Solutions To Chapter 4 Problems: Problem 4.1

Lobontiu: System Dynamics for Engineering Students
Solutions: Chapter 4 1
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 4 PROBLEMS

Problem 4.1
Figure P4.1 sketches an angular potentiometer. It is formed of a circular resistor
defined by a radius r and total length l calculated in terms of the center angle (not
shown in the figure) as
l r = (P4.1)
A wiper moves along a conductive circular guide, which is concentric with the resistor.

Figure P4.1 Angular potentiometer

The voltage generated by the source v is, according to Ohms law:

l r
v Ri i i
A A
= = =

(P4.2)
where R is the total resistance of the circular wire, is the resistivity, and A is the wire
cross-sectional area. The rotary-motion wiper encloses a circuit defined by a center angle
whose voltage (measured by a meter for instance) is

l r
v R i i i
A A
= = =

(P4.3)
Combination of Eqs. (P4.2) and (P4.3) results in:

R v
v v
R
= =
(P4.4)
i
v
wiper
v
+

conductive guide
meter
voltage source
resistor
r

For v and being constant, Eq. (P4.4) indicates that the angular displacement angle is
proportional to the voltage measured by the meter, v
.

Problem 4.2
If the 5 resistors, each having a resistance R, are combined in series, the equivalent
resistance would be 5R, which is the maximum value of all possible combinations;
similarly, if the resistors are combined in parallel, the equivalent resistance would be R/5,
which is the minimum value of all possible combinations. However, any combination
needs to have both series and parallel connections. It thus appear that the design of Fig.
P4.1(a) generates the maximum equivalent resistance because it comprises three resistors
in series, whereas the combination of Fig. P4.1(b) yields the minimum equivalent
resistance as it contains four resistors in parallel.

Figure P4.1 Resistor connections for: (a) maximum equivalent resistance; (b) minimum equivalent
resistance

The combination of Fig. P4.1(a) results in the following equivalent resistance:

max
7
3
2 2
R
R R R = + = (P4.1)
and the arrangement of Fig. P4.1(b) yields a minimum resistance calculated as:

min
5
4 4
R
R R R = + = (P4.2)
It can be checked that no other combination of 5 identical resistors is able to result in an
equivalent resistance outside the [5R/4, 7R/2] range; therefore, indeed, Eqs. (P4.1) and
(P4.2) give the extreme equivalent resistances. For R = 120 , the extreme values are
R
max
=420 and R
min
= 150 .

(a) (b)
R R R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Problem 4.3
To calculate the equivalent resistance between nodes c and d, the resistances of the
triangle a-b-c of Fig. 4.38 are transformed into the ones corresponding to a reversed Y-
connection, as shown in Fig. P4.1(a), which is further simplified to the circuit of Fig.
P4.1(b).

Figure P4.1 Intermediate resistor connections for equivalent resistance between nodes c and d

As a consequence, the sought resistance is calculated as

125 345
14
125 345
cd
R R
R R
R R
= +
+
(P4.1)
where

125 15 2
345 45 3
R R R
R R R
= +
= +
(P4.2)
and

1 4
14
1 4 5
4 5
45
1 4 5
1 5
15
1 4 5
R R
R
R R R
R R
R
R R R
R R
R
R R R
+ +
+ +
+ +
(P4.3)
Substitution of Eq. (P4.3) in Eq. (P4.2) and then in Eq. (P4.1) yields

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 2 3 4 5 4 5
1 2 3 5 2 3 4 5 4 5
cd
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
R
R R R R R R R R R R
+ + + + + + + ( (

=
+ + + + + +
(P4.4)
Numerically, the equivalent resistance is R
cd
=194.3 .
(a) (b)
c
R14
R15
R45
R2
R3
d
R125
R345
R14
c d
Figure P4.2 shows the connections of the resistances between nodes a and b. It
follows that:

2 3 5 1 4
1 1 1 1
ab
R R R R R R
= + +
+ +
(P4.5)
which yields:

( )( )
( ) ( )( )
5 1 4 2 3
1 2 3 5 2 3 4 5 4 5
ab
R R R R R
R
R R R R R R R R R R
+ +
=
+ + + + + +
(P4.6)
whose numeric value is R
ab
=78 .

Figure P4.2 Intermediate resistor connections for equivalent resistance between nodes a and b

R2
R4
R1
a b
R3
R5
Problem 4.4
The circuit of Fig. P4.1 shows the resistance arrangement after performing the
conversion from triangle in a reversed-Y connection in the original Fig. 4.39.

Figure P4.1 Resistor connections after conversion from triangle to reversed-Y connection

The resistance between nodes a and b is calculated as

( )( )
13 4 23 5
12 6
13 4 23 5
ab
R R R R
R R R
R R R R
+ +
= + +
+ + +
(P4.1)
with

1 2
12
1 2 3
2 3
23
1 2 3
1 3
13
1 2 3
R R
R
R R R
R R
R
R R R
R R
R
R R R
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
(P4.2)
Substituting Eqs. (P4.2) in Eq. (P4.1) yields

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
1 3 4 1 2 3 2 3 5 1 2 3
1 2
6
1 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 4 5 1 2 3
ab
R R R R R R R R R R R R
R R
R R
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
+ + + ( + + + (

= + +
+ + + + + + + + + (

(P4.3)
and its numerical value is R
ab
= 62.6 .

R13
R5
R23
R4
R12 R6
a b
Problem 4.5
As demonstrated in the website Chapter 4, the following equations need to be solved
to determine the capacitances that form a reversed-Y connection, and which are C
14
, C
15
,
C
45
in terms of the capacitances of the original connections, and which are C
1
, C
4
, C
5

(as indicated in Fig. P4.1):

14 15
1
14 15
14 45
2
14 45
45 15
3
45 15
C C
f
C C
C C
f
C C
C C
f
C C
(P4.1)
where

4 5
1 1
4 5
1 5
4 2
1 5
1 4
5 3
1 4
37.14
43.33
52
C C
C f
C C
C C
C f
C C
C C
C f
C C
+ = =
+ = =
+ = =
(P4.2)

Figure P4.1 Partial capacitance circuits for the circuit of Fig. 4.40: (a) original connection; (b)
equivalent reversed-Y connection

The solution to Eqs. (P4.1) is:
C
1

C
5
C
4
C
15
C
14
C
45

(a) (b)

1 2 3
14
1 2 2 3 3 1
1 2 3
15
1 2 2 3 3 1
1 2 3
45
1 2 2 3 3 1
2
65
2
86.67
2
130
f f f
C
f f f f f f
f f f
C
f f f f f f
f f f
C
f f f f f f
= =
+ +
= =
= =
(P4.3)
The capacitance values in Eqs. (P4.2) and (P4.3) are expressed in F.

