Ch.15 Mobilizing For War -Both North and South were unprepared for war.

-North had a small army of sixteen thousand men, mostly in the West. -One-third of the Union offi ers resi!ned to "oin the Confedera y. -No stron! president sin e #ames $ol% and &in oln was 'iewed as a (yo%el) -Union -*he federal !o'ernment had le'ied no dire t tax stru ture -Ne'er imposed a draft. -Confedera y -No tax stru ture -No na'y -*wo tiny !unpowder fa tories -$oorly e+uipped -Un onne ted railroad lines. -Recruitment and Conscription -&ar!est army or!ani,ation reated in -meri a -. million in Union -/00,000 in Confederate -1e ruitment depended on lo al efforts than national or state. -Citi,ens opened re ruitin! offi es in hometowns, held rallies, and si!ned up 'olunteers. -Union instituted examinations for offi ers. --s asualties mounted, military demand soon ex eeded the supply of 'olunteers. -Confedera y ena ted the first ons ription law2 All able-bodied white men aged eighteen to thirty-five were required to serve in the military for three years. -*he a t anta!oni,ed the southerners. Opponents har!ed that the draft was an assault on state so'erei!nty. -.0-Ne!ro law exempted an owner or o'erseer of twenty or more sla'es from ser'i e. -New ons ription law of 1/34 re+uired all soldiers to stay in the duration of the war. --fter re ruitment, the Confedera y had to supply it. -South relied on arms and ammunition imported from 5urope, weapons from federal arsenals, and !uns aptured on the 6attlefield. --ssi!ned ordnan e ontra ts to pri'ately owned fa tories li%e the *rede!ar 7ron Wor%s in 1i hmond, pro'ided loans to esta6lish new fa tories, and reated !o'ernment-owned industries li%e the !iant -u!usta $owder Wor%s in 8eor!ia. -Clothes were more diffi ult2 -Southern soldiers fre+uently went without shoes -Supplyin! the South was diffi ult2 -railroads that fell into despair or were aptured -an e onomy that relied more hea'ily on produ in! to6a o and otton than food. -Union in'asion early in the war. -the 7mpressment - t was passed, whi h authori,ed army offi ers to ta%e food from farmers at pres ri6ed pri es. 7t also empowered a!ents to impress sla'es into la6or for the army -Union supplement was easier -*he 5nrollment - t of 9ar h 1/3: made e'ery a6le-6odied white male iti,en a!ed twenty to forty-fi'e eli!i6le for draft into the Union army. -Offered two means of es apin! the draft -Su6stitution

-$ayin! a ;:00 fee to the !o'ernment. -Financing the War -*he federal !o'ernment met its re'enue needs from tariff duties and in ome from the sale of pu6li lands. -8ross national produ t rose to 15< -Neither the Union nor Confederates wanted to impose tax, 6ut did so in 1/31. -Both sides turned to war 6onds2 to loans from iti,ens to 6e repaid 6y future !enerations. But must 6e paid in !old or sil'er oin. -Both sides a!reed to print paper money. -&e!al *ender - t issued ;150 million of (!reen6a %s) -8reen6a %s would only wor% if the pu6li has onfident in the !o'ernment that issued it. *he Union offi ials made the !reen6a %s le!al to pay most pu6li and pri'ate de6ts. But the Confedera y ne'er made it le!al, and suspi ions rose. By printin! more money in the south, it suffered from an inflation rate o'er =,000 per ent> -*he National Ban% - t esta6lished that 6an%s ould o6tain a federal harter and issue national 6an% notes. 