Professional Documents
Culture Documents
An Analysis of Regional Disparities in The Philippines
An Analysis of Regional Disparities in The Philippines
.i
I
AdWritatem
Vol. 12,
No.
(October 2012)
L43
ST:
THOMAS'S THOUGHT
.L59
L67
G. ROSARTO,lR.
[n Analysis oI Re$ional
llisRaritics in the Philinnines
Mario V. Perillal PhD, LaidaJ. Abatquez2 MM, and Joseph De la Pasion3 MS (Cand.)
,
HEIDEGGER'S PHENOMENOLOGY: ON D/S!'/ff AND THE ESSENCE OFTRUTH MARC OLIVER D. PASCO
RE.IMAGING A FILIPINA: SEEING A GENDER DICHOTOMY IN COLONIAL TEXTBOOKS DURING THE AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, 1898.1908
MARLON
S,
r87
DELUPrc
THE
209
235
lntroduction
7,107 islbnds.vith a coastline totaling 36,289 km hugging 69 of 79 provinces ot 822 of 1,502 municipalities flVorld Bank' 2005)'
he Philippines is an archipelagic country composed
EMI/IANUEL U. LIM ANG HAI-IMUYAK NG ARAL AT ROMANTISISMO SA MGA PILING TELESERYE AT 35 PISONG NOBELANG PAG.IBIG SA ISTRIKTONG I'AGBABANTAYNG ESTADO
COP,AZON LALU.SANTO,S
of
The Philippines is abundant in natural wealth unequaled bv manl' is the countries. It has been tagged "The Pead of the orient sea". This rvhen aJesuit 1751 Philippines' most romantic name that dates back to hirtoriun FatherJuanJ. Delgado cailed Manila an empotium of rvealth'
..center
of the center of Marine shore Fish Biodiversity" is another tag fot the Philippines popuiarized by Dt' Itent Eduard Carpenter as one nrid Vi.ro, G. Springet in 2009. The Philippines is recognized species rnarine wherein of the countries located in t]}e coral Triangle
most abound. There is no doubt that the Philippines is one of the diverse, exceptional and unique country in all seas' Its geographical medium to configuration situated at the heart of Asia, having large to it politically small*size islands with bountiful natural fesoufces, makes Bradley Admjral Rear Retired us special and economically distinct. v'orth are islands a. riru. (1921) onc. -.ntioned that the Philippine
defending.
%;of
2 3
Agribusiness Management,
uP Los Baios
M.V. PERILI.A
Regional disparities caused by geogrhph icat space/distance. of all disparities in-connection to grovth and development. Economists rike-Myrdal (1957)., Hinchman (1958), Boudeville (1966), and Friedmann (.t973) introduced the concept of growth pole theory in "spatial p.rspeitive,,. Geographical space, or distance between economic and political centers and their peripheries, is a contributing factor and so,nehow a precondition for emergence of disparities. Friedman (1973) argued that economic progress never manifests simultaneously .rr.ry_h.r. ,, the same time; and once it does, it is concentrated and starts at a focal point that has the sttongest rink. The philippines with its morphoiogical fragmentation set the stage for regional disiarities. At presen^t, th.r. are 17 administrative regions in the philippines, from previo.rrly 11 ,irr.e "1972 wben President Ferdinand Marcos by presidential Decree No. f' introduced and orgarized the Integrated Reorganizati.n plan. since then regions in the philippines had:undergone 13 clustering changes ftom'1972 to 2005. It is said to be difEculr to auocate, *irug. maneuvef fesoufces if you are confronted with "rrd goal to integrai local' economies as one entire economy (Iable 1).
sfle can say that spatiar disparityis the perpetrator
ptoduction and commodities will eventually coffect regional imbalances in supply and demand which in turn promotes market
of
equilibdum through stable prices. Infrastructures like seapofts, airports, roads and bridges play an essential role in increasing the mobiJity of factors of production. It said thatg}o/o of commodities are transferted tfuough watef from poft to port. As of the most fecent poft inventofy, the Philippines has 2,035 pofts, of which 7,6t2'dte public and 423 arc private 6tsscn, 2000). Even though that number is quite impressive ,ti[ th.t. is a need for improvement of these ports in order to serve
local and international markets^ Bridges play a vital role between
Since the Philippines is archipelagic by nature and separated by various types of bodies of watet it is necessafy to constf uct brldg.s that connect separate islands. The Eastern Visayas region has
,.gioff.
the most number of bridges followed by Region vI - \Testern visayas region, Region III - Central Luzon and Region IV-A CALABAR:ZON
$able 3).