Figure P4.2 Simplifying sequence for capacitance circuit

As shown in Fig. P4.2, the capacitance between nodes a and b is:

( )
14 125 345
14 125 345
ab
C C C
C
C C C
+
=
+ +
(P4.4)
with

15 2 45 3
125 345
15 2 45 3
;
C C C C
C C
C C C C
= =
+ +
(P4.5)
With the numerical values of the problem, the following capacitance values are obtained:
C
125
=16.25 F, C
345
=13.45 F, and C
ab
=20.38 F.

a
C2
C14
C15
C3 C45
b
a
C14
C125
C345
b
Problem 4.6
Figure P4.1 shows the electrostatic forces f
1
and f
2
applied to the mobile plate pair by
the fixed middle plate after a displacement x occurred.

Figure P4.1 MEMS capacitive actuator with transverse displacement

According to Eq. (4.22), the two forces are:

2 2
1 2 2 2
;
2 2
2 2
Av Av
f f
d d
x x
= =
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

(P4.1)
The net force acting on the mobile plate pair is their difference, namely:

( ) ( )
2
1 2 2 2
16
2 2
x
f f f Adv
d x d x
= =
+
(P4.2)
Figure P4.2 illustrates the nonlinear variation of the net force f as a function of the mobile
plates displacement x. The displacement was limited to x = 2 m when the force reached
approximately 5.5 x 10
-17
N.
The minimum gap occurs for

2 500
d d
x = (P4.3)
condition which yields x =(249/500)d = 2.49 m. Using this particular value in Eq.
(P4.2) results in a force of f =1.408 x 10
-13
N. It can be seen that an increase of 0.49 m
in displacement from the threshold value of 2 m, which was used in the plot, generates
an increase of 2,560 times in the maximum force.

motion
f1
f2
d/2 - x
d/2 +x
x
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 10
-6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x 10
-17
x (m)
f

(
N
)

Figure P4.2 Net force acting on mobile plates as a function of displacement

Problem 4.7
The transverse and longitudinal voltages that are picked up transversely and
longitudinally by capacitive sensing are given in Eqs. (4.30) and (4.36) as

0 0
;
b
t l b
v x
v x v v
g x x
= =
+
(P4.1)
The ratio of these two voltages is

0 0
0 0 0
1
t
l
v x x x
x
v g g g
+
= = +
(P4.2)
The relative voltage variation ratio of Eq. (P4.2) can be regarded as a function of x
provided x
0
and g
0
are constant. As such, it can be seen that v
t
= v
l
when x =g
0
x
0
.
The y-axis intercept of the voltage ratio plot is x
0
/g
0
, as given in Eq. (P4.2) and shown in
Fig. P4.1.

Figure P4.1 Voltage variation ratio as a function of plate displacement

As a consequence, when x
0
g
0
(which means x
0
/g
0
1) the transverse sensing is more
sensitive than longitudinal sensing because v
t
/ v
l
1. When x
0
<g
0
, there are two
situations possible, namely: for x g
0
x
0
it follows that v
t
< v
l
and therefore the
transverse procedure is less sensitive than the longitudinal method; on the other hand, for
x >g
0
x
0
, as seen in Fig. P4.1, v
t
> v
l
indicating that transverse sensing is
preferable to longitudinal sensing.

vt/vl
x
x0/g0
g0 - x0
1
Problem 4.8
The transverse and longitudinal voltage variations are expressed in Eqs. (4.30) and
(4.36) as:

0
0
b
t t
l
l b
l
v
v x
g
x
v v
x x
(P4.1)
From the first Eq. (P4.1), the longitudinal displacement is

0
t t
b
g
x v
v
= (P4.2)
and its numerical value is x
t
= 4 m. The longitudinal displacement is expressed from
the second Eq. (P4.1) as

0 l
l
b l
x v
x
v v
=
+
(P4.3)
which yields a numerical value of x
l
= 3.18 m. It can be seen that x
t
x
l
due to
imprecision in measuring by the longitudinal capacitive unit. Checking Eq. (P4.3)
indicates that the sources of imprecision in x
l
are unreliable determination of either of
x
0
, v
b
or v
l
.
Assuming x
0
was assessed erroneously, Eq. (P4.3) yields:

'
0
b t
t
t
v v
x x
v
+
=
(P4.4)
where the transverse displacement has been used instead of the longitudinal one. The
absolute value of
'
0
x from Eq. (P4.4) is 44 m.
Another variant is that the bias voltage was not assessed correctly, but from Eq.
(P4.3), the correct bias voltage is

' 0 l
b l
t
x v
v v
x
(P4.5)
and its absolute value is 1.95 V. Note that transverse displacement has been used in Eq.
(P4.5) as the precise measurement.
Eventually, in case the longitudinal voltage has not been detected precisely, its
correct equation is found by expressing it from Eq. (P4.3)

'
0
b t
l
t
v x
v
x x
=
+
(P4.6)
(where, again, transverse displacement has been used instead of longitudinal
displacement) and its absolute value is 0.2 V.

Problem 4.9
The transverse and longitudinal capacitive forces are given in Eqs. (4.22) and (4.32)
as

( )
2 2 2
2
0
0
;
2
2
t l
w v wv
f f
g
g x
= =

(P4.1)
where w is the side length of the square capacitive plates. Using the problem specific
relationships

0
10;
3
t
l
f g
x
f
= = (P4.2)
in conjunction with Eq. (P4.1) results in

0
9
40
g w = (P4.3)
For w = 80 m, Eq. (P4.3) yields g
0
= 18 m.

Problem 4.10
The same equivalent inductance needs to be between any two of the vertices A, B,
and C for both the connection and the reversed-Y connection of Fig. 4.43. Considering
the nodes A and B in the connection, it is seen that L
AB
is in parallel with the series
connection of L
CA
and L
BC
; similarly, in the reversed-Y connection, L
AD
and L
BD
are in
series between nodes A and B; taking into consideration Eqs. (4.45) of the series and
parallel connection of impedances, the above-mentioned equality is written as

( )
AB CA BC
AD BD
AB CA BC
L L L
L L
L L L
+
= +
+ +
(P4.1)
The following similar equations are formulated with respect to the node pairs B-C and
C-A:

( )
( )
BC AB CA
BD CD
BC AB CA
CA BC AB
CD AD
CA BC AB
L L L
L L
L L L
L L L
L L
L L L
+
= +
+ +
= +
+ +
(P4.2)
Equations (P4.1) and (P4.2) form a system of three equations with three unknowns: the
inductances L
AD
, L
BD
and L
CD
. This system is written as:

