Table of Derivatives Throughout this table, a and b are constants, independent of x.

F (x) af (x) + bg (x) f (x) + g (x) f (x) g (x) af (x) f (x)g (x) f (x)g (x)h(x)
f (x) g (x) 1 g (x)

F (x) =

dF dx

af (x) + bg (x) f (x) + g (x) f (x) g (x) af (x) f (x)g (x) + f (x)g (x) f (x)g (x)h(x) + f (x)g (x)h(x) + f (x)g (x)h (x)
f (x)g (x)f (x)g (x) g (x)2 g (x) g (x)2

f g (x) a x xa g (x)a sin x sin g (x) cos x cos g (x) tan x csc x sec x cot x ex eg (x) ax ln x ln g (x) loga x arcsin x arcsin g (x) arccos x arctan x arctan g (x) arccsc x arcsec x arccot x

f g (x) g (x) 0 1 axa1 ag (x)a1 g (x) cos x g (x) cos g (x) sin x g (x) sin g (x) sec2 x csc x cot x sec x tan x csc2 x ex g (x)eg (x) (ln a) ax
1 x g (x) g (x) 1 x ln a 1 1x2 g (x)

1g (x)2 1 1 x2 1 1+x2 g (x) 1+g (x)2 1 x 1 x2 1 x 1x2 1 1+ x2

Properties of Exponentials In the following, x and y are arbitrary real numbers, a and b are arbitrary constants that are strictly bigger than zero and e is 2.7182818284, to ten decimal places. 1) e0 = 1, a0 = 1 2) ex+y = ex ey , ax+y = ax ay 3) ex = 4) ex 5)
y d x e dx x 1 ex ,

ax =
y

1 ax

= exy , ax = ex ,

= axy = g (x)eg (x) ,

d ax dx

d g (x) e dx

= (ln a) ax

6) lim ex = , lim ex = 0
x x x x

lim ax = , lim ax = 0 if a > 1

x

7) The graph of 2x is given below. The graph of ax , for any a > 1, is similar. y y = 2x

lim a = 0, lim ax = if 0 < a < 1

2 1

x 3

Properties of Logarithms In the following, x and y are arbitrary real numbers that are strictly bigger than 0, a is an arbitrary constant that is strictly bigger than one and e is 2.7182818284, to ten decimal places. 1) eln x = x, aloga x = x, loge x = ln x, 2) loga ax = x, ln ex = x ln 1 = 0, loga 1 = 0 ln e = 1, loga a = 1 3) ln(xy ) = ln x + ln y , loga (xy ) = loga x + loga y 4) ln ln
d dx x y 1 y ln x ln a

loga x =

= ln x ln y , loga = ln y , loga
d dx 1 y

x y

= loga x loga y

5) ln(xy ) = y ln x, loga (xy ) = y loga x 6)

1 ln x = x ,

= loga y ,
g (x) d g (x) , dx

ln(g (x)) =
x0

loga x =

1 x ln a

7) lim ln x = , lim ln x =
x

8) The graph of ln x is given below. The graph of loga x, for any a > 1, is similar. 1.5 y

lim loga x = , lim loga x =

x0

1.0

y = ln x

0.5

x 1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2 3 4

Taylor Expansions
1 2 ex = 1 + x + 2 x + 1 3 3! x

+ +

1 n n! x
n

+ + +

sin x = x cos x = 1
1 1x 1 1+x

1 3 x 3! 1 2 2! x

+ +

1 5 x 5! 1 4 4! x

+ +

(1) x2n+1 (2n+1)! (1)n 2n (2n)! x

= 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + + x n + = 1 x + x2 x3 + + (1)n xn +
(1)n n x n

1 n 1 2 x 1 x3 n x ln(1 x) = x 2 3 1 2 1 3 ln(1 + x) = x 2 x +3 x