De mme que, dans lhistoire des vnemens de ce monde, les faits arrivs dans un temps sont

les causes, et pour ainsi dire les germes, des faits qui arrivent dans les temps suivans, ainsi dans
lhistoire des Arts les formes emblmatiques employes dans les premiers ges devinrent les
principes ou les germes, qui dans les sicles suivans dvelopprent, par des formes plus ingnieuses
et plus savantes, les ides rendues primitivement par des formes plus grossires.
Pierre-Franois H. dHancarville
1
Pino Blasone
Intimate and Emblematic:
A Roman Minor Sculpture
1 Polyhymnia, The Pensive Muse, ar!ial vie"s# $e!!y %illa,
Mali&u, 'ali(ornia )(rom !he ancien! 'remna, in !odays Tur*ey+
a&ou! ,-- .. /.0+ and 'ai!oline Museums, 'en!rale Mon!emar!ini,
1ome. 1elia&ly, &o!h coies descend (rom !he same los! ori2inal,
ascri&ed !o Philiscus o( 1hodes
1 3i*e in !his "orld his!ory !he even!s "hich haened are !he causes and, so !o sea*, !he 2erms
o( !hose "hich "ere 2oin2 !o haen, !hus in !he his!ory o( ar! !he em&lema!ic (orms ado!ed in
an early a2e &ecame rinciles or 2erms, (rom "here in la!er cen!uries !he ideas rimi!ively and
rou2hly e4ressed "ill develo in!o more in2enious and conscious (orms )in echerches sur
!"#$%&%'()!"(+,$%-(-!(+,$#&$.+/(+0$-+/(!01$.2(333, 3ondon# B. .leyard, 1567+ . 890. 8! is
eviden!, accordin2 !o !he French ar! his!orian, (ine ar!s "ere a&ove all a mimesis o( ideas, as "ell
as his!ory o( ar! "as a his!ory o( ideas, lon2 a(!er Pla!o &u! no! lon2 &e(ore :an! and He2el.
1
The Pensive Muse
;o many !imes "e have read !ha! !hese e4!an! ar!"or*s are <us! simly coies o( $ree*
ori2inals, moreover mos!ly los!. =ha! seems !o &e !rue, &u! only in ar!. 8( "e consider !he
ma!!er "ell, "e shall reali>e !ha!, ra!her, !hey are varia!ions on !hemes su22es!ed &y a
Hellenis!ic ar!. 8n !he his!ory o( ar!, rarely ree!i!ion and di((erence reached such a mu!ual
&alance. Those ro!o!yes "ere on !he "ay !o &ecome oular arche!yes, and $reco-
1oman ar!is!s in our case, !he scul!ors o( !he imerial a2e "ere !he o(!en anonymous
au!hors o( !his !rans(orma!ion. They "ere crea!ive ar!is!s, no! mere imi!a!ors, any"ay. ?ven
"hen imi!a!ion or !he varia!ion on !heme "as !heir main ac!ivi!y, no! seldom !his "as so
di((eren!ia!ed and re(ined, as !o &e no! necessarily valued as a minor level o( e4ression.
=ha! a *ind o( !hemes@ Their (avoured su&<ec!s, o( course as "ell as !hose o( !heir
Hellenis!ic models, "ere &orro"ed (rom a daily li(e. Then, !ha! "as an in!ima!e and nearly
immu!a&le "ay o( li(e, no! needin2 !o &e (reAuen!ly uda!ed or re-con(i2ured as i! mi2h!
occur !oday, "hen rhy!hms and (orms o( li(e i!sel( may easily chan2e year &y year.
.! !imes, anyho", !he su&<ec! could 2ro" em&lema!ic. For ins!ance, i! mi2h! have
assumed a my!hic or reli2ious aearance. This is !he case o( !he so called Pensive Muse.
.l!hou2h her $ree* name Polyhymnia )BCDEFGHI0 means !he one o( many hymns, amon2
!he Muses she is !he mos! inde!ermina!e+ nay, her loo* is a &i! mys!erious. /iscrean!
!radi!ions "an! !ha! she is a 2odli*e a!ron o( !he sacred hymns, o( !he lyric oe!ry, o( !he
an!omime... 8n a side relie( o( !he ;arcoha2us o( !he Muses in !he 3ouvre Museum a!
Paris )17--1J- .. /.0, "e can see !he scene o( ;ocra!es, sea!ed in conversa!ion "i!h a
s!andin2 Muse, lis!enin2 !o !he hilosoher "hile res!in2 her le(! el&o" on !he !o o( a small
column. 8( "e loo* a! !he (ron! o( !he same ar!"or*, "here !he nine Muses are deic!ed, in
!he middle "e may no!ice a li*e (i2ure o( youn2 "oman, leanin2 on!o a shor! illar in a
!hou2h!(ul a!!i!ude. Her el&o"s are res!in2 on !he illar. Kne hand is suor!in2 her chin.
;he is Polyhymnia. . di((erence "i!h !he Muse o( ;ocra!es ano!her alle2ory, (or his
in!ima!e daemon@ is a veil ar!ly coverin2 her head, "hereas !ha! o( !he (ormer is &are.
