 1919 to 1929. He was elected general secretary of the Congress party for two terms in the 1920s. His first term began with the Kakinada session of the Congress in 1923. Along with Subhas Chandra Bose, Nehru was considered a radical within the party during his tenure as general secretary due to his rejection of dominion status for India in favour of complete independence. Nehru co-operated with Dr. N.S. Hardiker in founding the Hindustani Seva Dal in 1923. Nehru was elected chairman of the Allahabad Municipal Board in 1923. Nehru's second term as general secretary began with the Madras session of the Congress in 1927.

Non-cooperation
The first big national involvement of Nehru came at the onset of the non-cooperation movement in 1920. He led the movement in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh). Nehru was arrested

on charges of anti-governmental activities in 1921, and was released a few months later. In the rift that formed within the Congress following the sudden closure of the non-cooperation movement after the Chauri Chaura incident, Nehru remained loyal to Gandhi and did not join the Swaraj Party formed by his father Motilal Nehru and CR Das.

Internationalising the struggle

Nehru played a leading role in the development of the internationalist outlook of the Indian freedom struggle. He sought foreign allies for India and forged links with movements for freedom and democracy all over the world. In 1927, his efforts paid off and the Congress was invited to attend the congress of oppressed nationalities in Brussels in Belgium. The meeting was called to coordinate and plan a common struggle against imperialism. Nehru represented India and was elected to the Executive Council of the League against Imperialism that was born at this meeting.[27] During the mid-1930s, Nehru was much concerned with developments in Europe, which seemed to be drifting toward another world war. He was in Europe early in 1936, visiting his ailing wife, shortly before she died in a sanitarium in Switzerland. Even at this time, he emphasised that, in the event of war, Indias place was alongside the democracies, though he insisted that India could only fight in support of Great Britain and France as a free country. Nehru closely worked with Subhash Bose in developing good relations with governments of free countries all over the world. However, the two split in the late 1930s, when Bose agreed to seek the help of fascists in driving the British out of India. At the same time, Nehru had supported the people of Spain who were fighting to defend themselves against Franco. People of many countries volunteered to fight the fascist forces in Spain and formed the International Brigade. Nehru along with his aide V.K. Krishna Menon went to Spain and extended the support of the Indian people to the people of Spain. Nehru refused to meet Mussolini, the dictator of Italy when the latter expressed his desire to meet him. Thus, Nehru came to be seen as a champion of freedom and democracy all over the world.[28][29]

Republicanism
Nehru was one of the first nationalist leaders to realise the sufferings of the people in the states ruled by Indian Princes. He suffered imprisonment in Nabha, a princely state, when he went there to see the struggle that was being waged by the Sikhs against the corrupt Mahants. The nationalist movement had been confined to the territories under direct British rule. Nehru helped to make the struggle of the people in the princely states a part of the nationalist movement for freedom. The All India states people's conference was formed in 1927. Nehru who had been supporting the cause of the people of the princely states for many years was made the President of the conference in 1935. He opened up its ranks to membership from across the political spectrum. The body would play an important role during the political integration of India, helping Indian leaders Vallabhbhai Patel and V.K. Krishna Menon (to whom Nehru had delegated the task of integrating the princely states into India) negotiate with hundreds of princes.

In July 1946, Nehru pointedly observed that no princely state could prevail militarily against the army of independent India.[30] In January 1947, Nehru said that independent India would not accept the Divine Right of Kings,[31] and in May 1947, he declared that any princely state which refused to join the Constituent Assembly would be treated as an enemy state. During the drafting of the Indian constitution, many Indian leaders (except Nehru) of that time were in favour of allowing each Princely state or Covenanting State to be independent as a federal state along the lines suggested originally by the Government of India act (1935). But as the drafting of the constitution progressed and the idea of forming a republic took concrete shape (due to the efforts of Nehru), it was decided that all the Princely states/Covenanting States would merge with the Indian republic. Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi, de-recognized all the rulers by a presidential order in 1969. But this was struck down by the Supreme Court of India. Eventually, the government by the 26th Amendment to the constitution was successful in abolishing the Princely states of India. The process began by Nehru was finally completed by his daughter by the end of 1971.

Declaration of Independence
Nehru was one of the first leaders to demand that the Congress Party should resolve to make a complete and explicit break from all ties with the British Empire. He introduced a resolution demanding "complete national independence" in 1927, which was rejected because of Gandhi's opposition.[32] In 1928, Gandhi agreed to Nehru's demands and proposed a resolution that called for the British to grant dominion status to India within two years. If the British failed to meet the deadline, the Congress would call upon all Indians to fight for complete independence. Nehru was one of the leaders who objected to the time given to the British he pressed Gandhi to demand immediate actions from the British. Gandhi brokered a further compromise by reducing the time given from two years to one. Nehru agreed to vote for the new resolution. Demands for dominion status was rejected by the British in 1929. Nehru assumed the presidency of the Congress party during the Lahore session on 29 December 1929 and introduced a successful resolution calling for complete independence. Nehru drafted the Indian declaration of independence, which stated: "We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. We believe therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence."[33] At midnight on New Year's Eve 1929, Nehru hoisted the tricolour flag of India upon the banks of the Ravi in Lahore. A pledge of independence was read out, which included a readiness to

withhold taxes. The massive gathering of public attending the ceremony was asked if they agreed with it, and the vast majority of people were witnessed to raise their hands in approval. 172 Indian members of central and provincial legislatures resigned in support of the resolution and in accordance with Indian public sentiment. The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26 January as Independence Day. The flag of India was hoisted publicly across India by Congress volunteers, nationalists and the public. Plans for a mass civil disobedience were also underway. After the Lahore session of the Congress in 1929, Nehru gradually emerged as the paramount leader of the Indian independence movement. Gandhi stepped back into a more spiritual role. Although Gandhi did not officially designate Nehru his political heir until 1942, the country as early as the mid-1930s saw in Nehru the natural successor to Gandhi.

