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Simplify: - Input (Light) - Image Formation - Image Detection
Simplify: - Input (Light) - Image Formation - Image Detection
Simplify Input (light) Image formation Image detection Ignore for now: Image processing
Seeing
To see an object, there must be an image (actual picture) of the object on your retina.
hits here
Seeing
To see an object, there must be an image (actual picture) of the object on your retina.
screen
object
ray
Light emitted by all parts of the object hits all parts of the screen
Any part of the screen has light from all parts of the object You just see a smear of light.
screen
object object
ray Light emitted by all parts of the object hits all parts of the screen Any part of the screen has light from all parts of the object You just see a smear of light. The light on the screen has no shape.
Light from the bottom hits the screen everywhere between the two rays
No image.
Light from the top hits the screen everywhere between the two rays
screen
object
Light from the bottom hits the screen everywhere between the two rays
Block the light from the bottom so it does not go to the top of the screen
Light from the top hits the screen everywhere between the two rays
Try the opposite. Block the light from the top going to the top
Not really an image of the object. Missing the middle Try the opposite. Block the light from the top going to the top
Takes care of the top and bottom but the middle rays still hit the entire screen
Takes care of the top and bottom but the middle rays still hit the entire screen
Need to block them so they only get through to the middle of the screen
Less light will get to the screen so the image is dimmer Trade off sharpness and brightness
ray
screen
object
aperture
image
Can we adjust the image size? Make it bigger than the object? Make it smaller than the object? Can move Object Aperture Screen Move the screen toward the object
ray
screen
Can we adjust the image size? Make it bigger than the object? Make it smaller than the object? Can move Object Aperture Screen
You are on a hike and want to look more closely at an interesting leaf. You need to magnify it by a factor of four but dont have a magnifying glass. From physics you remember that you can change an image size using a small hole punched in a piece of paper. Since you have a pin and some paper, you calculate how close to the hole your eye must be. Visualize the situation as an object, aperture, and screen (your eye)
di
Target: di
Possibly Useful Equations:
h tan q i di h tan q o do
ho
qo do
qi
hi
Question in your words. What is the distance between the aperture and the screen for the image to be 4 times larger than the object?
di = 4 do
If the parallel rays are extended, they go through a single point focal point Other parallel rays do the same Have ignored the other surface.
q1 q2 q3 Larger index of refraction to smaller q4
Light coming in along a radius has Angle of incidence = 0 Angle of refraction = 0 Light coming in along a radius goes through the center of the sphere
To make a real image on the retina, the eye has a lens system that acts like a converging lens.
focal point
When objects are far away, all the rays of The focal point is in front of the retina light from it are approximately parallel. If the object is very far away, all of the rays from it are approximately very small angle parallel. As the distance from the eye to the object All parallel rays come together goes to infinity, the angle between the rays at the focal point. goes to zero (parallel rays). To see far away objects, the focal point is approximately at the retina.
To make a real image on the retina, the eye has a lens system that acts like a converging lens.
As the object moves closer, the focal point must move forward away from the retina to keep the image on the retina focused. To do this something in the eye must change so that the focal length of the lens system changes. How does a lens change focal length? 3 thin lenses all made of the same material
X Y Z
focal point
The focal point is in front of the retina If the object is very far away, all of the rays from it are approximately parallel. All parallel rays come together at the focal point. To see far away objects, the focal point is approximately at the retina.
As the object moves closer, the focal point must move forward away from the retina to keep the image on the retina focused. To do this something in the eye must change so that the focal length of the lens system changes.
Which is true about the focal lengths? a) b) c) d) fX > fY > fZ fX < fY < fZ fX = fY = fZ Cant tell
Z
fZ
a) fX > fY > fZ To move the focal point forward, the lens must decrease its radius.
Question:
If you have good vision you can recognize someone from far away. 1. In that case, where is the focal point of your eye?
2. As the person walks toward you, and you continue to see them clearly, what happens to your eyes focal point?
3. During this time, what happens to the radius of curvature of your adjustable lens?
fY
Y
Answer:
fZ
Z
a) fX > fY > fZ To move the focal point forward, the lens must decrease its radius.
1. Assuming the person is very far away, the focal point is essentially at the retina. 2. The focal point moves closer to the lens as the person approaches. 3. The radius of curvature gets smaller as the person gets closer.
Eye Facts
Incident light converged by cornea with help of lens Cornea-lens system behaves more like spherical refracting surface than thin lens Ciliary muscle alters shape of lens (i.e., decreases radii of curvature of its surfaces) and decreases its focal length in order to keep focused optical image of approaching object on retina: process known as accommodation Ciliary muscle relaxed when viewing distant objects, maximizing focal length of lens (focal point at retina) Closest point (of object) for which lens can focus image on retina: near point Near point increases with age/lens inflexibility 10 years: 7cm; 60 years: 200cm or more. 25cm standard.
Rayleighs Criterion:
Two objects can be resolved if their angular separation is greater than or equal to 1.22 times wavelength over aperture diameter.
Farsightedness
Nearsightedness
R r f 2 f1 R f2 r f1
f2
f1 = 12.0 cm f2 = 21.0 cm
The units are correct since a ratio has no units Put in numbers.
R 21.0cm = 1.75 r 12.0cm
Question: What is the ratio of the incoming beam radius to the outgoing beam radius?
Approach: Use geometric optics. Look for right triangles.
Exercise for Student: Solve this problem using thin lens equation and associated magnification equation. 1 1 1 y' s' ' and m s s f y s