7t !a'e pri'ate 6an%ers the ri!ht to pur hase war 6onds. -Political Leadership in Wartime -?emo rats wanted to prose ute the war without ons ription, without the National Ban% - t, and without the a6olition of sla'ery. -&in oln 6e ame a 1adi al 1epu6li an -#efferson ?a'is @Confederate $residentA suffered from fre+uent resi!nation in his a6inet. Bis main o6"e ti'e is to se ure the independen e of the South from the North. -*he Confederate Constitution !uaranteed the so'erei!nty of the Confederate states and prohi6ited the Confederate Con!ress from ena tin! prote ti'e tariffs and from supportin! internal impro'ements. -*he parties in the South a!reed to suspend party ri'alries, 6ut rather, it en oura!ed disunity. -Securing the Unions Borders -&in oln mo'ed to safe!uard Washin!ton that was 6ordered 6y two sla'e states. -- wee% after Cort Sumter, a Baltimore mo6 atta %ed a 9assa husetts re!iment 6ound for Washin!ton, 6ut troops prote ted the apital. &in oln then dispat hed federal troops to 9aryland, where he suspended the writ of ha6eas orpus (a court order requiring that the detainer of a prisoner bring that person to court and show cause for his detention) -&in oln authori,ed the Union army in Dentu %y, a sla'e state with a Unionist le!islature and a thin han e of stayin! neutral. Be stationed troops under 8eneral Ulysses S. 8rant a ross the Ohio 1i'er from Dentu %y in 7llinois. When the Confederates in'aded, the state turned to 8rant and 6e ame part of the Union. 9issouri was ra'a!ed 6y four years of fi!htin! 6etween Union and Confederate troops and 6etween 6ands of !uerrillas and 6ushwha %ers, a name for Confederates. 9issouri ne'er left the union. West Eir!inia was admitted to the Union. -7n Ex parte, Chief #usti e 1o!er B. *aney ruled that &in oln had ex eeded his authority in suspendin! the writ of ha6eas orpus in 9aryland. &in oln i!nored the rulin!. In Battle !"#!$!"#%& -'rmies( Weapons( and Strategies -*he North had :.5 times as many white men of military a!e and two-thirds of its railroad tra %. -7ts !oal was to for e the South 6a % into the Union, whereas the South was fi!htin! merely for its independen e. -*he North -Bad more men, 6ut needed to defend lon! supply lines and o upy aptured areas. -9ore railroads. But was often destroyed 6y the !uerillas.

-New Weapons -Su6marine, the repeatin! rifle, and the multi6arreled 8atlin! !un. -*ren hes pro'ided prote tion a!ainst rifle fire. --t the Battle of Crederi %s6ur!, Confederate troops atta %ed the Union for es uphill o'er open terrain. --t 8ettys6ur!, Union armies shredded the har!in! southerners. --na onda plan -$roposed 6y 8eneral Winfiled S ott -Union 6lo %adin! the southern oastline and to thrust, li%e a hu!e sna%e, down the 9ississippi 1i'er. -S ott expe ted that sealin! off and se'erin! the Confedera y would ma%e the South re o!ni,e the futility of se ession and 6rin! southern Unionists to power. But he o'erestimated the stren!th of Unionist spirit in the South. -Stalemate in the )ast -Confederates mo'ed their apital from 9ont!omery, -la6ama, to 1i hmond, Eir!inia. -Union armies tried to rea h the apital. But they had to dislod!e a Confederate army en amped at 9anassas #un tion. -&in oln ordered 8eneral 7r'in 9 ?owell to atta %. -Cirst Battle of Bull 1un --mateur armies lashed in 6loody haos. --fter Bull 1un, &in oln repla ed 9 ?owell with 8eneral 8eor!e B. 9 Clellan as the -rmy of the $otoma , the main Union army for e. -9 Clellan formulated a plan to atta % the Confederates @$eninsula Campai!nA -*he army would mo'e 6y water to the tip of the peninsula formed 6y the For% and #ames 1i'ers and then mo'e northwestward to 1i hmond. --d'anta!es2 -Water transport than railroads redu ed the supply lines. -By mo'in! Southeast, it threatened the SouthGs supply lines. -*he plan unfolded fine at