( )
( )
( )
1 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
AB CA BC
AB CA BC
AD
BC AB CA
BD
BC AB CA
CD
CA BC AB
CA BC AB
L L L
L L L
L
L L L
L
L L L
L
L L L
L L L
+

+ +

(

+

(
=
` `
(
+ +

(
)

+

+ +

)
(P4.3)
and its solution is obtained in MATLAB
by solving the following vector-matrix

equation using

( )
( )
( )
1
1 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
AB CA BC
AB CA BC
AD
BC AB CA
BD
BC AB CA
CD
CA BC AB
CA BC AB
L L L
L L L
L
L L L
L
L L L
L
L L L
L L L
+

+ +

(

+

(
=
` `
(
+ +

(
)

+

+ +

)
(P4.4)
The result is:

AB CA
AD
AB BC CA
BC AB
BD
AB BC CA
CA BC
CD
AB BC CA
L L
L
L L L
L L
L
L L L
L L
L
L L L
+ +
+ +
+ +
(P4.5)
With the numerical values of the problem, the impedances of Eqs. (P4.5) are: L
AD
=22.4
mH, L
BD
=32 mH, and L
CD
=28 mH.

Problem 4.11
Any of the electrical circuits shown in Fig. P4.1 contains five internal rectangles,
which are not divided into any other fragments, and therefore, each of these circuits has
5 meshes inscribed within the same rectangular area and therefore, 5 degrees of freedom.

Figure P4.1 Circuit configurations with 5 meshes

A loop is formed of any mesh combination on condition that component meshes are
adjacent (they share at least one branch) but individual meshes also count as loops. As
such, the circuit shown in Fig. P4.1(a) is formed of 15 loops, as follows: 5 small
rectangles (the meshes), 4 rectangles each comprising two adjacent small rectangles, 3
rectangles formed of three adjacent small rectangles, 2 rectangles determined by four
adjacent small rectangles, and 1 rectangle formed of the five small rectangles.
Following a similar reasoning, the circuit of Fig. P4.1(b) contains 5 meshes, 7 areas
each formed of two adjacent rectangles (meshes), 8 areas comprising each three adjacent
rectangles, 4 areas comprising 4 adjacent rectangles, and 1 area with all five meshes
the total number of loops is therefore 25.
Eventually, the circuit sketched in Fig. P4.1(c) is formed of 5 +6 +7 +5 +1 =24
loops. Consider that each independent branch (circuit line between two different meshes)
has its own current passing through it. There are 11 branches in this circuit (you are
encouraged to detect them), and therefore, 11 currents through them. Assuming voltage
sources (for instance) and resistances are known, 6 nodes out of the total number of 7
nodes provide 6 constraint equation between the 11 currents (the last node, the seventh,
duplicates the equation of another node). As a consequence, the number of independent
(a)

(b)

(c)

parameters defining the electrical system is 11 6 =5. It follows that the electrical
system has 5 DOF, and 5 currents (for instance) can be these degrees of freedom.
Let us design a circuit like the one of Fig. P4.1(c) with 6 resistors, one voltage source
and defined by 5 DOF such as the circuit of Fig. P4.2. If we consider the currents
already indicated in the figure based on Kirchhoffs node law, it can be seen that the 5
currents: i (in the voltage source branch), i
1
, i
3
, i
4
, and i
6
can be the systems DOF. Note
that the assumption of a current in the source branch is consistent with a real voltage
source having an internal resistance. Ignoring this current (i =0) would result in only 4
currents being necessary to describe of the system and therefore, the number of DOF
would be 4.

Figure P4.2 Circuit configuration with 5 meshes, resistors and a voltage source

i1 i1 +i3
i3
i4
i6
R1
+

v
R2
R4 R5
R3
R6
i
i i1

i i1 i4

i i1 i4 i6

i4 +i6 i3

A
B
Problem 4.12
(a)
The nodes and currents are shown in Fig. P4.1. According to the rule of thumb, this
electrical system has four meshes and therefore it needs 4 DOF. Indeed, the total number
of branch currents is 11; there are also 8 nodes, out of which only 7 provide independent
relationships between branch currents (by means of Kirchhoffs node law), which means
there are 7 constraints. As a consequence, the number of DOF or the system
configuration is 11 7 =4, as also determined by the rule-of-thumb reasoning.

Figure P4.1 Currents and nodes in a 4-mesh electrical circuit

(b)
The following current equations are written for the nodes A, B and C based on Fig.
P4.1:

1 2
2 3 4
3 5 6
i
i i i
i i i
i i i
= +
= +
= +
(P4.1)
At node D, the following equation applies:

1 4 6 7 o
i i i i = + (P4.2)
Similar equations are found for nodes E, F, and G:

5 8 9
10 7 9
11 1 8
i i i
i i i
i i i
= +
= +
= +
(P4.3)
whereas for node H, the current equation applies:
io2

ii
io1
i1
i3 i5 i8
i4 i6 i9
i11
i7 i10
A
B
C
E
D F H
G
i2

2 10 11 o
i i i = + (P4.4)
Combining the last two Eqs. (P4.3) with Eq. (P4.4) yields:

2 7 9 1 8 o
i i i i i = + + + (P4.5)
Adding now Eqs. (P4.2) and (P4.5) results in

1 2 1 4 6 8 9 o o
i i i i i i i + = + + + + (P4.6)
Using the first Eq. (P4.3) and Eqs. (P4.1), transform Eq. (P4.6) to:

1 2 1 4 6 5 1 4 3 1 2 o o i
i i i i i i i i i i i i + = + + + = + + = + = (P4.7)
which demonstrates that that the current entering the electrical system is equal to the
sum of currents exiting the system, as expected.

Problem 4.13
The series connection of any number of identical inductors yields the maximum
equivalent inductance, while their parallel connection generates the minimum equivalent
inductance. Conversely, identical capacitors have to be connected in parallel to produce
the maximum equivalent capacitance, and in series to obtain the minimum equivalent
capacitance. It is also known that inductances and capacitances enter the denominator of
the natural frequency. As a consequence, the electrical circuit of Fig. P4.1(a), which
yields the minimum equivalent inductance and capacitance, generates the maximum
natural frequency, whereas the electrical circuit of Fig. P4.1(b), with inductors in series
and capacitors in parallel, results in the minimum natural frequency.