Civil disobedience
Nehru and most of the Congress leaders were initially ambivalent about Gandhi's plan to begin civil disobedience with a satyagraha aimed at the British salt tax. After the protest gathered steam, they realised the power of salt as a symbol. Nehru remarked about the unprecedented popular response, it seemed as though a spring had been suddenly released.[34] Nehru was arrested on 14 April 1930 while entraining from Allahabad for Raipur. He had earlier, after addressing a huge meeting and leading a vast procession, ceremoniously manufactured some contraband salt. He was charged with breach of the salt law, tried summarily behind prison walls and sentenced to six months of imprisonment. Nehru nominated Gandhi to succeed him as Congress President during his absence in jail, but Gandhi declined, and Nehru then nominated his father as his successor. With Nehru's arrest the civil disobedience acquired a new tempo, and arrests, firing on crowds and lathi charges grew to be ordinary occurrences. The Salt Satyagraha succeeded in drawing the attention of the world. Indian, British, and world opinion increasingly began to recognise the legitimacy of the claims by the Congress party for independence. Nehru considered the salt satyagraha the high water mark of his association with Gandhi,[35] and felt that its lasting importance was in changing the attitudes of Indians: "Of course these movements exercised tremendous pressure on the British Government and shook the government machinery. But the real importance, to my mind, lay in the effect they had on our own people, and especially the village masses....Non-cooperation dragged them out of the mire and gave them self-respect and self-reliance....They acted courageously and did not submit so easily to unjust oppression; their outlook widened and they began to think a little in terms of India as a whole....It was a remarkable transformation and the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, must have the credit for it."[36]

Architect of India
Nehru elaborated the policies of the Congress and a future Indian nation under his leadership in 1929. He declared that the aims of the congress were freedom of religion, right to form associations, freedom of expression of thought, equality before law for every individual without distinction of caste, colour, creed or religion, protection to regional languages and cultures, safeguarding the interests of the peasants and labour, abolition of untouchability, introduction of

adult franchise, imposition of prohibition, nationalisation of industries, socialism, and establishment of a secular India. All these aims formed the core of the "Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy" resolution drafted by Nehru in 192931 and were ratified by the All India Congress Committee under Gandhi's leadership.[37] However, some Congress leaders objected to the resolution and decided to oppose Nehru. The espousal of socialism as the Congress goal was most difficult to achieve. Nehru was opposed in this by the right-wing Congressmen Sardar Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad and Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari. Nehru had the support of the left-wing Congressmen Maulana Azad and Subash Chandra Bose. The trio combined to oust Dr. Prasad as Congress President in 1936. Nehru was elected in his place and held the presidency for two years (193637).[38] Nehru was then succeeded by his socialist colleagues Bose (193839) and Azad (194046). After the fall of Bose from the mainstream of Indian politics (due to his support of violence in driving the British out of India), the power struggle between the socialists and conservatives balanced out. However, Sardar Patel died in 1950, leaving Nehru as the sole remaining iconic national leader, and soon the situation became such that Nehru was able to implement many of his basic policies without hindrance. The conservative right-wing of the Congress (composed of India's upper class elites) would continue opposing the socialists until the great schism in 1969. Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi, was able to fulfill her father's dream by the 42nd amendment (1976) of the Indian constitution by which India officially became "socialist" and "secular".[39] During Nehru's second term as general secretary of the Congress, he proposed certain resolutions concerning the foreign policy of India.[40] From that time onwards, he was given carte blanche in framing the foreign policy of any future Indian nation. Nehru developed good relations with governments all over the world. He firmly placed India on the side of democracy and freedom during a time when the world was under the threat of fascism.[29] Nehru was also given the responsibility of planning the economy of a future India. He appointed the National Planning Commission in 1938 to help in framing such policies.[41] However, many of the plans framed by Nehru and his colleagues would come undone with the unexpected partition of India in 1947.

Electoral politics
This section is incomplete. Please help to improve the article, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (June 2012) Nehru visit to Europe in 1936 proved to be the watershed in his political and economic thinking. Nehrus real interest in Marxism and his socialist pattern of thought stem from that tour. His subsequent sojourns in prison enabled him to study Marxism in more depth. Interested in its ideas but repelled by some of its methods, he could never bring himself to accept Karl Marxs writings as revealed scripture. Yet from then on, the yardstick of his economic thinking remained Marxist, adjusted, where necessary, to Indian conditions. When the Congress party under Nehru chose to contest elections and accept power under the Federation scheme, Gandhi resigned from party membership. Gandhi did not disagree with Nehru's move, but felt that if he resigned, his popularity with Indians would cease to stifle the party's membership. When the elections following the introduction of provincial autonomy

(under the government of India act 1935) brought the Congress party to power in a majority of the provinces, Nehru's popularity and power was unmatched. The Muslim League under Mohammed Ali Jinnah (who was to become the creator of Pakistan) had fared badly at the polls. Nehru declared that the only two parties that mattered in India were the British Raj and Congress. Jinnah statements that the Muslim League was the third and "equal partner" within Indian politics was widely rejected. Nehru had hoped to elevate Maulana Azad as the preeminent leaders of Indian Muslims, but in this, he was undermined by Gandhi, who continued to treat Jinnah as the voice of Indian Muslims.

World War II and Quit India

When World war II started, Viceroy Linlithgow had unilaterally declared India a belligerent on the side of the Britain, without consulting the elected Indian representatives. Nehru hurried back from a visit to China, announcing that, in a conflict between democracy and Fascism, our sympathies must inevitably be on the side of democracy...... I should like India to play its full part and throw all her resources into the struggle for a new order. After much deliberation the Congress under Nehru informed the government that it would cooperate with the British but on certain conditions. First, Britain must give an assurance of full independence for India after the war and allow the election of a constituent assembly to frame a new constitution; second, although the Indian armed forces would remain under the British Commander-in-Chief, Indians must be included immediately in the central government and given a chance to share power and responsibility. When Nehru presented Lord Linlithgow with the demands, he chose not to take them seriously. A deadlock was reached. The same old game is played again, Nehru wrote bitterly to Gandhi, the background is the same, the various epithets are the same and the actors are the same and the results must be the same. On 23 October 1939, the Congress condemned the Viceroys attitude and called upon the Congress ministries in the various provinces to resign in protest. Before this crucial announcement, Nehru urged Jinnah and the Muslim League to join the protest but the latter declined. In March 1940 Jinnah passed what would come to be known as the Pakistan Resolution, declaring Muslims are a nation according to any definition of a nation, and they must have their homelands, their territory and their State. This state was to be known as Pakistan, meaning Land of the Pure. Nehru angrily declared that all the old problems...pale into insignificance before the latest stand taken by the Muslim League leader in Lahore. Linlithgow made Nehru an offer on 8 October 1940. It stated that Dominion status for India was the objective of the British government. However, it referred neither to a date nor method of accomplishment. Only Jinnah got something more precise. "The British would not contemplate transferring power to a Congress-dominated national government the authority of which was denied by large and powerful elements in Indias national life. In October 1940, Gandhi and Nehru, abandoning their original stand of supporting Britain, decided to launch a limited civil disobedience campaign in which leading advocates of Indian independence were selected to participate one by one. Nehru was arrested and sentenced to four