first, 6ut he o'erestimated the ConfederatesG stren!th and refused to laun h a final atta % without reinfor ements. -8eneral 1o6ert 5. &ee too% ommand of the Confedera yGs -rmy. -*he Se'en ?aysG Battles ost the South nearly twi e as many men as the North and ended in 'irtual slau!hter of Confederates at 9al'ern Bill. -9 Clellan pani %ed and &in oln alled off the ampai!n. --t the Se ond Bull 1un, Confederates stru % North and won. *homas (Stonewall) #a %son then in'aded 9aryland. Bopin! to sei,e 9aryland, &ee ould then threaten Washin!ton, impro'e the prospe ts of pea e andidates in the NorthGs ele tion, and indu e Britain and Cran e to re o!ni,e the Confederates as an independent nation. -*he Battle of -ntietam pro'ed a strategic *ictor+ ,or the -orth 6e ause lee alled off his in'asion. (Important because the outh was never recogni!ed by the foreign nations) -&in oln issued the )mancipation Proclamtion, a war measure that freed all slaves under rebel control. -&in oln repla ed 9 Clennan with 8eneral -m6rose Burnside 6e ause he had (the slows.) --t Battle of Crederi %s6ur!, Burnside led 1..,000 federal troops a!ainst H/,500 Confederates. Be aptured the town of Crederi %s6ur!. &ee was sha%en 6y the northern asualties. -.he War in the West -8rant ontrolled the West. -Confederate for es under !enerals -l6ert Sidney #ohnston and $.8.*. Beaure!ard tried to relie'e the Union pressure on Corinth 6y a surprise atta % on 8rantGs army near Shiloh. 8rant

alled for reinfor ements. Unions /on. -Confedera y had stripped the defenses of New Orleans. Union for es too% the ity in late -pril. -Union armies were "oined 6y 9exi an--meri an ompanies and dro'e a Confederate army from *exas out of New 9exi o. -.he Soldiers War -Soldiers on 6oth sides shared a 'ision of military life as a transformin! experien e in whi h they 6e ame warriors. *o ser'e in om6at was to a hie'e (manhood.) --t least .50 women dis!uised as men. -9ilitary trainin! pro'ed notoriously wea%, and mu h of army life was tedious and un omforta6le. -Cood was horri6le. -Confederate diets were small in portion. -Both sides were infested with diseases 6y poor sanitation. -Confederates enlisted to defend sla'ery, whi h they paired with li6erty. -Union soldiers in the South had 6e ome a!ents of li6erationI they har6ored fu!iti'es who fled 6ehind federal lines. -Ironclads and Cruisers0 .he -a*al War -North 6e!an the war with o'er forty a ti'e warships a!ainst none for the South. -ConfederateGs iron lad, "errimac, atta %ed UnionGs ships. 7t destroyed two northern warships. -UnionGs "onitor fou!ht a!ainst "errimac. -South onstru ted other iron lads and the first su6marine, 6ut ould ne'er 6uild enou!h to 6eat the North. -.he 1iplomatic War -Confederates 6e!an to ampai!n to !ain 5uropean re o!nition of its independen e. -*he southerners reasoned that Britain, dependant on its otton, would 6rea% the Union 6lo %ade and pro'o%e a war with the North. -*he Confedera y send #ames 9ason to Britain and #ohn Slidell to Cran e to lo66y for re o!nition. -When a Union ship aptain 6oarded the British 'essel, #rent, whi h was arryin! 9ason and Slidell, and 6rou!ht the two men to Boston as prisoners, British tempers exploded. &in oln released the two. -Neither Britain or Cran e re o!ni,ed the South as a nation. )mancipation .rans,orms the War !"