Figure P4.1 Circuits with inductors and capacitors for: (a) maximum natural frequency; (b) minimum
natural frequency

The equivalent inductance and capacitance for the circuit of Fig. P4.1(a) are:

,min
,min
3
2
e
e
L
L
C
C
(P4.1)
which leads to the natural frequency

,max
,min ,min
1 6
n
e e
L C LC
= = (P4.2)
The equivalent inductance and capacitance for the circuit of Fig. P4.1(b) are:

,max
,max
3
2
e
e
L L
C C
=
(P4.3)
which leads to the natural frequency
L
L
C
C
L
C
C
L L L
(a) (b)

,min
,max ,max
1 1
6
n
e e
L C LC
= =
(P4.4)
The ratio of the natural frequencies of Eqs. (P4.2) and (P4.4) is

,max
,min
6
n
n
=
(P4.5)

Problem 4.14
Figure P4.1 shows the original circuit with charges on the three branches.

Figure P4.1 Two-mesh electrical circuit with charges

The total electrical energy corresponding to the inductors and capacitors is:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
E Lq L q q q q q
C C
= + + + (P4.1)
The electrical system being conservative, the time derivative of the total energy of Eq.
(P4.1) needs to be zero, which yields:

1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 1
0 q Lq Lq Lq q q q Lq Lq q q q
C C C C C
| | | |
+ + + + + + =
| |
\ . \ .
(P4.2)
Because the charge rates (currents) cannot e zero at all times, Eq. (P4.2) is satisfied
when its two parentheses are simultaneously zero:

1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 1
2 0
1 2
0
Lq Lq q q
C C
Lq Lq q q
C C
+ =
+ + =

(P4.3)
Solution of the sinusoidal type:

( )
( )
1 1
2 2
sin
sin
q Q t
q Q t
=
(P4.4)
is needed in Eq. (P4.3), which yields:

2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
1 1
2 0
1 2
0
L Q L Q
C C
L Q L Q
C C
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .

(P4.5)
C
L
L
C
q1 q2
q1 q2
Equations (P4.5) have nontrivial solution when the determinant of the system is zero,
namely:

2 2
2 2
1 1
2
0
1 2
L L
C C
L L
C C
+
=
+

(P4.6)
Equation (P4.6) has the following roots, which are the electrical systems natural
frequencies:

,1
,2
3 5
2
3 5
2
n
n
LC
LC
+
=
(P4.7)
The ratio of the two natural frequencies of Eqs. (P4.7) is:

,2
,1
3 5
2.618
3 5
n
n
+
= =
(P4.8)

Problem 4.15
Figure P4.1 shows the original circuit with charges on the three branches.

Figure P4.1 Two-mesh electrical circuit with charges

The total energy corresponding to the four electrical components is
( )
2
2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
E q q q L q L q
C C
= + + + (P4.1)
The electrical system is conservative and the energy time derivative is zero, which yields

1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
1 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
0 L q q q q q L q q q q
C C C C C
| | | |
+ + + + =
| |
\ . \ .
(P4.2)
Equation (P4.2) is valid at all times when

1 1 1 2
1 2 2
2 2 1 2
2 2
1 1 1
0
1 1
0
L q q q
C C C
L q q q
C C
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
+ =
(P4.3)
Sinusoidal solution of the form

( )
( )
1 1
2 2
sin
sin
q Q t
q Q t
=
(P4.4)
is needed, which, substituted in Eq. (P4.3) leads to

2
1 1 2
1 2 2
2
1 2 2
2 2
1 1 1
0
1 1
0
L Q Q
C C C
Q L Q
C C
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
(P4.5)
Equations (P4.5) have nonzero Q
1
and Q
2
solutions for
C1 L2
L1
C2
q1
q2
q1 q2

2
1
1 2 2
2
2
2 2
1 1 1
0
1 1
L
C C C
L
C C
+ +
=
+
(P4.6)
which is the characteristic equation. For the numerical parameters of this problem, its
roots (the natural frequencies) are
n1
= 115.79 rad/s and
n2
=333.16 rad/s.
The second Eq. (P4.5) gives the amplitude ratio

2 1
2 2
2
1
Q
L C
Q
= (P4.7)
For =
n1
, the ratio of Eq. (P4.7) becomes

1
(1)
1 1
(1)
2 2
0.5495
n
Q Q
Q Q
=
= =

(P4.8)
Equation (P4.8) shows that the charges have either the directions chosen in Fig. P4.1 or
directions opposite to the ones shown in Fig. P4.1; the same equation indicates that the
amplitude of q
1
is smaller than the amplitude of q
2
. The eigenvector is of unit-norm for

( ) ( )
2 2
(1) (1)
1 2
1 Q Q + = (P4.9)
Solving Eqs. (P4.8) and (P4.9) for the two amplitudes results in the following
eigenvector corresponding to =
n1

{ }
(1)
0.4816
0.8764
Q

=
`
)
(P4.10)
For =
n2
, the ratio of Eq. (P4.7) becomes

2
(2)
1 1
(2)
2 2
2.7295
n
Q Q
Q Q
=
= =

(P4.11)
which shows that the directions of the two charges in the circuit of Fig. P4.1 are opposite
(either q
1
or q
2
opposes the direction in the figure) and that the amplitude of q
1
is larger
than the amplitude of q
2
. For a unit-norm eigenvector it is necessary that

( ) ( )
2 2
(2) (2)
1 2
1 Q Q + = (P4.12)
Solving Eqs. (P4.11) and (P4.12) for the unknown amplitudes generates the eigenvector
related to =
n2


{ }
(2)
0.939
0.344
Q

=
`
)
(P4.13)

Problem 4.16
The mathematical model for the electrical system of Fig. 4.46 is:

1 1 1 2
1 2 2
2 2 1 2
2 2
1 1 1
0
1 1
0
L q q q
C C C
L q q q
C C
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
+ =
(P4.1)
which can be written in vector-matrix form as

1 1 2 2 1 1
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1
0 0
0 1 1 0
q C C C q L
L q q
C C
(
+
(
(
(
+ =
` ` `
(
(
) ) )
(P4.2)
The natural frequencies are determined using MATLAB
as the eigenvalues of the

dynamic matrix

| | | | | |
1
D L C
= (P4.3)
The command

>> [ V, D] = ei g( D)

returns the eigenvectors and eigenfrequencies

v =
0. 9390 0. 4816
- 0. 3440 0. 8764
D =
1. 0e+005 *
1. 1100 0
0 0. 1341

The eigenvectors are the ones that have been obtained in the previous Problem 4.15; the
square roots of the eigenvalues yield the two natural frequencies determined in Problem
4.15.