years imprisonment. After spending a little more than a year in jail, he was released, along with other Congress prisoners, three days before the bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. When the Japanese carried their attack through Burma (now Myanmar) to the borders of India in the spring of 1942, the British government, faced by this new military threat, decided to make some overtures to India, as Nehru had originally desired. Prime Minister Winston Churchill dispatched Sir Stafford Cripps, a member of the war Cabinet who was known to be politically close to Nehru and also knew Jinnah, with proposals for a settlement of the constitutional problem. As soon as he arrived he discovered that India was more deeply divided than he had imagined. Nehru, eager for a compromise, was hopeful. Gandhi was not. Jinnah had continued opposing the Congress. Pakistan is our only demand, declared the Muslim League newspaper Dawn and by God we will have it. Crippss mission failed as Gandhi would accept nothing less than independence. Relations between Nehru and Gandhi cooled over the latters refusal to cooperate with Cripps but the two later reconcilled. On 15 January 1941 Gandhi had stated: "Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It will require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor."[42] Gandhi called on the British to leave India; Nehru, though reluctant to embarrass the allied war effort, had no alternative but to join Gandhi. Following the Quit India resolution passed by the Congress party in Bombay (now Mumbai) on 8 August 1942, the entire Congress working committee, including Gandhi and Nehru, was arrested and imprisoned. Nehru emerged from thishis ninth and last detentiononly on 15 June 1945. During the period where all of the Congress leadership were in jail, the Muslim League under Jinnah grew in power. In April 1943, the League captured the governments of Bengal and, a month later, that of the North West Frontier Province. In none of these provinces had the League previously had a majority only the arrest of Congress members made it possible. With all the Muslim dominated provinces except the Punjab under Jinnahs control, the artificial concept of a separate Muslim State was turning into a reality. However by 1944, Jinnahs power and prestige were on the wane. A general sympathy towards the jailed Congress leaders was developing among Muslims, and much of the blame for the disastrous Bengal famine of 19434 during which two million died, had been laid on the shoulders of the provinces Muslim League government. The numbers at Jinnahs meetings, once counted in thousands soon numbered only a few hundreds. In despair, Jinnah left the political scene for a stay in Kashmir. His prestige was restored unwittingly by Gandhi, who had been released from prison on medical grounds in May 1944 and had met Jinnah in Bombay in September. There he offered the Muslim leader a plebiscite in the Muslim areas after the war to see whether they wanted to separate from the rest of India. Essentially, it was an acceptance of the principle of Pakistan but not in so many words. Jinnah demanded that the exact words be said; Gandhi refused and the talks broke down. Jinnah however had greatly strengthened his own position and that of the League. The most influential member of Congress had been seen to negotiate with him on equal terms. Other Muslim league leaders, opposed both to Jinnah and to the partition of India, lost strength.

Prime Minister of India (194764)

This section is incomplete. Please help to improve the article, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (June 2012)

Teen Murti Bhavan, Nehru's residence as Prime Minister, now a museum in his memory. Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet Mission arrived to propose plans for transfer of power. File:Lord Mountbatten swears in Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister of free India on 15 Aug 1947.jpg Lord Mountbatten swears in Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister of free India at the ceremony held at 8:30 am IST on 15 August 1947 Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, which was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India, according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his inaugural address titled "A Tryst With Destiny" "Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity."[43] On 30 January 1948, Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi was shot while he was walking to a platform from which he was to address a prayer meeting. The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was a Hindu nationalist with links to the extremist Hindu Mahasabha, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan. Nehru addressed the nation through radio:[44]

"Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this country."Jawaharlal Nehru's address to Gandhi[45]> Yasmin Khan argued that Gandhi's death and funeral helped consolidate the authority of the new Indian state under Nehru and Patel. The Congress tightly controlled the epic public displays of grief over a two-week periodthe funeral, mortuary rituals and distribution of the martyr's ashesas millions participated and hundreds of millions watched. The goal was to assert the power of the government, legitimise the Congress party's control and suppress all religious paramilitary groups. Nehru and Patel suppressed the RSS, the Muslim National Guards, and the Khaksars, with some 200,000 arrests. Gandhi's death and funeral linked the distant state with the Indian people and made more understand the need to suppress religious parties during the transition to independence for the Indian people.[46] In later years there emerged a revisionist school of history which sought to blame Nehru for the partition of India, mostly referring to his highly centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more decentralised India.[47][48] Such views has been promoted by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which favours a decentralised central government in India.[49] In the years following independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira to look after him and manage his personal affairs. Under his leadership, the Congress won an overwhelming majority in the elections of 1952. Indira moved into Nehru's official residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India and the world. Indira would virtually become Nehru's chief of staff.

Nehru's study in Teen Murti Bhavan.

Economic policies
Nehru presided over the introduction of a modified, Indian version of state planning and control over the economy. Creating the Planning commission of India, Nehru drew up the first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the government's investments in industries and agriculture.

Increasing business and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a mixed economy in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining, electricity and heavy industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise. Nehru pursued land redistribution and launched programmes to build irrigation canals, dams and spread the use of fertilizers to increase agricultural production. He also pioneered a series of community development programs aimed at spreading diverse cottage industries and increasing efficiency into rural India. While encouraging the construction of large dams (which Nehru called the "new temples of India"), irrigation works and the generation of hydroelectricity, Nehru also launched India's programme to harness nuclear energy. For most of Nehru's term as prime minister, India would continue to face serious food shortages despite progress and increases in agricultural production. Nehru's industrial policies, summarised in the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, encouraged the growth of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries,[50] yet state planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a steady rate of growth at 2.5% per annum (mocked by leftist economist Raj Krishna as a "Hindu rate of growth"), chronic unemployment amidst widespread poverty continued to plague the population. D. D. Kosambi, a well-known Marxist historian, criticised Nehru in his article for the bourgeoisie class exploitation of Nehru's socialist ideology. Nehru was accused of promoting capitalism in the guise of democratic socialism among other things.[51] Land and agrarian reform Under Nehrus leadership, the government attempted to develop India quickly by embarking on agrarian reform and rapid industrialisation. A successful land reform was introduced that abolished giant landholdings, but efforts to redistribute land by placing limits on landownership failed. Attempts to introduce large-scale cooperative farming were frustrated by landowning rural elites, who formed the core of the powerful right-wing of the Congress and had considerable political support in opposing the efforts of Nehru. Agricultural production expanded until the early 1960s, as additional land was brought under cultivation and some irrigation projects began to have an effect. The establishment of agricultural universities, modelled after land-grant colleges in the United States, contributed to the development of the economy. These universities worked with high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, initially developed in Mexico and the Philippines, that in the 1960s began the Green Revolution, an effort to diversify and increase crop production. At the same time a series of failed monsoons would cause serious food shortages despite the steady progress and increase in agricultural production.[50]

Domestic policies
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (June 2012) States reorganisation See also: States Reorganisation Act

The British Indian Empire, which included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, was divided into two types of territories: the Provinces of British India, which were governed directly by British officials responsible to the Governor-General of India; and princely states, under the rule of local hereditary rulers who recognised British suzerainty in return for local autonomy, in most cases as established by treaty. Between 1947 and about 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union under Nehru and Sardar Patel. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajputana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The Government of India Act 1935 remained the constitutional law of India pending adoption of a new Constitution. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. Nehru declared the new republic to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states: Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature. The Part B states were former princely states or groups of princely states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state, and an elected legislature. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India. The Part C states included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The sole Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government. In December 1953, Nehru appointed the States Reorganisation Commission to prepare for the creation of states on linguistic lines. This was headed by Justice Fazal Ali and the commission itself was also known as the Fazal Ali Commission. The efforts of this commission were overseen by Govind Ballabh Pant, who served as Nehru's Home Minister from December 1954. The commission created a report in 1955 recommending the reorganisation of India's states. Under the Seventh Amendment, the existing distinction between Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D states was abolished. The distinction between Part A and Part B states was removed, becoming known simply as "states". A new type of entity, the union territory, replaced the classification as a Part C or Part D state. Nehru stressed commonality among Indians and promoted panIndianism. He refused to reorganise states on either religious or ethnic lines. Western scholars have mostly praised Nehru for the integration of the states into a modern republic but the act was not accepted universally in India.