Roads are crucial for the tfansfef of goods and setvices to inland terdtodes. Roads boost transhipment and allow goods and services to reach various, markets. As of the latest road inventory, NCR posted the highest city road density followed by CAR, Region I - Ilocos and Region vI - \ilestern visayas. As for the provincial road densiry Northern Mindanao region posted the highest provincial road density followed by Region VII - Central Visayas, Region I Region XI - Davao (fable a).
Ilocosand
Inadequate social infrastructure is also a ctitical issue for regional dispatities particularly in the health and educational sector' As of 2002, Philippine health workers wotking in government can be described as anaemic. The National capital Region exhibited rhe most number of health workers with spill over effect to Region
Moteover,NationalCapitalRegion0JCR)receivedthebest of doctors' While Region IV-A - CALABARZON and Region IV-B - MiMAROPA have the6highest number of bed capacity and bot-ika sabatangay outlets (Iables andT).
bed to population ratio and number
//31
..
.1
I
I
M.V.
y'
J.
DE LA PASTON
In terms of school infrastructure, Region IV_A has the most number of elementary and secondary schools for public and pdvate sector. whjle the cordillera Administrative Region andcaragan gi"r, has the least number of elementaty and secondary schools For public
most number of Highet'Education rnstitutions. while the cordillera Administrative Region and Caraga Region has the least number of Higher Education Institution (Iables 8 and 9).
and private schools. Furthermore, the National capital Region has the
Gonclusion
in the Philippines are to the gap between survival. Due for becoming a never ending battle regions, the people living in these regions are experiencing a burden caused not by their choice but by indecisive government decisions, unsound pdorities and poor government resource alloiation and management. The causes of regional disparities in the Philippines
The widening regional disparities
are the visible and perennial culpdts neglected by few and suffered by many. Regional disparities cari be solved in many ways; however, due
to lack of source of ftinds and resoutces to cofrect these dispatities make the Philippine still a developing country. A uni$'ing and honest concerted effort from the govetnment, ptivate sector and citizens can resolve this long standing froblem. The change sho.id emanate from the govetnment then to the private sector. The govetnment should be the paragon of honesty, integdry and dignity in all its responsibilities and undertakings. The government must be able to remove the stigma that they arg corrupt and self-serving politicians. In order to bring this change; it should start from the Fil,ipino citizens by electing statesmen with high regard for values, fot knowledge and for the well-being of its
people.
and gegion IV-A while Autonomous Regions in Muslim in Mindanao posted the least number of banks particulady Rural and cooperative Banks (rable 11
'CALABARZON.
I4l
I5t
iF1
l
ii
M,V.
.