Problem 4.17
The mathematical model of a free electrical system (with no voltage or current
source) is given in Eq. (4.91), whose standard format is based on the natural frequency
n
and the damping ratio , as provided in Eq. (4.93). The damping ratio is expressed as
in Eq. (4.94) as

2
R C
L
= (P4.1)
The electrical systems period is connected to its damped frequency as

2 2 2
2 2 2 1
1 2 1 1
d
d
n n n
T
f f
= = = =

(P4.2)
where f
n
is the systems natural frequency (measured in Hz). The damping ratio is
expressed from Eq. (P4.2) as:

2 2
1
1
n d
f T
= (P4.3)
whose value is = 0.3049. The natural frequency is

1
2
n
f
LC
=
(P4.4)
The critical damping is defined by = 1, and therefore, Eq. (P4.1) yields the expression
of the critical resistance
2
cr
L
R
C
= (P4.5)
Equations (P4.4) and (P4.5) are solved for L and C, which are:

2
1
4
n cr
cr
C
f R
CR
L
(P4.6)
The electrical components parameters are C =5.3 x 10
-7
F and L =0.0053 H. The actual
resistance is determined now from Eq. (P4.1) as
2
L
R
C
= (P4.7)
and its value is R = 60.98 .
Problem 4.18
When the circuit resistance is not accounted for, the equation describing the circuit is

( )
L
di t
v L
dt
= (P4.1)
whereas the equation

( )
( )
LR
LR
di t
v L Ri t
dt
= + (P4.2)
governs the circuit behavior for both inductance and resistance considered. For zero
initial conditions, the solutions to the two equations above are

( )
( )
L
R
t
L
LR
v
i t t
L
v v
i t e
R R
(P4.3)
The inductance and resistance are calculated as

2 2 2 2
2 2
( / 2)
4 4
4
( / 2)
N D N D ND
L
l N D
l N D ND
R
A d d
= = =
= = =
(P4.4)
The numerical values of L and R are L =0.25 H and R = 170 . Figure P4.1 shows the
plots of the two currents where the current i
LR
has a steady-state value (when t ) of
v/R =0.47 V.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
x 10
-3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Time (sec)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
s

(
A
)

i
L
i
LR

Figure P4.1 Currents through ideal inductor and real inductor as functions of time

Problem 4.19
The currents and their positive directions in the electrical circuit are shown in Fig.
P4.1. Because the circuit has four meshes, it follows that it has four DOF; therefore, four
currents can be selected as DOF and four independent algebraic equations are needed to
solve for the currents.

Figure P4.1 Electrical circuit with resistors and constant voltage source with currents

Using Kirchhoffs node law the following current relationships are expressed

4 2 3
5 3 6
7 4 6 2 3 6
8 5 7 3 6 2 3 6 2
i i i
i i i
i i i i i i
i i i i i i i i i
=
= +
= =
= + = + + =
(P4.1)
The currents i
1
, i
2
, i
3
, and i
6
are selected to be the DOF of this system. Kirchhoffs
voltage law is applied to the four meshes of Fig. P4.1, which results in

( )
( )
7 1
5 2 4 3 6 2 7 1
1 2 3 2 6 4 3
3 2 3 6 2 6
0
0
0
R i v
R i R i R i R i
R i i R i R i
R i i i R i
=
+ + =
+ =
(P4.2)
The first Eq. (P4.2) allows solving for i
1
as i
1
=v/R
7
=4 A. The remaining Eqs. (P4.2)
are written as

( )
( )
( )
5 6 2 4 3
1 2 1 4 3 2 6
3 2 3 3 2 3 6
0
0
R R i R i v
Ri R R i R i
R i R i R R i
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
(P4.3)
which can be written in vector-matrix form as
R2
R4
R1
R3
R5
v
+

R6
R7
i1
i2
i3
i4
i6
i5
i7 i8
( )
( )
2 5 6 4
1 1 4 2 3
3 3 2 3 6
0
0
0
i R R R v
R R R R i
R R R R i
+ (
(
+ =
` `
(

(
+
) )
(P4.4)
Equation (P4.4) allows solving for the unknown currents, namely
( )
( )
1
2 5 6 4
3 1 1 4 2
3 3 2 3 6
0
0
0
i R R R v
i R R R R
R R R R i
+ (
(
= +
` `
(

(
+
) )
(P4.5)
The currents values are i
2
=i
8
=1.426 A, i
3
=1.079 A, i
6
=0.189 A, i
4
=0.347 A, i
5
=
1.268 A, and i
7
=0.158 A.

Problem 4.20
Figure P4.1 shows the currents in the circuit branches and the mesh positive
directions. Having three meshes, the electrical system has three DOF, which can be the
currents i
1
, i
2
, and i
3
.

Figure P4.1 Electrical circuit with resistors, inductors, and sinusoidal voltage source

The following equations are obtained after expressing Kirchhoffs second law for each
mesh

| |
| |
1
3 2 2
1 1 2 1 3 2 2
2 1 2 3 1 3
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
di t
L R i t v t
dt
d
L i t i t Ri t R i t
dt
d
L i t i t i t Ri t
dt
+ =
+ =
(P4.1)
The following MATLAB
code

>>[ i 1, i 2, i 3] =dsol ve( ' 6*Di 1+150*i 2=20*si n( 6*t ) , 5*Di 1. . .
- 5*Di 2+100*i 3- 150*i 2=0, 8*Di 1- 8*Di 2- 8*Di 3. . .
- 100*i 3=0' , ' i 1( 0) =0, i 2( 0) =0, i 3( 0) =0' , ' t ' ) ;
>>t =0: 0. 0001: 10;
>>cur r 1=i 1;
>>cur r 2=i 2;
>>cur r 3=i 3;
>>pl ot ( t , cur r 1)
>>xl abel ( ' Ti me ( sec) ' )
>>yl abel ( ' i _1 ( A) ' )

R1
L3
L1
L2
R2
v
i1
i1 i2
i3
i2
i1 i2 i3
generates the currents plotted in Fig. P4.2. The currents obtained through solving the
differential equations are:

16.795 70.705
1
16.795 70.705
2
16.795 70.705
3
0.175 0.204cos(6 ) 0.088sin(6 ) 0.027 0.001
0.021cos(6 ) 0.084sin(6 ) 0.018 0.003
0.033cos(6 ) 0.072sin(6 ) 0.035 0.002
t t
t t
t t
i t t e e
i t t e e
i t t e e

= + + +
= + + +
= + +
(P4.2)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Time (sec)
i
1

(
A
)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Time (sec)
i
2

(
A
)


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Time (sec)
i
3

(
A
)

Figure P4.2 Main currents as functions of time

Problem 4.21
For S
1
closed and S
2
open, a charge

0
q Cv = (P4.1)
charges the capacitor. When switches change states, the charge q
0
=50 x 10
-6
F x 80 V =
0.004 C flows (and discharges) through the electrical circuit formed of the resistor,
inductor, and capacitor. The equation governing the time response for the second phase
is

1
0 Lq Rq q
C
+ + = (P4.2)
The following initial conditions are used
(0) 0; (0) 0.004 q q = = (P4.3)
in conjunction with the MATLAB
code

>> dsol ve( ' 0. 6*D2q+120*Dq+1/ ( 50*10^( - 6) ) *q=0' , ' q( 0) =0. 004' , ' Dq( 0) =0' )

and the time-domain charge is obtained
( ) ( )
100
0.0026sin 152.75 0.004cos 152.75
t
q t t e
= + (

(P4.4)
By taking the derivative of q(t) of Eq. (P4.4) and using the MATLAB
command

>>i =di f f ( q, t )

returns the current
( ) ( )
100
0.871sin 152.75 0.0029cos 152.75
t
i t t e
= + (

(P4.5)
which is plotted in Fig. P4.1.