Education and social reform

Nehru with schoolchildren at the Durgapur Steel Plant. Durgapur along with Rourkela and Bhilai were the three integrated steel plants set up under India's Second Five-Year Plan in the late 1950s. Jawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for India's children and youth, believing it essential for India's future progress. His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology, the Indian Institutes of Management and the National Institutes of Technology. Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of India's children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrolment programmes and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children in order to fight malnutrition. Adult education centres, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas. Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalise caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women.[52][53][54][55] A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in government. Nehru specifically wrote Article 44 of the Indian constitution under the Directive Principles of State Policy which states : 'The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.' The article has formed the basis of secularism in India.[56] However, Nehru has been criticised for the inconsistent application of the law. Most notably, Nehru allowed Muslims to keep their personal law in matters relating to marriage and inheritance. Also in the small state of Goa, a civil code based on the old Portuguese Family Laws was allowed to continue, and Muslim Personal law was prohibited by Nehru. This was the result of the annexation of Goa in 1961 by India, when Nehru promised the people that their laws would be left intact. This has led to accusations of selective secularism. While Nehru exempted Muslim law from legislation and they remained un-reformed, he did pass the Special Marriage Act in 1954. The idea behind this act was to give everyone in India the ability to marry outside the personal law under a civil marriage. As usual the law applied to all of India, except Jammu and Kashmir (again leading to accusations of selective secularism). In

many respects, the act was almost identical to the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, which gives some idea as to how secularised the law regarding Hindus had become. The Special Marriage Act allowed Muslims to marry under it and thereby retain the protections, generally beneficial to Muslim women, that could not be found in the personal law. Under the act polygamy was illegal, and inheritance and succession would be governed by the Indian Succession Act, rather than the respective Muslim Personal Law. Divorce also would be governed by the secular law, and maintenance of a divorced wife would be along the lines set down in the civil law. Nehru led the faction of the Congress party which promoted Hindi as the ligua-franca of the Indian nation. After an exhaustive and divisive debate with the non-Hindi speakers, Hindi was adopted as the official language of India in 1950 with English continuing as an associate official language for a period of fifteen years, after which Hindi would become the sole official language. Efforts by the Indian Government to make Hindi the sole official language after 1965 were not acceptable to many non-Hindi Indian states, who wanted the continued use of English. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a descendant of Dravidar Kazhagam, led the opposition to Hindi. To allay their fears, Nehru enacted the Official Languages Act in 1963 to ensure the continuing use of English beyond 1965. The text of the Act did not satisfy the DMK and increased their scepticism that his assurances might not be honoured by future administrations. The issue was resolved during the premiership of Lal Bahadur Shastri, who under great pressure from Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi, was made to give assurances that English would continue to be used as the official language as long the non-Hindi speaking states wanted. The Official Languages Act was eventually amended in 1967 by the Congress Government headed by Indira Gandhi to guarantee the indefinite use of Hindi and English as official languages. This effectively ensured the current "virtual indefinite policy of bilingualism" of the Indian Republic.

National security and foreign policy

Nehru with Otto Grotewohl, the Prime Minister of East Germany See also: Role of India in Non-Aligned Movement Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of freedom from British rule. Both the United States and the Soviet Union competed to make India an ally throughout the Cold War. Nehru also maintained good relations with the British Empire. Under the London Declaration, India agreed that, when it became a republic in January 1950, it would join the Commonwealth of Nations and accept the British monarch as a "symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth". The other nations of the Commonwealth recognised India's continuing membership of the association. The reaction back home was favourable; only the far-left and the far-right criticised Nehru's decision. On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong supporter of the United Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the US and the USSR. Recognising the People's Republic of China soon after its founding (while most of the

Western bloc continued relations with the Republic of China), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea.[57] He sought to establish warm and friendly relations with China in 1950, and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc. Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the UN. Kashmir was a disputed territory between India and Pakistan, the two having gone to war with each other over the state in 1948. However, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN resolution and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the UN, he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953. His policies on Kashmir and the integeration of the state into India was frequently defended in front of the United Nations by his aide, Krishna Menon, a brilliant diplomat who earned a reputation in India for his passionate speeches. Nehru, while a pacifist, was not blind to the political and geo-strategic reality of India in 1947. While laying the foundation stone of the National Defence Academy (India) in 1949, he stated: "We, who for generations had talked about and attempted in everything a peaceful way and practiced non-violence, should now be, in a sense, glorifying our army, navy and air force. It means a lot. Though it is odd, yet it simply reflects the oddness of life. Though life is logical, we have to face all contingencies, and unless we are prepared to face them, we will go under. There was no greater prince of peace and apostle of non-violence than Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation, whom we have lost, but yet, he said it was better to take the sword than to surrender, fail or run away. We cannot live carefree assuming that we are safe. Human nature is such. We cannot take the risks and risk our hard-won freedom. We have to be prepared with all modern defence methods and a well-equipped army, navy and air force."[58][59] Nehru envisioned the developing of nuclear weapons and established the Atomic Energy Commission of India (AEC) in 1948.[60] Nehru also called Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, a nuclear physicist, who was entrusted with complete authority over all nuclear related affairs and programs and answered only to Nehru himself.[60] Indian nuclear policy was set by unwritten personal understanding between Nehru and Bhabha.[60] Nehru famously said to Bhabha, "Professor Bhabha take care of Physics, leave international relation to me".[60] From the outset in 1948, Nehru had high ambition to develop this program to stand against the industrialized states and the basis of this program was to establish an Indian nuclear weapons capability as part of India's regional superiority to other South-Asian states, most particularly Pakistan.[60] Nehru also told Bhabha, later it was told by Bhabha to Raja Rammanna that, "We must have the capability. We should first prove ourselves and then talk of Gandhi, nonviolence and a world without nuclear weapons.[60] "