,
i;iiiill,i{'s-oeiailtafi6si#1riitti,
llilr,rr#lnrnl#-fifi
Region I (llocos Region) Region ll (Cagayan Vailey) Region lll (Central Luzon) Region lV-A (CALABARZON) Region lV-B (MtMAROPA)
Region V (Bicol Region) Region Vl (Western Visayas)
ifiiiffiiilfi..i ;irtlB"f,ffi, i
llocosNorte, llocos Sur, La Union and panqasinan Batanes, lsabela, Cagayan and Nueva Viscaya
irili
Seaports
Highways
Airports
ElectricitY
Hospitals
Libraries
Schools
Railroads
Dams
Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Angeles City and Zambales Batangas, Laguna, Lucena City, Cavite, euezon and '
Telecommunication
Water SuPPIY
Rizal
Marindue, Oriental Mindoro, puerto princesa City, Occidental Mindoro, Palawan and Romblon Albay, CamarinesNorte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate and Sorsogon Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, lloilo, lloilo Citv (Capital), Negros Occidental and Bacolod City (Cqpital) Bohol, Cebu, Cebu City (Capital), Negios Orrierttat, Lapu-lapu City (Opon), Mandaue City and Siquijor Biliran, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Tacloban City, Northern Samar, Southern Leyte, Samar (Western Samar) Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga City, ZamboangaSibugay and City of lsabela Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Ca$ayan de Oro City (Capital), Misamis Occidental, MisamisOrinetal and lligan City Davao del Norte, Davao City, Compostella Valley, Davao del Sur and Davao Oriental ' North Cotabato, Sarangani, South Cotabato, General Santos City (Dadiangas), Sultan Kudarat and Cotabato City Agusan del Norte, Butuan City (Capital), Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Suiand Dinagat lsland Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-tawi Abra, Apayad Benguet, Baguio City, lfugao, Kalinga and Mountain province Manila, Mandaluyong, Marikina, pasig, San Juan, Quezon City, Muntinlupa, paranaque, Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela, Las pinas, Makati, Pasay and Pateros
Table 3" Summary of Existing National Bridges (length and number) By Type, as of January 31,2011(in linear meterl
;.Go1gisig,|l
Region CAR -Cordillera
r;:rriqqbJ'ii'rtl
Number Lenglh
irii.,Fillay
Numb6r
i rrii
ltfi"'Uejii
Nunber Length Number Longth
Number
Length
Length
6,1 14
57
5,180
57
1j62
307
12,456
Administrative Region
NCR - Nalional Capital Regim
328
431
31,522 22.502
'19.4'13
1,'122
0 334 279
339
Region
' llocos
17
7,974
17 18
0
55
523
18
M6
673
Region lX (Zamboanga
Peninsula)
2A.274
4,138
21
67
16,050
35
86
1,001
35
24
639
Region lX (Zamboanga
Peninsula) Region Xl (Davao Region) Region Xll (SOCCSKARGEN)
'1,814
86
250
616
21,521 19,522
30.12u
7,010
38 66
1,966
3B
18
626
24.021
18,857
4,189 2,321
29
725
543
29
485 688
35
5B
21,721 33.898 9
27.',115
38
5,751
38
344
20
906
Easlem Visayas
Region
lX,
9,713
2,035
51
284
11,81
Zamboanga Peninsbla
Region X - Northem Mindanao Region Xl - Davao Region Xll
307
11.990
13
2,819 't,444
1,200
13
30
376
5.1
38
228
240 303 NA
18 20
18 20
0 0
0 0 606 NA
270
293
12.735 t1,171
16,419
SOCCSKSARGEN
Region Xlll "
46
2,931
46 NA
50
458 NA
Caaga
ARMM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
- Aulonoms
region
in Mustin
Mihdanao Tohl
Bord
6,656
281.498
486
51,142
486
10,864
126
1,552
8,024
345,056
,14
M,V. PERILI..A.
February 2011
:ir 'r.,fti:liifledd"i
i,irriiiliii+:1,ftliF,i.,1:ifl]lirll1;ri#ii]iill i'Hri,i,.l.litllll1::,tIi:i!,t,i;iiiitltttr
658
85
540
745
59
0.0s4 0.143
0.063 0.119 0.100 0.094 0.093
2.571
Region
.Region
lll
33 96 58
161
llocos
0.922
0.177
0.421
lll
203
267
- Cagayan Valley
Region lll - Central Luzon Region IVA- CALABAMON.&. Region IVB - MIMAROPA Region V
1,573
256
85 112
115
2,282 1,026
1,791
MIMAROPA
Bicol
Bicoi
226
0j02
0.156 0.069 0.093
0.1 64
229
153
1,473
887 675 803 791 671 613 371 16,534
Region VIll
Eastern Visayas
Eastern VisaYas
109 55
71
233
196 189
161
90
99 79 84
- Davao Region Xll - SOCCSKSARGEN Region Xlll - Caraga ARMM - Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao
NGR - National Capital Re$ion
Source: Department
Region Xl
0.128
0.108 0.078 0.093
Davao
71
32 54 23 1,871
158 130
Caraga
79
69 3,021
99"
4,720
t
il
t8l
[e]
ir \*Eg"ARQUEZ
ril
J.