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-0.4
-0.35
-0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
Time (sec)
i

(
A
)

Figure P4.1 Current as a function of time

Problem 4.22
When the switch is closed, the current passes through the two resistors, and the
mathematical model is simply:
( )
1 2
R R i v + = (P4.1)
which results in a current i =i
0
=v/ (R
1
+R
2
) =0.25 A. The voltage across the capacitor
is equal to the voltage on the resistor R
2
(the two components being in parallel), and is
equal to

2
2
1 2
C
R
v iR v
R R
= =
+
(P4.2)
with a value of 50 V. The capacitor charge (its initial value) is therefore

0 C
q Cv = (P4.3)
which is q
0
=0.001 C.
When the switch is opened, the voltage source and the resistor R
1
are removed from
the circuit; the initial capacitor charge q
0
discharges through C and R
2
in their circuit.
The mathematical model for that stage is

2
1
0 R q q
C
+ = (P4.4)
Equation (P4.4) is solved symbolically by using the MATLAB
code:

>> syms r 2 c q0
>> dsol ve( ' r 2*Dq+1/ c*q=0' , ' q( 0) = q0' )

and the time-domain charge is obtained

2
0
t
R C
q q e
= (P4.5)
The current is the time derivative of the charge of Eq. (P4.5), namely:

2 0
2
t
R C
q
i q e
R C
= = (P4.6)
which is plotted in Fig. P4.1.

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
Time(sec)
i
(
A
)

Figure P4.1 Current through R
2
as a function of time

Problem 4.23
Figure P4.1 shows the circuit with the currents and positive mesh directions. Having
three meshes, the electrical system has three DOF.

Figure P4.1 Electrical circuit with currents and positive mesh directions

Using Kirchhoffs voltage law, the following equations can be written for the three
meshes:

| |
| |
| | | |
2
1 2 2 3 1
1
2
1 2 3 2
2
3
1 1 3 2 3 1 1 2 3
2
( ) 1
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
di t
i t d t L R i t i t v
C dt
di t
i t i t i t d t L
C dt
di t
L Ri t R i t i t i t i t i t d t
dt C
+ =
+ + =
(P4.1)
which can also be written in terms of charges as

( )
2
3 2 1
1 2 2 2 2
1
2
2
1 2 3 2 2
2 2 2
2
3 3 1
1 1 2 2 1 2 3 2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 1
( )
( ) 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
dq t d q t dq t
q t L R R v
C dt dt dt
d q t
q t q t q t L
C C C dt
d q t d qt dq t
L R R R q t q t q t
dt dt dt C C C
+ + =
+ + + + =
(P4.2)

Equations (P4.2) represent the mathematical model of the studied electrical system.

v
i1
A
B
C
D
R2
R1 C1
i3
i1 i1 i2
C2
L1
L2
i2
i3 i1
i1 i2 i3
+

Problem 4.24
In terms of charges, the mathematical model of the electrical system of Fig. 4.51 is:

( )
2
3 2 1
1 2 2 2 2
1
2
2
1 2 3 2 2
2 2 2
2
3 3 1
1 1 2 2 1 2 3 2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 1
( )
( ) 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
dq t d q t dq t
q t L R R v
C dt dt dt
d q t
q t q t q t L
C C C dt
d q t d qt dq t
L R R R q t q t q t
dt dt dt C C C
+ + =
+ + + + =
(P4.1)
The second Eq. (P4.1) is used first to express the second derivative of q
2
, which is then
substituted into the first Eq. (P4.1); Equations (P4.1) are rewritten as

3 1
1 2 3
2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
1 2 3 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
3 3 2 1 1 2
1 2 3 2
1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
dq t dq t
q t q t q t v
dt dt R C C R C R C R
d q t
q t q t q t
d t L C L C L C
d q t d qt R dq t R R
q t q t q t
dt L dt L dt LC LC LC
| |
= + + + +
|
\ .
+
= +
(P4.2)
In short-form to be used in Simulink
, Eqs. (P4.2) are written as

3 1
1 1 2 2 2 3 3
2
2
1 2 3 2
2
3 3 1
1 2 3 1 3 2 3 3 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
dq t dq t
a q t a q t a q t a v
dt dt
d q t
bq t bq t bq t
dt
d q t d qt dq t
c c c q t c q t c q t
dt dt dt
= + + +
= +
(P4.3)
where

1 2 3
2 1 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 1 2
1 2 3
1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1
2.921; 1.623; 0.0045
1
178.571
1
183.333; 475; 297.619
a a a
R C C R C R
b
L C
R R R
c c c
L L LC
| |
= + = = = = =
|
\ .
= =
+
= = = = = =
(P4.4)
The Simulink
diagram solving Eqs. (P4.3) is shown in Fig. P4.1 and the time variations
of the three currents are plotted in Fig. P4.2.
v
-K-
-K-
-K-
-K-
-K-
-K-
-K-
b1
-K-
-K-
-K-
-K-
-K-
Scope2
Scope1
Scope
1
s
Integrator4
1
s
Integrator3
1
s
Integrator2
1
s
Integrator1
1
s
Integrator
Add2
Add1
Add
i_1 q_1
i_2
q_2
i_3 q_3

Figure P4.1 Simulink
diagram integrating Eqs. (P4.3)


Figure P4.2 Time variation of currents by Simulink
integration

Problem 4.25
Figure P4.1 shows the currents through the circuit.