Jawaharlal Nehru (right) with Muhammad Ali Bogra, Prime Minister of Pakistan (left), during his 1953 visit to Karachi Nehru was hailed by many for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of nuclear weapons after the Korean war (19501953).[61] He commissioned the first study of the human effects of nuclear explosions, and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called "these frightful engines of destruction." He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting denuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countries such as his own.[62] Nehru ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah in 1953, whom he had previously supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. In 1954 Nehru signed with China the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, known in India as the Panchsheel (from the Sanskrit words, panch: five, sheel: virtues), a set of principles to govern relations between the two states. Their first formal codification in treaty form was in an agreement between China and India in 1954. They were enunciated in the preamble to the "Agreement (with exchange of notes) on trade and intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India", which was signed at Peking on 29 April 1954. Negotiations took place in Delhi from December 1953 to April 1954 between the Delegation of the PRC Government and the Delegation of the Indian Government on the relations between the two countries with respect to the disputed territories of Aksai Chin and South Tibet. The treaty was disregared in the 1960s, but in the 1970s, the Five Principles again came to be seen as important in Sino-Indian relations, and more generally as norms of relations between states. They became widely recognised and accepted throughout the region during the premiership of Indira Gandhi and the 3-year rule of the Janata Party (19771980).[63] In 1956 Nehru had criticised the joint invasion of the Suez Canal by the British, French and Israelis. The role of Nehru, both as Indian Prime Minister and a leader of the Non Aligned Movement was significant; he tried to be even-handed between the two sides, while denouncing Eden and co-sponsors of the aggression vigorously. Nehru had a powerful ally in the US president Dwight Eisenhower who, if relatively silent publicly, went to the extent of using Americas clout in the IMF to make Britain and France back down. The episode greatly raised the prestige of Nehru and India amongst the third world nations. During the Suez crisis, Nehru's right hand man, Menon attempted to persuade a recalcitrant Gamal Nasser to compromise with

the West, and was instrumental in moving Western powers towards an awareness that Nasser might prove willing to compromise. In 1957, Menon was instructed to deliver an unprecedented eight-hour speech defending Indias stand on Kashmir; to date, the speech is the longest ever delivered in the United Nations Security Council, covering five hours of the 762nd meeting on 23 January, and two hours and forty-eight minutes on the 24th, reportedly concluding with Menon's collapse on the Security Council floor. During the filibuster, Nehru moved swiftly and successfully to consolidate Indian power in Kashmir (then under great unrest). Menon's passionate defence of Indian sovereignty in Kashmir enlarged his base of support in India, and led to the Indian press temporarily dubbing him the 'Hero of Kashmir'. Nehru was then at the peak of his popularity in India; the only (minor) criticism came from the far-right.[64][65] The USA had hoped to court Nehru after its intervention in favour of Nasser during the Suez crisis. However, Cold War suspicions and the American distrust of Nehruvian socialism cooled relations between India and the US, which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. Nehru maintained good relations with Britain even after the Suez Crisis. Nehru accepted the arbitration of the UK and World Bank, signing the Indus Water Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to resolve long-standing disputes about sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region.

Krishna Menon, routinely referred to by western publications as "Nehru's Evil Genius." He was described as the second most powerful man in India by Time magazine and others. Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehru's foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehru's decision to grant political asylum to the 14th Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorised the Indian Army to liberate Goa in 1961 from Portuguese occupation, and then he formally annexed it to India. It increased his popularity in India, but he was criticised by the communist oppposition in India for the use of

military force. The use of military force against Portugal earned him goodwill amongst the rightwing and far-right groups. However, this goodwill was to be lost with India's tactical defeat in the 1962 war with China.

India China War 1962

From 1959, in a process that accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the "Forward Policy" of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India.[66] China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India lost, and China withdrew to pre-war lines in eastern zone at Tawang but retained Aksai Chin which was within British India and was handed over to India after independence. Later, Pakistan handed over some portion of Kashmir near Siachen controlled by Pakistan since 1948 to China. The war exposed the unpreparedness of India's military which could send only 14 thousand troops to the war zone in opposition to many times larger Chinese army, and Nehru was widely criticised for his government's insufficient attention to defence. In response, Nehru sacked the defence minister Krishna Menon and sought US military aid. Nehru's improved relations with USA under John F. Kennedy proved useful during the war, as in 1962, President of Pakistan (then closely aligned with the Americans) Ayub Khan was made to guarantee his neutrality in regards to India, who was threatened by "communist aggression from Red China."[67] The Indian relationship with the Soviet Union, criticised by right-wing groups supporting free-market policies was also seemingly validated. Nehru would continue to maintain his commitment to the non-aligned movement despite calls from some to settle down on one permanent ally. The aftermath of the war saw sweeping changes in the Indian military to prepare it for similar conflicts in the future, and placed pressure on Nehru, who was seen as responsible for failing to anticipate the Chinese attack on India. Under American advice (by American envoy John Kenneth Galbraith who made and ran American policy on the war as all other top policy makers in USA were absorbed in coincident Cuban Missile Crisis) Nehru refrained, not according to the best choices available, from using the Indian air force to beat back the Chinese advances. The CIA later revealed that at that time the Chinese had neither the fuel nor runways long enough for using their air force effectively in Tibet. Indians in general became highly sceptical of China and its military. Many Indians view the war as a betrayal of India's attempts at establishing a longstanding peace with China and started to question Nehru's usage of the term "Hindi-Chini bhaibhai" (meaning "Indians and Chinese are brothers"). The war also put an end to Nehru's earlier hopes that India and China would form a strong Asian Axis to counteract the increasing influence of the Cold War bloc superpowers.[68] The unpreparedness of the army was blamed on Defence Minister Menon, who "resigned" his government post to allow for someone who might modernise India's military further. India's policy of weaponisation via indigenous sources and self-sufficiency began in earnest under Nehru, completed by his daughter Indira Gandhi, who later led India to a crushing military victory over rival Pakistan in 1971. Toward the end of the war India had increased her support for Tibetan refugees and revolutionaries, some of them having settled in India, as they were fighting the same common enemy in the region. Nehru ordered the raising of an elite Indian-

trained "Tibetan Armed Force" composed of Tibetan refugees, which served with distinction in future wars against Pakistan in 1965 and 1971.[69] During the conflict, Nehru wrote two desperate letters to US President John F. Kennedy, requesting 12 squadrons of fighter jets and a modern radar system. These jets were seen as necessary to beef up Indian air strength so that air to air combat could be initiated safely from the Indian perspective (bombing troops was seen as unwise for fear of Chinese retaliatory action). Nehru also asked that these aircraft be manned by American pilots until Indian airmen were trained to replace them. These requests were rejected by the Kennedy Administration (which was involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis during most of the Sino-Indian War), leading to a cool down in Indo-US relations. According to former Indian diplomat G Parthasarathy, "only after we got nothing from the US did arms supplies from the Soviet Union to India commence".[70] Per Time Magazine's 1962 editorial on the war, however, this may not have been the case. The editorial states, 'When Washington finally turned its attention to India, it honoured the ambassador's pledge, loaded 60 US planes with $5,000,000 worth of automatic weapons, heavy mortars and land mines. Twelve huge C-130 Hercules transports, complete with US crews and maintenance teams, took off for New Delhi to fly Indian troops and equipment to the battle zone. Britain weighed in with Bren and Sten guns, and airlifted 150 tons of arms to India. Canada prepared to ship six transport planes. Australia opened Indian credits for $1,800,000 worth of munitions'.[71] Radhakrishnan]] and Bidhan Chandra Roy]] Nehru had led the Congress to a major victory in the 1957 elections, but his government was facing rising problems and criticism. Disillusioned by alleged intra-party corruption and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning but continued to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as Congress President in 1959 aroused criticism for alleged nepotism, although actually Nehru had disapproved of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of "dynastism"; he said, indeed it was "wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing", and refused her a position in his cabinet.[72] Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy; most notably, she used his oft-stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections.[72] Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition, and was "hurt" by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father.[4] In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority. Communist and socialist parties were the main beneficiaries although some right wing groups like Bharatiya Jana Sangh also did well.