#2& -From Con,iscation to )mancipation -Confis ation - t, whi h authori,ed the sei,ure of all property used in military aid of the re6ellion, in ludin! sla'es. Sla'es who had 6een employed dire tly 6y the armed re6el for es and who later fled to freedom 6e ame ( apti'es of war.) -1adi als a!reed with 6la % a6olitionist Crederi % ?ou!lass that (to fi!ht a!ainst sla'eholders without fi!htin! a!ainst sla'ery, is 6ut a half-hearted 6usiness.) -5a h Union defeat reminded northerners that the Confedera y, with a sla'e la6or for e in pla e, ould ommit a hi!her proportion of its white men to 6attle. -nd so the idea of eman ipation sounds 'ery fa'ora6le. -Con!ress passed the se ond Confis ation - t, authori,in! the sei,ure of the property of all persons in re6ellion and stipulated that sla'es who ame within Union lines (shall 6e fore'er free.) (Also authori!ed the president to employ blac$s as soldiers). --s of #anuary 1, 1/3:, all sla'es under re6el ontrol are de lared freedom. -did not end sla*er+ e*er+/here or ,ree 3all the sla*es45 But it changed the /ar4 $Crossing Union Lines

-Some sla'es 6e ame free or fled their plantations. Cew were freed 6y northern assaults, 6ut to 6e reensla'ed 6y Confederates. --fter 1/3., sla'es who rossed Union lines were onsidered free and masters were not a6le to retrie'e them. -Creedmen ser'ed in army amps as oo%s, teamsters, and la6orers. -Were treated une+ually. -?edu tion in lothin!, rations, medi ine, and earnin! ompare to a Fan%ee @UnionA soldier. Often fa ed pre"udi e. -Con!ress reated CreedmenGs Bureau, whi h had responsi6ility for the relief, edu ation, and employment of former sla'es. -*he law also stipulated that forty a res of a6andoned or onfis ated land ould 6e leased to ea h freedman or southern Unionist. -Cirst time Con!ress pro'ided for the redistri6ution of onfis ated Confederate property. -Blac6 Soldiers in the Union 'rm+ -Cirst year of war, the Union had re"e ted -fri an--meri an soldiers. --fter the se ond Confis ation - t, Union !enerals formed 6la % re!iments. 7t was only after the 5man ipation $ro lamation did lar!e-s ale enlistment 6e!un. -Bla %s fou!ht with a passion. -Bla % re ruitment offered new opportunities separate re!iments under white offi ers. -Bla %s were less li%ely than whites to 6e %illed in a tion 6ut more li%ely to die of illness. -#efferson ?a'is ordered all 6la %s ta%en in 6attle to 6e sent 6a % to the states whi h they ame, where they were reensla'ed or exe uted. -Bla %s fa ed ine+uities in their pay. -Whites earned ;1:Jmonth plus ;:.50 lothin! allowan e. -Bla %s earned ;10Jmonth, with lothin! dedu ted. -7n #une 1/34 Con!ress 6elatedly e+uali,ed the pay of 6la % and white soldiers -9ilitary ser'i e 6e ame a sym6ol of iti,enship for 6la %s. -*he use of 6la % soldiers was seen 6y northern !enerals as a ma"or stri%e at the Confedera y. -Sla*er+ in Wartime -Some remained faithful to their owners -Others were torn 6etween loyalty and lust for freedom -- small num6er of former sla'es re ei'ed landI many wor%ed for wa!es on the plantationsI and some ser'ed as mem6ers of a 6la % Union army re!iment. -No !eneral uprisin! of sla'es o urred -Confedera y ontinued impress thousands of sla'es to toil in war plants, army amps, and field hospitals. -Wartime onditions redu ed the sla'esG produ ti'ity. -Sla'e-master relationship wea%ened. -$erformed their la6ors ineffi iently -?estroyed property. -Commonly refused to wor%. -Confederate Con!ress in 1/34 onsidered the drasti step of impressin! sla'es into its army as soldiers in ex han!e for their freedom at the warGs end. -#efferson ?a'is then han!ed his mind. 7t was ne'er a ted. -.he .urning Point o, !"#2 -North started out 6ad, 6ut impro'ed later. -*he turnin! point was the Battle of Crederi %s6ur!. -&ee atta %ed Cemetery 1id!e in the enter of the NorthGs defensi'e line.

