SOIL MECHANICS

LECTURE NOTES

LECTURE # 1 SOIL AND SOIL ENGINEERING * The term Soil has various meanings !e"en!ing u"on the general #iel! in $hi%h it is &eing %onsi!ere!' *To a (e!ologist ''' Soil is the su&stan%e e)isting on the earth*s sur#a%e $hi%h gro$s an! !evelo"s "lant li#e'

*To a Geologist ''''' Soil is the material in the relative thin sur#a%e +one $ithin $hi%h roots o%%ur an! all the rest o# the %rust is grou"e! un!er the term ROC, irres"e%tive o# its har!ness'

*To an Engineer '''' Soil is the un-aggregate! or un-%emente! !e"osits o# mineral an!.or organi% "arti%les or #ragments %overing large "ortion o# the earth*s %rust'

** Soil /e%hani%s is one o# the 0oungest !is%i"lines o# Civil Engineering involving the stu!0 o# soil its &ehavior an! a""li%ation as an engineering material'

*A%%or!ing to Ter+aghi 1123456 "Soil Mechanics is the application of laws of mechanics and hyd a!lics to en"inee in" p o#lems dealin" with sediments and othe !nconsolidated acc!m!lations of solid pa ticles p od!ced #y the mechanical and chemical disinte" ation of oc$s e"a dless of whethe o not they contain an admi%t! e of o "anic constit!ent&"

* Geote%hni%al Engineering ''''' Is a &roa!er term #or Soil /e%hani%s' * Geote%hni%al Engineering %ontains6

- Soil /e%hani%s 1Soil (ro"erties an! 7ehavior5 - Soil D0nami%s 1D0nami% (ro"erties o# Soils Earth8ua9e Engineering /a%hine :oun!ation5 - :oun!ation Engineering 1Dee" ; Shallo$ :oun!ation5 - (avement Engineering 1:le)i&le ; Rigi! (avement5 - Ro%9 /e%hani%s 1Ro%9 Sta&ilit0 an! Tunneling5 - Geos0ntheti%s 1Soil Im"rovement5

Soil 'o mation

* Soil material is the "ro!u%t o# ro%9

* The geologi%al "ro%ess that "ro!u%e soil is (EATHERIN) 1Chemi%al an! (h0si%al5'

* <ariation in (arti%le si+e an! sha"e !e"en!s on6 * (eathe in" + ocess * T anspo tation + ocess

* <ariation in Soil Stru%ture De"en!s on6 * Soil Mine als * ,eposition + ocess

* T anspo tation and ,eposition :our #or%es are usuall0 %ause the trans"ortation an! !e"osition o# soils 1- =ater ----- Alluvial Soil 1- :luvial >- Estuarine ?- La%ustrine 3- Coastal @- /arine

>- I%e ---------- Gla%ial Soils 1- Aar! (an >- Terminal /oraine ?- Es9er 3- ,ettles

?- =in! -------- Aeolin Soils 1- San! Dunes >- Loess

3- Gravit0 ----- Colluvial Soil 1- Talus

(hat type of soils a e !s!ally p od!ced #y the diffe ent weathe in" t anspo tation p ocess.............................................................. .............. - 7oul!ers - Gravel Cohesionless - San! 1(h0si%al5 - Silt Cohesive

- Cla0 1Chemi%al5

* These soils %an &e - Dr0 - Saturate! - :ull0 - (artiall0

* Also the0 have !i##erent sha"es an! te)tures

LECTURE / 0

SOIL (RO(ERTIES (ABSICAL AND INDEC (RO(ERTIES

1- Soil Com"osition - Soli!s - =ater - Air

>- Soil (hases - Dr0 - Saturate! * :ull0 Saturate! * (artiall0 Saturate! - Su&merge!