Prime Minister Nehru talks with United Nations General Assembly President Romulo (October 1949).

Nehru lying in state, 1964. Nehru's health began declining steadily after 1962, and he spent months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963. Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a betrayal of trust.[73] Upon his return from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He was "taken ill in early hours" of 27 May 1964 and died in "early afternoon" on same day, and his death was announced to Lok Sabha at 1400 local time; cause of death is believed to be heart attack.[74] Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. Nehru, the man and politician made such a powerful imprint on India that his death on 27 May 1964, left India with no clear political heir to his leadership (although his daughter was widely expected to succeed him before she turned it down in favour of Shastri). Indian newspapers repeated Nehru's own words of the time of Gandhi's assassination: "The light has gone out of our lives and there is darkness everywhere."

Religion
Nehru rejected religion. He observed the effects of superstition on the lives of the Indian people and wrote of religion that it shuts its eyes to reality. Nehru thought that religion was at the root of the stagnation and lack of progress in India. The basis of Indian society at that time was unthinking obedience to the authority of sacred books, old customs, and outdated habits.[citation

needed]

Nehru observed that these attitudes and religious taboos were preventing India from going forward and adapting to modern conditions: No country or people who are slaves to dogma and dogmatic mentality can progress, and unhappily our country and people have become extraordinarily dogmatic and little-minded. Therefore, he concurred, that religions and all that went with them must be severely limited before they ruined the country and its people. He was deeply concerned that so many Indian people could not read or write and wanted mass education to release Indian society from the limitations that ignorance and religious traditions imposed.[75]

The spectacle of what is called religion, or at any rate organised religion, in India and elsewhere, has filled me with horror and I have frequently condemned it and wished to make a clean sweep of it. Almost always it seemed to stand for blind belief and reaction, dogma and bigotry, superstition, exploitation and the preservation of vested interests.

Nehru considered that his afterlife was not in some mystical heaven or reincarnation but in the practical achievements of a life lived fully with and for his fellow human beings: Nor am I greatly interested in life after death. I find the problems of this life sufficiently absorbing to fill my mind, he wrote. In his Last Will and Testament he wrote:

I wish to declare with all earnestness that I do not want any religious ceremonies performed for me after my death. I do not believe in such ceremonies, and to submit to them, even as a matter of form, would be hypocrisy and an attempt to delude ourselves and others.

Personal life
This section is incomplete. Please help to improve the article, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (August 2012) Nehru married Kamala Kaul in 1916. Their only daughter Indira was born a year later in 1917. (Kamala gave birth to a boy in November 1924, but he was premature and died 2 days later.) Nehru was alleged to have had relationships with Padmaja Naidu and Edwina Mountbatten.[76] Edwina's daughter Pamela acknowledged Nehru's platonic affair with Edwina.[77]

Legacy

Bust of Nehru at Aldwych, London As India's first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru played a major role in shaping modern India's government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education[citation needed], reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehru's education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,[78] Indian Institutes of Technology,[79] and the Indian Institutes of Management.
"Nehru was a great man... Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I don't think others might have succeeded in doing." Sir Isaiah Berlin[80]

In addition, Nehru's stance as an unfailing nationalist led him to also implement policies which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities. This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to one another as allies against a common adversary. While differences of culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the National Book Trust and the National Literary Academy which promoted the translation of regional literatures between languages and also organised the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, "Integrate or perish."[81]

Commemoration

Nehru distributes sweets among children at Nongpoh, Meghalaya

Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorative stamp. In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November, is celebrated in India as Baal Divas ("Children's Day") in recognition of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children across India remember him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory. Congress leaders and activists often emulate his style of clothing, especially the Gandhi cap and the "Nehru Jacket", and his mannerisms. Nehru's ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Party's manifesto and core political philosophy. An emotional attachment to his legacy was instrumental in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government. Nehru's personal preference for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today; aside from lending his name to a kind of cap, the Nehru jacket is named in his honour due to his preference for that style. Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehru's memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India. The

Jawaharlal Nehru Port near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and dock designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load. Nehru's residence in Delhi is preserved as the Teen Murti House now has Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, and one of five Nehru Planetariums that were set in Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Allahabad and Pune. The complex also houses the offices of the 'Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund', established in 1964 under the Chairmanship of Dr S. Radhakrishnan, then President of India. The foundation also gives away the prestigious 'Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fellowship', established in 1968.[82] The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to commemorate Nehru and his family's legacy.

In popular culture
Many documentaries about Nehru's life have been produced. He has also been portrayed in fictionalised films. The canonical performance is probably that of Roshan Seth, who played him three times: in Richard Attenborough's 1982 film Gandhi, Shyam Benegal's 1988 television series Bharat Ek Khoj, based on Nehru's The Discovery of India, and in a 2007 TV film entitled The Last Days of the Raj.[83] In Ketan Mehta's film Sardar, Nehru was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani. Girish Karnad's historical play, Tughlaq (1962) is an allegory about the Nehruvian era. It was staged by Ebrahim Alkazi with National School of Drama Repertory at Purana Qila, Delhi in 1970s and later at the Festival of India, London in 1982.[84][85]

Writings
Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, and his autobiography, Toward Freedom.

Awards
In 1955 Nehru was awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.[86]

See also

Glimpses of World History written by Jawaharlal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission Letters from a Father to His Daughter a collection of letters written by Jawaharlal Nehru to his daughter Indira. List of political families Nehru jacket The Discovery of India written by Jawaharlal Nehru Tryst with destiny the historic speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru, considered in modern India to be a landmark oration that captures the essence of the triumphant culmination of the hundred-year Indian freedom struggle against the British Empire in India.