DE LA pASroN
Tabh
0' Number
' r$iiliiil$,]*r..=-
Table
rrff#ffil#f'$t'tfffi
lrfi:iilti:6ur
24 36
37.
,,1:
li'i
:E"e'clp"*ed;$
9,965 1:807
1:9',l6
-*ffilffi
NCR
Heagi,
$tationp
l,
Blrln::aY
1,670 2,100
1,720 3,385 6,295
407
17
28 130
1:2,109
1'.1,V54
88 105
93
559
9'11
258
215 874
34 45 93 50 53
Region
ll
- Cagayan Valley
827
Region lll - Central Luzon Region IVA - CALABARZON & Region IVB - MIMAROPA Region V - Bicol Region Vl - Western Visayas Region Vll - Central Visayas
176
168
1,786
2,545 1,026
'1,536
376
173
60 eo
BB
67 69
121 147
45
53
1:1,851
29
24
1:1,749 1:1,264
1:3,575 1:2,176 1:1,910 1:2,836 1:1,860
Region Vlll
Eastern Visayas
Region lX - Zamboanga Peninsula Region X - Northern Mindanao Region Xl - Davao Region XII - SOCCSKSARGEN Region Xlil - Caraga ARMM - Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Philippines,
Source: National Statistics Office
100 67 64
51
121 195 30 75 60 0
#ffi W
o*.u,Gil
sqtistics
32
21
u
24
79 77
634
43,330
1,879
2722
il;
Fol
F1l
,Y
i
M.V. PERILLA
LJ, ABARQUEZ
J. DE I-A PASION
Table
Table
9. Distribution of Higher Education Institutions by Region and Sector (As of August 2010)
ffif,tfrli$iffi###lli1ft,i
NCR - National CaPital Region NCR - National Capital Region GAR - Cordillera Administrative Region 514 1,497 2,380
34
19
278
33 78 47 168
312
52
108
225
257 471 354 527 600
2,381
1,980
3,371
30 22 59
74
ll
- Cagayan ValleY
69 227
Region Region
Valley
l- llocos
ll
- Cagayan
Region lll - Ceniral Luzon Region IVA-CALABARZON Region IVB - MIMAROPA Region V - Bicol Region Vl - Western VisaYas
2,174
2,936 2,V06
2,861" 4,776
5,517
202
41 100
276
86
45 45 72
35
145 152
161
80 126 58 52
64
7B
MIMAROPA
1,805
u1
601 611
238
463
609 592
2,384 4,193
4,610
Bicol
3,129
3,390 2,918 3,620 2,068
na
Eastern VisaYas
42 49
19 17 16 14 15
100
101 B3
Region Vl - Western
Visayas
Region Vll - Centrai 684 418 353
Na
Visayas
Region Vlll
4.194
4,272 2,586 431
o(
91
Eastern
234
165 431
Region Xll - SOCCSKSARGEN Region Xlll - Caraga ARMM - Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Philippines
Source: Commission on Highet Education
75
43 50 1,573
57 65 2,180
Mindanao
Region Xl
- Davao XllCaraga
1,625 1,644
1,611
293
366 359
607
410
347 188 55
2,328
2,357 2,158
2,091
270
2,416
36,108
6,730
9,977
52,815
TI2I
I13t
M.V. PERILLA
a
ABARQUEZ
,/ J.