?- Anal0ti%al Re"resentation o# Soil6 :or the "ur"ose o# !e#ining the "h0si%al an! in!e) "ro"erties o# soil it is more %onvenient to re"resent the soil s9eleton &0 a &lo%9 !iagram or "hase !iagram'

3- =eight - <olume Relationshi"s6

=eight =t D =$ E =s <olume <t D <v E <s D <a E <$ E <s 1- Unit =eight - Densit0

* Also 9no$n as - 7ul9 Densit0 - Soil Densit0 - Unit =eight - =et Densit0

Relationships 1etween 1asic + ope ties2

E%amples2

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF

Inde% + ope ties

Re#ers to those "ro"erties o# a soil that in!i%ate the t0"e an! %on!itions o# the soil an! "rovi!e a relationshi" to stru%tural "ro"erties su%h as strength %om"ressi&ilit0 "er mea&ilit0 s$elling "otential et%'

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFF 1- (ARTICLE SIGE DISTRI7UTION

* It is a s%reening "ro%ess in $hi%h %oarse #ra%tions o# soil are se"arate! &0 means o# series o# sieves' * (arti%le si+es larger than H'HI3 mm 1U'S' No' >HH sieve5 are usuall0 anal0+e! &0 means o# sieving' Soil materials #iner than H'HI3 mm 1->HH material5 are anal0+e! &0 means o# se!imentation o# soil "arti%les &0 gravit0 1h0!rometer anal0sis5'

3*3 MECHANICAL METHO, U&S& Standa d Sie4e2 Sie4e No& 5 36 06 56 76 366 356 066 *066 Openin" in mm 5&87 0&66 6&95 6&50 6&0: 6&35; 6&36: 6&685 * C!m!lati4e C! 4e2 < A linea scale is not con4enient to !se to si=e all the soil pa ticles >openin" f om 066 mm to 6&660 mm?& < Lo"a ithmic Scale is !s!ally !sed to d aw the elationship #etween the @ +assin" and the +a ticle si=e&

E%ample2 +a amete s O#tained ' om ) ain Si=e ,ist i#!tion C! 4e2 3* Unifo mity Coefficient C! >meas! e of the pa ticle si=e an"e? C! is also called Ha=en Coefficient C! A ,76B,36 C! C : ***** De y Unifo m C! A : ***** Medi!m Unifo m C! E : ***** Non!nifo m

0* Coefficient of ) adation o Coefficient of C! 4at! e C" >meas! e of the shape of the pa ticle si=e c! 4e? C" A >,F6?0B ,76 % ,36

C" f om 3 to F ******* well " aded

F* Coefficient of +e mea#ility $ A C$ >,36?0 mBsec

Consistency Limits o Atte #e " Limits2 * State of Consistency of cohesi4e soil

3* ,ete mination of LiG!id Limit2

0* ,ete mination of +lastic Limit2

F* ,ete mination of +lasticity Inde% +&I& A L&L& * +&L&

5* ,ete mination of Sh in$a"e Limit

:* LiG!idity Inde%2

7* Acti4ity2

SOIL CLASSI'ICATION SHSTEMS

< (hy do we need to classify soils ........... To desc i#e 4a io!s soil types enco!nte ed in the nat! e in a systematic way and "athe in" soils that ha4e distinct physical p ope ties in " o!ps and !nits&

< )ene al ReG!i ements of a soil Classification System2 3* 1ased on a scientific method 0* Simple F* +e mit classification #y 4is!al and man!al tests& 5* ,esc i#e ce tain en"inee in" p ope ties :* Sho!ld #e accepted to all en"inee s

< Da io!s Soil Classification Systems2 3* )eolo"ic Soil Classification System 0* A" onomic Soil Classification System F* Te%t! al Soil Classification System >US,A? 5*Ame ican Association of State Hi"hway T anspo tation Officials System >AASHTO? :* Unified Soil Classification System >USCS? 7* Ame ican Society fo Testin" and Mate ials System >ASTM? 8* 'ede al A4iation A"ency System >'AA?