Figure P4.1 Electrical circuit with current source and currents

The system has three meshes, and, therefore it possesses three DOF. By the node
analysis method, one of the nodes a, b, c or d can be selected as reference node, and, as a
consequence, the voltages of the three remaining nodes can be the systems DOF.
Assuming the voltage at node c is v
c
=0, the voltages v
a
, v
b
and v
d
play the role of DOF.
The currents shown in Figure P4.1 are related as

1 2
1 3 4
5 2 4
i i i
i i i
i i i
= +
= +
= +
(P4.1)
Equations (P4.1) are expressed in terms of significant voltages as

1 2
1 3 4
5 2 4
a b a d
a b b b d
d a d b d
v v v v
i
R R
v v v v v
R R R
v v v v v
R R R

= +

= +

= +
(P4.2)
Equations (P4.2) can be rearranged in the form
a
c
R4
R1
R2
R5
R3
i
b d
i1
i2
i4
i3
i5

1 2 1 2
1 1 3 4 4
2 4 2 4 5
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0
1 1 1 1 1
0
a b d
a b d
a b d
v v v i
R R R R
v v v
R R R R R
v v v
R R R R R
| |
+ =
|
\ .
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
(P4.3)
Equations (P4.3) are written in vector-matrix form as

1 2 1 2
1 1 3 4 4
2 4 2 4 5
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0
0
1 1 1 1 1
a
b
d
R R R R
v i
v
R R R R R
v
R R R R R
(
+
(
(

(
| |

(
+ + =
` ` |
(
\ .
( ) )
| |
(
+ +
|
(
\ .
(P4.4)
The unknown voltage vector can be found as

1
1 2 1 2
1 1 3 4 4
2 4 2 4 5
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0
0
1 1 1 1 1
a
b
d
R R R R
v i
v
R R R R R
v
R R R R R
(
+
(
(

(
| |

(
= + +
` ` |
(
\ .
( ) )
| |
(
+ +
|
(
\ .
(P4.5)
Using the numerical values of the problem and MATLAB
, the following voltages are

obtained: v
a
=0.1209 V, v
b
=0.0643 V, and v
d
=0.0835 V. The currents are therefore:

1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
a b
a d
b
b d
d
v v
i
R
v v
i
R
v
i
R
v v
i
R
v
i
R

=
(P4.6)
their numerical values being i
1
=1.1 mA, i
2
=1.9 mA, i
3
=1.6 mA, i
4
=0.48 mA, and i
5

=1.4 mA.

Problem 4.26
Figure P4.1 shows the currents in the branches of the electrical circuit.

Figure P4.1 Electrical network comprising resistors and a current source to be modeled by the node
analysis method

For the circuit of Fig. P4.1, if node B is considered to be the reference node with zero
voltage, it follows the entire line BD is grounded, and therefore, the voltage of node D is
also zero. By using Kirchhoffs node law, two node equations can be written when the
voltages v
A
and v
C
are associated with nodes A and C, namely:

1 2 1 2
2 3 4
2 3 4
0
or
0 0
A C A
A C C C
v v v
i
i i i R R
i i i v v v v
R R R

= +
= +

= +

= +
(P4.1)
Equation (P4.1) can be written as:

1 2 2
2 2 3 4
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0
A C
A C
v v i
R R R
v v
R R R R
| |
+ =
|
\ .
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
(P4.2)
and, further, in vector-matrix form as

1 2 2
2 2 3 4
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0
A
C
R R R v i
v
R R R R
(
+
(

(
=
` `
(
) )
+ +
(

(P4.3)
The voltages v
A
and v
C
are determined from Eqs. (P4.3) by using matrix inversion and
multiplication with MATLAB
as:
R2
R1 R3
C
D
i3
i1
i2
R4
A
B
i4
i


( )
1 2 3 2 4 3 4
1 3 1 4 2 3 2 4 3 4
1 3 4
1 3 1 4 2 3 2 4 3 4
A
C
R R R R R R R i
v
R R R R R R R R R R
R R R i
v
R R R R R R R R R R
+ +
=
+ + + +
+ + + +
(P4.4)
Once the voltages v
A
and v
C
have been obtained, the 4 currents shown in Fig. P4.1 can be
determined as:

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
; ; ;
A C C C A
v v v v v
i i i i
R R R R
= = = = (P4.5)
For the parameters of this problem, the following numerical values are obtained: v
A
=
0.02 V, v
C
=0.003 V, i
1
=0.663 mA, i
2
=0.338 mA, i
3
=0.296 mA, and i
4
=0.043 mA.

Problem 4.27
Figure P4.1 shows the operational amplifier circuit and the current passing through
the two electrical components.

Figure P4.1 Operational amplifier in a negative feedback circuit with input capacitor and feedback
resistor

Because the operational amplifier has infinite input impedance, there is no current
flowing through the op amp and therefore, the current through the capacitor is equal to
the current through the feedback branch. This current is expressed in two ways, for the
input branch and for the feedback branch, namely:

( ) 0
0
i
o
d
i C v
dt
v
i
R
(P4.1)
Equations (P4.1) took into account that the plus and minus input voltages are equal to
zero due to negative feedback and ground connection of the positive input terminal.
These equations result in:

i
o
dv
v RC
dt
= (P4.2)
which indicates the effect of this particular op amp circuit is that of differentiation.
Taking into account that v
i
=ct (with c =80), the solution to Eq. (P4.2) is

o
v RCc = (P4.3)
and therefore the output voltage is constant. Figure P4.2 plots the input and output
voltages for the parameter numerical values of this problem.
vi
vo
R
C
i
+

i
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
Time (sec)
I
n
p
u
t

a
n
d

o
u
t
p
u
t

v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s

(
V
)

v
i
v
o

Figure P4.2 Input and output voltages in terms of time

Problem 4.28
Figure P4.1 shows the operational amplifier circuit and the currents passing through
its components.

Figure P4.1 Operational amplifier with three components

The three currents highlighted in Figure 4.1 are related as:

1 2
i i i = + (P4.1)
These currents are connected to their components and relevant voltages as

| |
| |
1
2
( ) 0
1
( ) ( ) 0
0 ( ) ( )
( )
i
i
o o
v t
i
R
i t v t dt
L
d v t dv t
i t C C
dt dt

=

= =
(P4.2)
Equations (P4.2) took into account that the minus and plus input terminals are under zero
voltage since there is negative feedback and the plus terminal is connected to the ground.
Combining Eqs. (P4.1) and (P4.2) yields:

( ) 1 1
( ) ( )
o
i i
dv t
v t v t d t C
R L dt
+ =
(P4.3)
which, after using the numerical value of v
i
and integration, can be written as
( )
1
( ) 1 40 4,000
ln 1 0.01
1 0.01
o
dv t
t k
dt RC t LC
= + +
+
(P4.4)
At t =0, i =0, and therefore, dv
o
(t)/dt =0 as follows from the third Eq. (P4.2). The
constant of Eq. (P4.4) is found as k
1
=40/(RC). Integrating now Eq. (P4.4) yields:
C
R
L
+

vi
vo
i
i1
i2

( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
4,000 4,000
( ) ln 1 0.01 100 ln 1 0.01 100
o
v t t t t t k t k
RC LC
= + + + + + (

(P4.5)
The output voltage is zero at t =0, and therefore the constant k
2
is determined from Eq.
(P4.5) as k
2
=400,000/(LC). As a consequence, the output voltage equation is

( ) ( )
40 1 100 4,000 1 100 4,000
( ) ln 1 0.01 ln 1 0.01
o
v t t t t t
C R L C R L LC
| | | |
= + + + +
| |
\ . \ .
(P4.6)
For the numerical values of this problem, the output voltage is plotted in Figure P4.2. It
can be seen that v
o
increases nonlinearly to very large negative values quite fast.
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
Time (sec)
v
o

(
V
)

Figure P4.2 Output voltage as a function of time

Problem 4.29
Figure P4.1 shows the electrical circuit after transforming the (delta) connection
formed of the original resistors R
1
, R
4
, and R
5
into the reversed-Y connection formed of
R
14
, R
15
, and R
45
.