References

1. ^ "The Montreal Gazette". Google News Archive. 9 June 1964. p. 4. http://news.google.co.in/newspapers?id=LZotAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jp4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=7 168,1579610. 2. ^ Ramachandra Guha (23 September 2003). "Inter-faith Harmony: Where Nehru and Gandhi Meet Times of India". The Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/LEADER-ARTICLEBRInterfaith-Harmony-Where-Nehru-and-Gandhi-Meet/articleshow/196028.cms. 3. ^ In Jawaharlal Nehru's autobiography, An Autobiography (1936), and in the Last Will & Testament of Jawaharlal Nehru, in Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, 2nd series, vol. 26, p. 612, 4. ^ a b Marlay, Ross; Clark D. Neher (1999). Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 368. ISBN 0-8476-8442-3. http://books.google.com/?id=7i0jGxysUUcC&pg=PA368. 5. ^ a b Moraes 2008. 6. ^ Zakaria, Rafiq A Study of Nehru, Times of India Press, 1960, p. 22 7. ^ Bonnie G. Smith; The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0195148909. pg 406407. 8. ^ Moraes 2008, p. 22. 9. ^ a b c d e f g h Om Prakash Misra; Economic Thought of Gandhi and Nehru: A Comparative Analysis. M.D. Publications. 1995. ISBN 978-8185880716. pg 4965. 10. ^ Moraes 2008, p. 23. 11. ^ a b Bal Ram Nanda; The Nehrus. Oxford University Press. 1962. ISBN 9780195693430. pg 65. 12. ^ Moraes 2008, p. 36. 13. ^ Moraes 2008, p. 43. 14. ^ a b Moraes 2008, p. 47. 15. ^ Moraes 2008, p. 37. 16. ^ a b c d e f g Ghose 1993, p. 25. 17. ^ Moraes 2008, p. 49. 18. ^ a b Moraes 2008, p. 50. 19. ^ In Jawaharlal Nehru's autobiography, An Autobiography (1936) p. 33. 20. ^ Moraes 2008, p. 52. 21. ^ Moraes 2008, p. 53. 22. ^ Ghose 1993, p. 26. 23. ^ Nehru, Jawaharlal Glimpses of world history: being further letters to his daughter (Lindsay Drummond Ltd., 1949), p. 94 24. ^ Moraes 2008, p. 56. 25. ^ a b c d Moraes 2008, p. 55. 26. ^ "Jawaharlal Nehru a chronological account". http://www.jnmf.in/chrono.html. Retrieved 23 June 2012. 27. ^ Moraes 2008, p. 115. 28. ^ Moraes 2008, p. 77. 29. ^ a b Moraes 2008, p. 266. 30. ^ Copland, Ian (1997), The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 19171947, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-57179-0 p. 258.

31. ^ Lumby, E.W.R. (1954), The Transfer of Power in India, 19451947, London: George Allen and Unwin p. 228 32. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 171, ASIN: B0006EYQ0A 33. ^ "Declaration of independence". http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/swaraj.txt. Retrieved 201208-14. 34. ^ Gandhi, Gopalkrishna. "The Great Dandi March eighty years after", The Hindu, 5 April 2010 35. ^ Fisher, Margaret W. (June 1967). "India's Jawaharlal Nehru p. 368. 36. ^ Johnson, Richard L. (2005). Gandhi's Experiments With Truth: Essential Writings By And About Mahatma Gandhi, Lexington Books, ISBN 0739111426 p. 37 37. ^ Moraes 2008, p. 196. 38. ^ Moraes 2008, p. 234-238. 39. ^ "Forty-Second Amendment to the Constitution". Ministry of Law and Justice of India. 28 August 1976. http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm. Retrieved 16 June 2012. 40. ^ Moraes 2008, p. 129. 41. ^ "3rd Five Year Plan (Chapter 1)". Government of India. http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/3rd/3planch1.html. Retrieved 16 June 2012. 42. ^ Science & culture, Volume 30. Indian Science News Association. 1964. 43. ^ Nehru, Jawaharlal (8 August 2006). "Wikisource" (PHP). http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Tryst_With_Destiny. Retrieved 8 August 2006. 44. ^ Nehru's address on Gandhi's death. Retrieved 15 March 2007. 45. ^ Janak Raj Jai (1996). 19471980. Regency Publications. pp. 4547. ISBN 978-8186030-23-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=5Wrc1K0uJTgC&pg=PA45. 46. ^ Yasmin Khan (2011 47. ^ Thapar, Karan (17 August 2009). "Gandhi, Jinnah both failed: Jaswant". ibnlive.in.com. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gandhi-jinnah-both-failed-jaswant/9932337.html. 48. ^ "After Advani, Jaswant turns Jinnah admirer". The Economic Times (India). 17 August 2009. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/After-Advani-Jaswantturns-Jinnah-admirer/articleshow/4900326.cms. 49. ^ "Walk The Talk with Jaswant Singh". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KXg0qOPUfk. Retrieved 23 August 2009. 50. ^ a b Farmer, B. H. (1993). An Introduction to South Asia. Routledge. p. 120. ISBN 0415-05695-0. http://books.google.com/?id=UNINAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA120. 51. ^ The Bourgeoisie Comes of Age in India. Marxists.org. Retrieved 14 November 2011. 52. ^ Som, Reba (1994-02). "Jawaharlal Nehru and the Hindu Code: A Victory of Symbol over Substance?". Modern Asian Studies 28 (1): 165194. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00011732. JSTOR 312925. 53. ^ Basu, Srimati (2005). She Comes to Take Her Rights: Indian Women, Property, and Propriety. SUNY Press. p. 3. ISBN 81-86706-49-6. http://books.google.com/?id=mXgX8rrW6JsC&pg=PA3. "The Hindu Code Bill was visualised by Ambedkar and Nehru as the flagship of modernisation and a radical revision of Hindu law...it is widely regarded as dramatic benchmark legislation giving Hindu women equitable if not superior entitlements as legal subjects."