-Confederate annon san% into the !round -Union fire wiped out the re6el har!ed. -Confederate 6odies littered the field. Unions /on4 -Ei %s6ur!. -Ei %s6ur! was prote ted 6y hills, forests, and swamps. 7t an only 6e atta %ed o'er a thin strip of dry land to its east and south. -8rant had to find a way to !et his army south of the ity. -Bis solution lay in mo'in! his troops far to the west of the ity and down to a point on the ri'er south of Ei %s6ur!. -8rant swun! in a lar!e semi ir le to apture #a %son, 9ississippi and then to Ei %s6ur!. -*he i'ilians were redu ed to eatin! mules and e'en rats. -8eneral #ohn C. $em6erton surrendered to 8rant on #uly 4. -Battle of Chi %amau!a -Under 8eneral William S. 1ose rans, the Union won a!ainst Braxton Bra!!Gs Confederate army. War and Societ+( -orth and South $.he Wars )conomic Impact0 .he -orth $Some industries fared poorly. -*he loss of southern mar%ets dama!ed the shoe industry in 9assa husetts, and a shorta!e of raw otton sent the otton-textile industry into a tailspin. -7ndustries dire tly related to the war effort 6enefited from hu!e !o'ernment ontra ts. -Cederal !o'ernment went into the railroad 6usiness 6y esta6lishin! the United States 9ilitary 1ailroads @US911A to arry troops and supplies to the front. -*he 1epu6li ans in Con!ress a ti'ely promoted 6usiness !rowth durin! the war. -Sponsored $a ifi 1ailroad - t of 1/3., pro'idin! de'elopment of a trans ontinental railroad from Omaha to San Cran is o. -7ssued !reen6a %s and reated national 6an%in! system. -Brou!ht a measure of uniformity to the nationGs finan ial system. -Bomestead - t !ranted 130 a res of pu6li land to settlers after 5 years of residen e on the land. (embodied the party%s ideal of &free soil' free labor' free men() -9orrill &and 8rant - t !a'e states to fund the esta6lishment of uni'ersities. -*he war 6enefited the wealthy more than the a'era!e iti,en. -5x ise taxes and inflation hurt the a'era!e iti,ens. -.he /ars )conomic Impact0 .he South -Shattered the SouthGs e onomy. -Wre %ed the SouthGs railroads -Cotton produ tion san% from more than 4 million 6ales in 1/31 to :00,000 6ales in 1/35 as Union in'asions too% their toll on produ tion. -7n'adin! Union troops o upied the SouthGs food-!rowin! re!ion. -$lanters were to 6lame also. -8rew otton instead of food. -*he manpower drain that hampered food produ tion reshaped the li'es of southern white women. -Often left in har!e of farms and plantations, women fa ed new hallen!es and hroni shorta!es. -Southern press ur!ed the re'i'al of home produ tion after fa tory-made !oods 6e ame s ar e. -1ealing /ith 1issent -Confedera y

-?issent too% two forms -Eo al !roup of statesG ri!hts a ti'ist spent mu h of the war atta %in! #efferson ?a'isGs !o'ernment as a despotism. -&oyalty to the Union flourished amon! a se!ment of the Confedera yGs ommon people. -Nonsla'eholdin! small farmers who predominated here saw the Confederate re6ellion as a sla'eownersG onspira y. -*he Confederate !o'ernment responded mildly to popular disaffe tion. -Con!ress !a'e #efferson ?a'is the power to suspend the writ of ha6eas orpus, 6ut ?a'is used his power only sparin!ly, 6y o asionally and 6riefly puttin! areas under martial law -Union -(War ?emo rats) on eded that war was ne essary to preser'e the Union while ($ea e ?emo rats) demanded a tru e and a pea e onferen e. -*he ?emo rats in the 9idwest mo6ili,ed the support of farmers of southern 6a %!round and the ur6an wor%in! lass, espe ially re ent immi!rants, who feared losin! their "o6s to an influx of free 6la %s. -*his 'olatile 6rew of politi al, ethni , ra ial, and lass anta!onisms in northern so iety exploded into antidraft protests in se'eral ities and riots 6e!an to form. -&in oln sent troops to stop the riots. --fter suspendin! the writ of ha6eas orpus in 9aryland, he 6arred