9* Othe s

3* Unified Soil Classification >USC? System2

The main ) o!ps2

) A ) a4el S A Sand &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& M A Silt C A Clay &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& O A O "anic &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

< 'o Cohesionless Soil >) a4el and Sand?I the soil can #e +oo ly ) aded o (ell ) aded +oo ly ) aded A + (ell ) aded A (

< 'o Cohesi4e Soil >Silt - Clay?I the soil can #e Low +lastic o Hi"h +lastic Low +lastic A L Hi"h +lastic A H

The efo eI we can ha4e se4e al com#inations of soils s!ch as2

)( A (ell ) aded ) a4el )+ A +oo ly ) aded ) a4el )M A Silty ) a4el )C A Clayey ) a4el

+assin" Sie4e / 5 S( A (ell ) aded Sand S+ A +oo ly ) aded Sand SM A Silty Sand SC A Clayey Sand

+assin" Sie4e / 066 ML A Low +lastic Silt CL A Low +lastic Clay MH A Hi"h +lastic Silt CH A Hi"h +lastic Clay To concl!d if the soil is low plastic o hi"h plastic !se )assa" andeJs Cha t KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKK

0* Ame ican Association of State Hi"hway T anspo tation Officials System >AASHTO?2

* Soils a e classified into 8 maLo " o!ps A*3 to A*8

) an!la A*3 MA*3*a * A*3*#N >) a4el - Sand? A*0 MA*0*5 * A*0*: * A*0*7 * A*0*7N A*F

Mo e than F:@ pass / 066 A*5 'ine A*: >Silt - Clay? A*7 A*8

) o!p Inde%2

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKK

F* Te%t! al Soil Classification System >US,A?

< US,A conside s only2 Sand Silt Clay No& ) a4el in the System

< If yo! enco!nte " a4el in the soil ******* S!#t act the @ of " a4el f om the 366@&

< 30 S!#" o!ps in the system

E%ample2 <<<<<<<<

MOISTURE ,ENSITH RELATIONSHI+S

>SOIL COM+ACTION?

INTRO,UCTION2 < In the const !ction of hi"hway em#an$mentsI ea th damsI and many othe en"inee in" p oLectsI loose soils m!st #e compacted to inc ease thei !nit wei"ht&

< Compaction imp o4es cha acte istics of soils2 3* Inc eases St en"th 0* ,ec eases pe mea#ility F* Red!ces settlement of fo!ndation 5* Inc eases slope sta#ility of em#an$ments

< Soil Compaction can #e achie4ed eithe #y static o dynamic loadin"2 3* Smooth*wheel olle s 0* Sheepfoot olle s

F* R!##e *ti ed olle s 5* Di# ato y Rolle s :* Di# oflotation KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

)ene al + inciples2
< The de" ee of compaction of soil is meas! ed #y its !nit wei"htI optim!m moist! e contentI wc& I and

< The p ocess of soil compaction is simply e%pellin" the ai f om the 4oids& o ed!cin" ai 4oids

< Red!cin" the wate f om the 4oids means consolidation&

Mechanism of Soil Compaction2

< 1y ed!cin" the ai 4oidsI mo e soil can #e added to the #loc$& (hen moist! e is added to the #loc$ >wate contentI wcI is inc easin"? the soil pa ticles will slip mo e on each othe ca!sin" mo e ed!ction in the total 4ol!meI which will es!lt in addin" mo e soil andI henceI the d y density will inc easeI acco din"ly&

< Inc easin" (c will inc ease Up to a ce tain limit >Optim!m moiste ContentI OMC?Afte this limit

Inc easin" (c will dec ease

,ensity*Moist! e Relationship

Onowin" the wet !nit wei"ht and the moist! e contentI the d y !nit wei"ht can #e dete mined f om2

The theo etical ma%im!m d y !nit wei"ht ass!min" =e o ai 4oids is2

I* La#o ato y Compaction2

< Two Tests a e !s!ally pe fo med in the la#o ato y to dete mine the ma%im!m d y !nit wei"ht and the OMC& 3* Standa d + octo Test 0* Modified + octo Test In #oth tests the compaction ene "y is2

3* Standa d + octo Test

'acto s Affectin" Compaction2

3* Effect of Soil Type

0* Effect of Ene "y on Compaction

F* Effect of Compaction on Soil St !ct! e

5* Effect of Compaction on Cohesi4e Soil + ope ties

II* 'ield Compaction

'low of (ate in Soils +e mea#ility and Seepa"e

< Soil is a th ee phase medi!m ******** solidsI wate I and ai < (ate in soils occ! in 4a io!s conditions < (ate can flow th o!"h the 4oids in a soil f om a point of hi"h ene "y to a point of low ene "y&