Figure P4.1 Equivalent electrical circuit with input and output voltages

The new resistances are calculated as

1 4
14
1 4 5
4 5
45
1 4 5
1 5
15
1 4 5
R R
R
R R R
R R
R
R R R
R R
R
R R R
+ +
+ +
+ +
(P4.1)
The currents i
1
and i
2
are determined as functions of i by solving the equation system

( ) ( )
1 2
15 2 1 45 3 2
i i i
R R i R R i
+ =
+ = +
(P4.2)
as

45 3
1
45 3 15 2
15 2
2
45 3 15 2
R R
i i
R R R R
R R
i i
R R R R
+
=
+ + +
+ + +
(P4.3)
The input and output voltages are expressed as:

( )
14 15 2 1
2 1 3 2
i
o
v R i R R i
v R i R i
= + +
(P4.4)
a
b
i
i1
i2
vi
vo c
R14
R15
R45
R2
R3
d
Substituting i
1
of the first Eq. (P4.3) into v
i
of Eq. (P4.4) yields the following current:

( )( )
15 2 45 3 1
14
15 2 45 3
1 1
i i
e
i v v
R R R R R
R
R R R R
= =
+ +
+
+ + +
(P4.5)
whereas using the two currents of Eqs. (P4.3) in v
o
of Eq. (P4.4) results in:

2 45 3 15
2
15 2 45 3
o e
R R R R
v i R i
R R R R
= =
+ + +
(P4.6)
Figure P4.2 shows the main operations that are performed in Simulink
, and which
are based on Eqs. (P4.5) and (P4.6), in order to plot the output voltage v
o
as a function of
v
i
and the saturation nonlinearity of R
1
.

v_i
Scope

Product1
Product
2
R_e2 i n
1
1/R_e1 i n
i
v _o

Figure P4.2 Main Simulink
diagram for solving for and plotting the output voltage

Figures P4.3 and P4.4 indicate the calculations that are necessary to apply in Simulink

to obtain the equivalent resistances R
e1
and R
e2
, and the plot of the output voltage. Please
note that the saturation limits corresponding to 1/R
e1
that enters the first product of Fig.
P4.2 have to be set as v
max
/R
1
and v
min
/R
1
respectively; similarly, the saturation limits
corresponding to R
e2
that enters the second product of Fig. P4.2 have to be set as v
max

and v
min
, respectively, where v
max
=30 V and v
min
=20 V. As the plot of Fig. P4.4
shows it, the saturation on R
1
does not alter the sinusoidal shape of the output voltage.
v_i
Scope
Saturati on1
Saturati on
-K-
R_5
310
R_4 + R_5
310
R_4 + R5
-K-
R_4 * R_5
-K-
R_4 * R5
-K-
R_4
210
R_3
390
R_2 + R_3
180
R_2
210
R_1 (l i near)
-K-
R5
210
R3
390
R2 + R3
180
R2
Product9
Product8
Product7
Product6
Product5
Product4
Product3
Product2
Product1
Product
1
u
Math
Functi on5
1
u
Math
Functi on4
1
u
Math
Functi on3
1
u
Math
Functi on2
1
u
Math
Functi on1
1
u
Math
Functi on
Add7
Add6
Add5
Add4
Add3
Add2
Add1
Add
1/210
1/R_1 (l i near)
i
v _o
R_1s (sat)
R_1s + R_4 + R_5 1/(R_1s + R_4 + R_5)
R_1s* R_4
R_14
R_1s * R_5
R_45
R_15
1/(R_2+R_3+R_45+R_15)
(R_3+R_45)*(R_2+R_15)/(R_2+R_3+R_45+R_15)
R_2+R_15
R_3 + R_45
(R_3+R_45)*(R_2+R_15)
R_1s
R_1s
1/(R_2+R_3+R_45+R_15)
R_3*R_15
R_2*R_45
R_2*R_45-R_3*R_15)

Figure P4.3 Full Simulink
diagram for the calculation of v

o
, R
e1
of Eq. (P4.5) and R
e2
of Eq. (P4.6)

Figure P4.4 Time-domain plot of output voltage v
o

Problem 4.30
The following mathematical model describes the dynamics of the electrical system of
Fig. 4.48:

| |
| |
1
3 2 2
1 1 2 1 3 2 2
2 1 2 3 1 3
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
di t
L R i t v t
dt
d
L i t i t Ri t R i t
dt
d
L i t i t i t Ri t
dt
+ =
+ =
(P4.1)
which is written to comply with Simulink
integration capabilities as

1 2
2
3 3
2 1 2 1
2 3
1 1
3 1 2 1
3
2
( ) 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
di t R
i t v t
dt L L
di t di t R R
i t i t
dt dt L L
di t di t di t R
i t
dt dt dt L
= +
= +
(P4.2)
Figure P4.1 shows the Simulink
diagram solving Eqs. (P4.2).

Si ne Wave
Scope2
Scope1
Scope
1
s
Integrator2
1
s
Integrator1
1
s
Integrator
-K-
Gai n4
20
Gai n3
30
Gai n2
-K-
Gai n1
25
Gai n
Add2
Add1
Add
di_1/dt
di_2/dt
di_3/dt
i_1
i_2
i_3

diagram for calculation and plotting of the currents

Figure P4.2 illustrates the three currents that are plotted as functions of time.

plots of currents

Solutions To Chapter 4 Problems: Problem 4.1

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Solutions To Chapter 4 Problems: Problem 4.1

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Lobontiu: System Dynamics for Engineering Students

by solving the following vector-matrix

as the eigenvalues of the

, Eqs. (P4.2) are written as

diagram integrating Eqs. (P4.3)

, the following voltages are

diagram for solving for and plotting the output voltage

diagram for the calculation of v

diagram solving Eqs. (P4.2).

diagram for calculation and plotting of the currents

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