it nationwide in 1/3: and authori,ed the arrest of re6els and those en!a!ed in (any disloyal pra ti e.) -?a'is la %ed the institutionali,ation of dissent while &in oln did not unleash a rei!n of terror a!ainst it. -.he Medical War -*he United States Sanitary Commission, or!ani,ed early in the war 6y i'ilians to assist the UnionGs medi al 6ureau depended on women 'olunteers. -9ary -nn (9other) Bi %erdy%e ser'ed the si % and wounded Union soldiers as 6oth nurse and surro!ate mother. -Some :,.00 women ser'ed the Union and the Confedera y as nurses. -?orothea ?ix 6e ame the head of the UnionGs nursin! orps. -Clara Barton founded the -meri an 1ed Cross. -Sally *omp%ins was ommissioned a aptain for her wor% for the Confedera y. -Belle Boyd ser'ed the Confedera y as 6oth a nurse and a spy. -9ale do tors were unsure a6out how to rea t to women in the wards. -Some saw the potential for mis hief, 6ut others 'iewed nursin! and sanitary wor% as potentially useful. -.he War and Womens Rights -Cew women wor%ed more effe ti'ely for their re!ionGs ause than -nna 5. ?i %inson. -She threw herself into hospital 'olunteer wor% and pu6li le turin!. -Northern womenGs ri!hts ad'o ates hoped that the war would yield e+uality for women as well as freedom for sla'es. -Not only should a !rateful North reward women for their wartime ser'i es, 6ut it should re o!ni,e the lin% 6etween 6la % ri!hts and womenGs ri!hts. -5li,a6eth Cady Stanton and Susan B. -nthony or!ani,ed the WomanGs National &oyal &ea!ue. -7ts !oal was to !ather four hundred thousand si!natures on a petition allin! for a onstitutional amendment to a6olish sla'ery, 6ut Stanton and -nthony used the or!ani,ation to promote woman suffra!e as well.

-*he war did not 6rin! women si!nifi antly loser to e onomi or politi al e+uality. -Women in !o'ernment offi es and fa tories ontinued to 6e paid less than men. .he Union *ictorious !"#7$!"#8& $.he )lection o, !"#7 -1epu6li ans nominated &in oln. -*he 1adi als insisted that only Con!ress, not the president, ould set the re+uirements for readmission of on+uered states and riti i,ed &in olnGs re onstru tion standards as too lenient. *hey nominated Salmon $. Chase. -*o isolate the $ea e ?emo rats and attra t prowar ?emo rats, the 1epu6li ans formed the National Union party and put -ndrew #ohnson as 'i e president. -*he ?emo rats nominated 8eor!e B. 9 Clellan. -Lincoln /on4 -Shermans March .hrough 9eorgia -Bood led his Confederate army north toward *ennessee in the hope of lurin! Sherman out of 8eor!ia. But he refused. -Sherman proposed to a6andon his supply lines alto!ether, mar h his army a ross 8eor!ia to Sa'annah, and li'e off the ountryside as he mo'ed alon!. -Be would 6rea% the SouthGs will to fi!ht, terrify its people, and (ma%e war so terri6leKthat !enerations would pass 6efore they ould appeal a!ain to it.) -Sherman 6e!an 6y 6urnin! -tlanta and for in! the e'a uation of most of its i'ilian population. -*hey destroyed e'erythin! that ould aid Southern resistan eLarsenals, railroads, munition plants, otton !ins, otton stores, rops, and rippin! up tra %s. -.o/ard 'ppomatto: -Union troops entered 1i hmond. -&ee made a last-dit h effort to es ape from 8rant and rea h &yn h6ur!. -Bis route was 6lo %ed. -On -pril =, &ee surrendered at the -ppomattox Courthouse, Eir!inia. -8rant entered in his ustomary disarray while &ee appeared in full dress uniform. --pril 14, &in oln entered CordGs *heater when an unemployed pro-Confederate a tor, #ohn Wil%es Booth, entered &in olnGs 6ox and shot him in the head. --pril 15, -ndrew #ohnson 6e ame president. -.he Impact o, the War -*he war did not ruin the national e onomy, only the southern part of it. -Confederates lost 30< of its wealth 6e ause it was offset 6y northern ad'an es. -5 onomi moderni,ation *he !reen6a %s pro'ided a national urren y.