Turning

xD 3
p

fn
The screw thread and its components.

x D3

x D2

x D1

The geometrical shape of the screw thread ...

... is based on the diameter (d) of the thread and the pitch (p) : the distance axially on the component, from one point or valley on the prole to the corresponding next point along the thread. This can also be seen as a triangle being unwound from the component, where the long base is the same as the circumference of the workpiece and the height is the pitch. The angle of this triangle is called the helix angle of the screw thread. The hypotenuse of the triangle forms the helix that winds round the workpiece and denes the thread. The diameter in combination with the pitch will, therefore, indicte the denition of the thread.

sides of the proled cutting edge. Tool wear is more even on both sides of the insert and the method is more suitable for ne pitches and work-hardening materials. The modied ank wear (B) is an advantageous method for modern thread turning and CNC lathes are programmed to have this method in cycles. The insert is fed in at the angle of the prole less a clearance angle. Clearance behind the cutting point, as in ordinary turning, has to be provided for in the feed direction. Chip control is better, the process being more similar to ordinary turning and for using chipbreaker threading inserts, type geometry C. Less heat is generated in the insert point and production security is generally high with this method. Vibration tendencies, as might arise in coarse threads or when long length of contact is involved, can be reduced with ank infeeding. Incremental type feed (C) is the method used mainly for large proles. The insert cuts in varying increments into the prole. This gives rise to more even insert wear. One side of the thread prole is turned in

a few increments, the tool is then advanced and the other side of the prole is turned in a few increments and so on until the full prole has been generated. Very large thread proles can also be premachined with a turning tool (type MTEN) having a triangular insert pointed into the thread prole. The nishing passes are taken with the thread-turning insert.

Various infeed types

There are three different methods of feeding the insert in during each pass. All arrive at the same prole but the cuts are made differently, with varying inuences on : chip formation, tool wear and quality. The radial infeed (A) is the conventional way, used widely where the insert is fed in at a right angle to the workpiece and the chip is formed stify into a V on both

Pre-machining large threads.

Infeed types: radial, modied ank and incremental.

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Turning

Selecting infeed type

There are three different types of infeed: radial, ank and incremental. In practice the machine tool, workpiece material, insert geometry and thread pitch determine the choice of infeed method.

Radial infeed
Most commonly used and the only possible method in many mechanical machine tools. Gives soft chipforming and even wear on the insert. Suitable for ne pitches. Risk of vibration and bad chip control when used for coarse pitches. First choice in work hardening materials, e.g. austenitic stainless steel. The C-geometry will not give chipbreaking with radial infeed. Recommendations for radial infeed are given in the tables.

Modied ank infeed

The axial movement between infeeds can be calculated simply as 0.5 x the radial infeed (ap) for a 60 ank angle. The equivalent for a 55 ank angle should be 0.42 x the radial infeed. This gives an infeed angle which is 5 less than the ank angle of the thread.

How to steer the chip

Gives better chip control when the chip can be steered either way. Suitable for coarse threads and for internal threading when problems with chip evacuation and vibrations occur. To avoid bad surface or excessive ank wear due to rubbing of trailing edge, the infeed angle should be 35 smaller than the angle of the thread. C-geometry For C-geometry insert, modied ank infeed is the only suitable infeed. Infeed angle of 1 should be used.

Feed direction

F fn

H Incremental infeed
Mainly used when machining large proles. This method gives even insert wear and long tool life. Requires special programme on CNC machines.
Steer the chip out of the hole by selecting the most suitable infeed method.

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Turning

Infeed values recommendations

ISO metric, external
No. of infeeds Pitch mm Reduce cutting speed 0.5 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.34 0.75 0.17 0.15 0.11 0.07 0.50 1.0 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.67 1.25 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.80 1.5 0.22 0.21 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.08 0.94 1.75 0.22 0.21 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.08 1.14 2.0 0.25 0.24 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.08 1.28 2.5 0.27 0.24 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.08 1.58 3.0 0.28 0.26 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.08 1.89 3.5 0.34 0.31 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.08 2.20 4.0 0.34 0.32 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.08 2.50 4.5 0.37 0.34 0.28 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.10 2.80 5.0 0.41 0.39 0.32 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.12 0.10 3.12 5.5 0.43 0.40 0.32 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.10 6.0 0.46 0.43 0.35 0.30 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.10

Radial infeed per pass, mm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15

16

Note! When using grade CB20 max infeed value should be 0.07 mm. When closer thread tolerances are needed a last pass without infeed (spring pass) may be used. For hand materials the number of passes should be incrased. When threading work-hardening materials e.g. stainless austenitic-steel, the infeed should not be less than 0.08 mm.

ISO metric, internal

No. of infeeds 1 Pitch mm Reduce cutting speed 0.5 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.34 0.75 0.17 0.14 0.10 0.07 0.48 1.0 0.19 0.16 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.63 1.25 0.20 0.17 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.77 1.5 0.22 0.21 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.90 1.75 0.22 0.21 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 1.07 2.0 0.25 0.23 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.08 1.20 2.5 0.27 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.08 1.49 3.0 0.28 0.26 0.20 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.08 1.77 3.5 0.32 0.30 0.23 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.08 2.04 4.0 0.33 0.31 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.08 2.32 4.5 0.36 0.33 0.27 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 2.62 5.0 0.41 0.38 0.30 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.10 2.89 5.5 0.41 0.38 0.32 0.26 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.10 3.20
Note! When using grade CB20 max infeed value should be 0.07 mm.

6.0 0.44 0.41 0.35 0.28 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.10 3.46

Radial infeed per pass, mm

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

C 26