DE LA PASTON
"ffi#i!ffiiii!,:iffiitr,i li,
Philippines NCR - National Capital Region
:,,1i?p,ffi
20.00 2.10 16.10 17.80 15.20 9.40 9.20 29.80 38.00 23.50 32.10 30.20 40.50 32.40 25.40 27.20 37.60
25.0O
,:,itifl$
21lA
3.40 18.60 20.40 15.50 12.00 9.40 34.30 36.10 22.10 33.50
3'1.'10
20.90
2.60
17.10
17.8A
iffi
Overall Total NCR - National CaPital Region
GAR - Cordillera Administrative Region
hijltiifiil
,t Hei
8,965
8,235
2,874
2,785
124 346
.{43
396
19 50
ll
- Cagayan VBltey
14.50 12.00 10.30 27.60 36.00 23.80 30.20 33.20 36,60 32.80 25.60 28.10 39.80
38.1 0
Region Region
lll
35 96 135 25
34
235
833
1
Region lll - Central Luzon Region IVA- CALABARZON Region IVB Region V
,199
160
MIMAROPA
Bicol
281 524
68'
47
Vlll,-
Eastern Visayas
582
170 178
Eastern VisaYas
zo
16
162 286
320 175 176
17
325
335 190
195 19
39
t:
il
ll
!:
- Davao Resion Xll - SOCCSKSARGEN Region Xlll - Caraga ARMM - Autonomous Region
in Muslim Mindanao
't5
15 19
i
E
lir
4i ,s
1l
# il t'; ii
il
t
M.V. PERILLA
DISP@
References
Table 12. P.hilippine Banking System - Rural and Cooperatives Banks
productive? Journal Aschauet, D. A. (1989). Is public expenditure
of Monetary Economics
Q3),177-2O0.
Boudwile,J.li.
'e:
BankingStatistics.(2011).RetdevedMarch02'2012'ftomhttp://www'bsp'gov'ph/banking
fltift'iiiiiii4lifi,ti
Overall Total NCR - National Capital Region CAR - Cordillera Administtative Region
if,
2,758
100 74 187
622
21
2,136
79 55
138
of madne shore fish of Fishes' Vol' 72' No' 4' Biology biodiversity: the Philippine Isiands' Environmental and. Sector.(2011). Retrieved Match Region by trrrtitotio.rs Educ"io., Disttibution of Higher
(2005)' The center
of
the center
19
02, 2012 from httP://ched'govPh Philippines' The North American Revievr' VoL Fiske, A. Bradley. (1921)' The'Defe"t"-of http://www'lstor'org/stable/25121745' 213, No. 187,pp.721-724'Retrieved from
ti"
49 34 86 123 23 33 63
41
ll
- Cagayan Valley
162 375
568 114 141 207
128 289
Friedmann,J'(1973).AGenetalTheoryofPolarizedDevelopment'Urbanzation'Planning Bwetly Hills' and. National Development'Sage Publications' Notton & Company' Development'\l:.S0' oi Ecot'o-ic dtrategy (1958)' The
Hirschmann, A.O. Masterlist
Region lll - Central Luzon Region IVA- CALABAMON Region lvB - MTMAROPA
Region V - Bicol Region Vl - Western Visayas Region Vll - Central Visayas Region Vlll
New York'
445
91
of
factsand6gutes /default'asP
Theoi
Ltd"
162
69
- Eastern
London. Inventory of Ports' National Statistical coordination Boatd.(1999)' 2000 Quinquennial NSO (2004)' Yearbook' Statistical Philippine of Experience' Procee{ings Prud'homme, R. (2005). Inftasttoctore and Detelopment'I'rssons Economics'153-181 ' Development on conference Bank Arinual 2004 the of London' Theory'MacMillan' H.\fl (1973)'Regional Gtovth
Richardson
Visayas
26
15
43
62
77 164
138
71
39
15 14 19 2
125 123
57
SnieskaV.&Simkunatet.B"ool;.Socio.Economiclmpactoflnffastfucturelnvestments. Economics of Engineeting Decisions Q)' 16-25' and Madne Resource \ilorld Bank, Philippine Envion-""Id Mottitot 2005: Coastai hitP://web'worldbank'org ftom tni*"g;""r' (2005)' Reuieved http://www'nscb'gov' 200g official Poverty statistics. (2009). Retrieved March a22o12,from
povettY 2009/tables'asP ph 2010 DP\UH Atlas. (2010). Retriwed March
xil - soccsKsARcEN
02,2012,from http://www'dpwh'gov'ph/
147 2
1
128
ARMM -
Mindanao
114