< (hy st!dyin" flow of wate in po o!s media ....... 3* To estimate the G!antity of !nde " o!nd seepa"e 0* To dete mine the G!antity of wate that can #e discha "ed fo m a soil F* To dete mine the po e wate p ess! eBeffecti4e "eostatic st essesI and to analy=e ea th st !ct! es s!#Lected to wate flow&

5* To dete mine the 4ol!me chan"e in soil laye s >soil consolidation? and settlement of fo!ndation& < 'low of (ate in Soils depends on2 3* +o osity of the soil 0* Type of the soil * pa ticle si=e * pa ticle shape * de" ee of pac$in"

F* Discosity of the fl!id * Tempe at! e * Chemical Components

5* Total head >diffe ence in ene "y? * + ess! e head * Delocity head * Ele4ation head

The de" ee of comp essi#ility of a soil is e%p essed #y the coefficient of pe mea#ility of the soil "$&" $ cmBsecI ftBsecI mBsecI &&&&&&&& Hyd a!lic ) adient

1e no!liJs EG!ation2

'o soils

'low of (ate in Soils 3* Hyd a!lic Head in Soil Total Head A + ess! e head P Ele4ation Head ht A hp P he * Ele4ation head at a point A E%tent of that point f om the dat!m * + ess! e head at a point A Hei"ht of which the wate the point& * +o e (ate p ess! e at a point A +&(&+& A "wate & hp <How to meas! e the + ess! e Head o the +ie=omet ic Head....... Tips 3* Ass!me that yo! do not ha4e seepa"e in the system >1efo e Seepa"e? 0* Ass!me that yo! ha4e pie=omete at the point !nde conside ation F* )et the meas! ement of the pie=omet ic head >(ate col!mn in the +ie=omete #efo e seepa"e? A hp>1efo e Seepa"e? 5* Now conside the p o#lem d! in" seepa"e ises in the pie=omete a#o4e

:* Meas! e the amo!nt of the head loss in the pie=omete >,h? o the d op in the pie=omet ic head& 7* The pie=omet ic head d! in" seepa"e A hp>d! in" seepa"e? A hp>1efo e Seepa"e? * ,h

)EOSTATIC STRESSES -

STRESS ,ISTRI1UTION

St esses at a point in a soil mass a e di4ided into two main types2 I* )eostatic St esses ****** ,!e to the self wei"ht of the soil mass& II* E%cess St esses ****** ' om st !ct! es

I& )eostatic st esses I&A& De tical St ess De tical "eostatic st esses inc ease with depthI The e a e th ee F types of "eostatic st esses

3*a Total St essI stotal 3*#& Effecti4e St essI seffI o sJ 3*c +o e (ate + ess! eI !

Total St ess A Effecti4e st ess P +o e (ate + ess! e stotal A seff P !

)eostatic St ess with Seepa"e

(hen the Seepa"e 'o ce A H "s!# ** Effecti4e St ess seff A 6 This case is efe ed as 1oilin" o Q!ic$ Conditon

I&1& Ho i=ontal St ess o Late al St ess sh A $o sJ4

$o A Late al Ea th + ess! e Coefficient sh is always associated with the 4e tical effecti4e st essI sJ4& ne4e !se total 4e tical st ess to dete mine sh& II& St ess ,ist i#!tion in Soil Mass2 (hen applyin" a load on a half space medi!m the e%cess st esses in the soil will dec ease with depth&

Li$e in the "eostatic st essesI the e a e 4e tical and late al e%cess st esses&

3& 'o +oint Load The e%cess 4e tical st ess is acco din" to 1o!ssinesG >399F?2

* Ip A Infl!ence facto fo the point load * Onowin" B= ***** I3 can #e o#tained f om ta#les

Acco din" to (este "aa d >3;F9?

whe e h A s >3*0m B 0*0m? m A +oissonJs Ratio

0& 'o Line Load Usin" GB!nit len"th on the s! face of a semi infinite soil massI the 4e tical st ess is2

F& 'o a St ip Load >'inite (idth and Infinite Len"th?2 The e%cess 4e tical st ess d!e to loadB!nit a eaI GI is2

(he e Il A Infl!ence facto fo a line load

F& 'o a Ci c!la Loaded A ea2 The e%cess 4e tical st ess d!e to G is2