54. ^ Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Routledge. p. 328. ISBN 0-415-32919-1. http://books.google.com/?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA328. "One subject that particularly interested Nehru was the reform of Hindu law, particularly with regard to the rights of Hindu women..." 55. ^ Forbes, Geraldine; Geraldine Hancock Forbes, Gordon Johnson (1999). Women in Modern India. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-521-65377-0. http://books.google.com/?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&pg=PA115. "It is our birthright to demand equitable adjustment of Hindu law...." 56. ^ Erckel, Sebastian (2011). India and the European Union Two Models of Integration, GRIN Verlag, ISBN 365601048X, p. 128 57. ^ Robert Sherrod (19 January 1963). "Nehru:The Great Awakening". The Saturday Evening Post 236 (2): 6067. 58. ^ Indian Express, 6 October 1949 at Pune at the time of lying of the foundation stone of National Defence Academy (India). 59. ^ Mahatma Gandhi's relevant quotes, "My non-violence does not admit of running away from danger and leaving dear ones unprotected. Between violence and cowardly flight, I can only prefer violence to cowardice. Non-violence is the summit of bravery." "I do believe that, where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence." "I would rather have India resort to arms in order to defend her honour than that she should in a cowardly manner become or remain a helpless witness to her own dishonour." All Men Are Brothers Life and Thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi as told in his own words. UNESCO. pp. 85108. 60. ^ a b c d e f Sublet, Carrie. "Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha". Nuclearweaponarchive.ord. http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/Bhabha.html. Retrieved 8 August 2011. 61. ^ Bhatia, Vinod (1989). Jawaharlal Nehru, as Scholars of Socialist Countries See Him. Panchsheel Publishers. p. 131. 62. ^ Dua, B. D.; James Manor (1994). Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 141, 261. ISBN 1-85065-180-9. http://books.google.com/?id=X90G8gnoqv4C&pg=PA141. 63. ^ The full text of this agreement (which entered into force on 3 June 1954): "Treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations" (PDF). United Nations Treaty Series. New York: United Nations. 1958. pp. 5781. http://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20299/v299.pdf. Retrieved 14 August 2012. 64. ^ A short history of long speeches BBC News, 25 September 2009 65. ^ Majid, Amir A. [http://www.ier.ro/documente/rjea_vol7_no3/RJEA_Vol7_No3_Can_Self_Determination _Solve_the_Kashmir_Dispute.pdf+(2007).&#32;"Can Self Determination Solve the Kashmir Dispute?". Romanian Journal of European Affairs 7 (3): 38. 66. ^ Noorani, A.G. "Perseverance in peace process", Frontline, 29 August 2003. 67. ^ "Asia: Ending the Suspense". Time. 17 September 1965. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842104-10,00.html. 68. ^ "China's Decision for War with India in 1962 by John W. Garver". Web.archive.org. 26 March 2009. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090326032121/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~johnsto n/garver.pdf. Retrieved 14 August 2012.

69. ^ Gangdruk, Chushi. "Chushi Gangdruk: History", ChushiGangdruk.Org 70. ^ "Jawaharlal Nehru pleaded for US help against China in 1962". The Times Of India. 16 November 2010. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jawaharlal-Nehru-pleaded-forUS-help-against-China-in-1962/articleshow/6931810.cms. 71. ^ "India: Never Again the Same". Time. 30 November 1962. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,829540,00.html. 72. ^ a b Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 250. ISBN 0-395-73097-X. http://books.google.com/?id=0eolM37FUWYC&pg=PA250. 73. ^ Embree, Ainslie T., ed. (1988). Encyclopedia of Asian History. 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 98100. ISBN 0-684-18899-6. 74. ^ BBC ON THIS DAY | 27 | 1964: Light goes out in India as Nehru dies. BBC News. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 75. ^ "Pandit Jawarharlal Nehru (18891964)". Humanism.org.uk. http://www.humanism.org.uk/humanism/humanist-tradition/20century/Nehru. Retrieved 14 August 2012. 76. ^ "Nehru-Edwina were in love: Edwina's daughter". The Indian Express. 15 July 2007. http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=89537. Retrieved 21 May 2010. 77. ^ 21 April 2010, 12.00 am IST. "Love, longing & politics! Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/201004-21/people/28137788_1_lady-edwina-mountbatten-lord-mountbatten-edwina-andnehru. Retrieved 2 September 2012. 78. ^ "Introduction". AIIMS. http://www.aiims.ac.in/aiims/aboutaiims/aboutaiimsintro.htm. 79. ^ "Institute History". http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php., Indian Institute of Technology 80. ^ Jahanbegloo, Ramin Conversations with Isaiah Berlin (London 2000), ISBN 1842121642 pp. 2012 81. ^ Harrison, Selig S. (July 1956). "The Challenge to Indian Nationalism". Foreign Affairs 34 (2): 620636. doi:10.2307/20031191. 82. ^ History Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, Official website. 83. ^ The Last Days of the Raj (2007) (TV). imdb.com 84. ^ AWARDS: The multi-faceted playwright Frontline (magazine), Vol. 16, No. 3, 30 January 12 February 1999. 85. ^ Sachindananda (2006). "Girish Karnad". Authors speak. Sahitya Akademi. p. 58. ISBN 81-260-1945-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=PGWa7v08JikC&pg=PT82. 86. ^ "Padma Awards Directory (19542007)". Ministry of Home affairs. http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf. Retrieved 26 November 2010.

Bibliography

Frank Moraes (2008). Jawaharlal Nehru. Jaico Publishing House. ISBN 9788179926956. Sankar Ghose (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-8170233695.

Further reading
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

A Tryst With Destiny historic speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru on 14 August 1947 Nehru: The Invention of India by Shashi Tharoor (November 2003) Arcade Books ISBN 1-55970-697-X Jawaharlal Nehru (Edited by S. Gopal and Uma Iyengar) (July 2003) The Essential Writings of Jawaharlal Nehru Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-565324-6 Autobiography:Toward freedom, Oxford University Press Jawaharlal Nehru: Life and work by M. Chalapathi Rau, National Book Club (1 January 1966) Jawaharlal Nehru by M. Chalapathi Rau. [New Delhi] Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India [1973] Letters from a father to his daughter by Jawaharlal Nehru, Children's Book Trust Nehru: A Political Biography by Michael Brecher (1959). London:Oxford University Press. After Nehru, Who by Welles Hangen (1963). London: Rupert Hart-Davis. Nehru: The Years of Power by Geoffrey Tyson (1966). London: Pall Mall Press. Independence and After: A collection of the more important speeches of Jawaharlal Nehru from September 1946 to May 1949 (1949). Delhi: The Publications Division, Government of India. Joseph Stanislaw and Daniel A. Yergin (1988). "Commanding Heights". New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc.. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/prof_jawaharla.pdf. "The Challenge to Indian Nationalism." by Selig S. Harrison Foreign Affairs vol. 34, no. 2 (1956): 620636. Nehru, Jawaharlal. by Ainslie T. Embree, ed., and the Asia Society. Encyclopedia of Asian History. Vol. 3. Charles Scribners Sons. New York. 1988 : 98100.

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Lord Mountbatten's daughter recalls Nehru Jawahar Lal Nehru's Biography Jawaharlal Nehru University Nehru biography at Harappa.com India Today's profile of Nehru Nehru's legacy to India Nehru on Communalism 12 Indians who are famous in Russia Jawaharlal Nehru Quotations [http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/77488-1/Stanley+Wolpert.aspx Booknotes interview with Stanley Wolpert on Jawaharlal Nehru Quotes

Nehru: A Tryst with Destiny, 29 December 1996.]

Political offices Prime Minister of India 19471964 Minister of External Affairs 19471964 Chairperson of the Planning Commission 19501964 Preceded by N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar Preceded by Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh Preceded by Kailash Nath Katju Minister of Defence 19531955 Minister of Finance 1956 Succeeded by Kailash Nath Katju Succeeded by Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar Succeeded by Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon Succeeded by Gulzarilal Nanda
Acting

New office

Minister of Defence 1957

Preceded by Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar Preceded by Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon

Minister of Finance 1958

Succeeded by Morarji Desai

Minister of Defence 1962

Succeeded by Yashwantrao Chavan

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WorldCat LCCN: n79109335

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