,
=ha! does i! mean@ 8s Polyhymnia !o &e re2arded as a Muse o( hilosohy !oo@ More
li*ely, she came !o reresen! an inner re(lec!ion, recedin2 !he e4ecu!ion o( a "or* o( ar! or
li!erary comosi!ion, as much as even !hou2h e4ce!ionally a !hin*ers s!ruc!ural
reasonin2. 3e! us read !he $reco-?2y!ian Lonnus o( Panoolis, in !he 7
!h
&oo* o( his
my!holo2ical eic oem Dionysiaca, "hen he descri&es a er(ormance o( Polyhymnia a! !he
"eddin2 o( 'admus and Harmonia# M;heN "aved her arms, and s*e!ched in !he air an
ima2e o( a soundless voice, sea*in2 "i!h hands and movin2 eyes in a 2rahic ic!ure o(
silence (ull o( meanin2 )early 7
!h
cen!. '. ?.+ !rans. =. H. /. 1ouse0. Ondou&!edly, !here
!he re(erence is !o a mimic dance. 8! is also !rue, !ha! ima2e o( a soundless voice may read
li*e allusive !o some!hin2 !aci! "hich rises inside !he soul, or "i!hin our minds, &e(ore
ado!in2 !he (orm o( any seech, (i2ural e4ression or musical score. 8n sum, Polyhymnia
s!ands (or !he insira!ion i!sel(, ho"ever ar!is!ic or secula!ive i!s ou!come mi2h! &e.
Lever!heless, alon2 "i!h her sis!ers, !he Pensive Muse "as a dau2h!er !o Memosyne,
, 8n !he 4ymposium &y Pla!o, indeed "e read a di((eren! oinion a&ou! Polyhymnia, "ho !here is
laced a(!er Orania in a sym&olic comarison and oosi!ion. 8n (ac! Orania, more
conven!ionally !he Muse o( as!ronomy, "as held as !he mos! lo(!y and siri!ual amon2 her
sis!ers. Pe! !his hyer&ole in reali!y, an e4cess o( Pla!onic idealism "as ascri&ed !o !he
hysician ?ry4imachus, no! !o ;ocra!es, "ho is also a charac!er in !he same dialo2ue.
,
!he 2oddess o( memory. ;o, "illin2ly she "as deic!ed "hile holdin2 a scroll in one hand
)o!her !imes, !his is a lyre0, almos! !o remind !ha! her (inal !as* "as !o ma*e us !rans(use our
ossi&le insira!ion in!o a "or* o( ar! or li!era!ure, "hich is !ransmissi&le (rom 2enera!ion !o
2enera!ion and susce!i&le !o render !he au!hor "or!hy o( raise and (ame# o&viously, i( only
he is *no"n.
Q
Pe! !he mos! "idesread icono2rahy o( Polyhymnia remains !ha! one, carved
and illus!ra!ed on !he (ron! o( !he ;arcoha2us o( !he Muses, in !he 3ouvre. .s a nice 2irl
in !he same os!ure and a!!i!ude, !here "e can admire also a s!a!ue o( her, a 1oman coy
a(!er a Hellenis!ic e4emlar. 8n !he 5elebrated 6ravels and 6ravellers, a non-(ic!ion eisode
in his roduc!ion, Rules %erne haened !o "ri!e a&ou!# .mon2 !he an!iAue s!a!ues o(
"hich !he 3ouvre is (ull, !here is one o( Polyhymnia, "hich is cele&ra!ed a&ove !he res! (or
an e4ression o( melancholy ensiveness no! usually (ound amon2 !he ancien!s.
S
.l&ei! inciden!ally reor!ed &y !he French science (ic!ion novelis!, !his oinion is
hi2hly relevan!. .c!ually, i( "e o&serve ano!her coy o( !he same scul!ure, curren!ly in !he
'ai!oline MuseumsT'en!rale Mon!emar!ini a! 1ome, even &e!!er "e "ill 2e! a"are !ha! !he
e4ression o( her (ace is a valid mo!ive (or !he modern de(ini!ion Pensive Muse. ;he
s!ares in!o !he dis!ance, as i( medi!a!in2 uon some!hin2 &eyond an ordinary ran2e o( vie".
.s !o melancholy, indeed i! seems !he re(lec!ion in her eyes o( !he consciousness o( our o"n
imo!ence !o 2a>e (ur!her, ra!her !han a real (eelin2 in !he mar&le hear! o( !he Muse )desi!e
some resem&lance, she is no! !he 7elancolia, much la!er ersoni(ied and en2raved &y ..
/Urer0. The more !his divine Polyhymnia loo*s li*e a common, musin2 2irl, !he more her
(i2ure may aear some"ha! disconcer!in2. . s!ran2e de!ail is a ri2h! closed hand, "hich
she u!s under her chin. Tha! (is! is covered &y !he clo!h o( a lar2e $ree* him8tion, "hich
s"a!hes her vir2inal &ody !oo. .! !he same !ime, her lon2 hair is accura!ely !ied u in a &un
on !he &ac* o( her head. ?very!hin2 is so s!udied, as !o ma*e s!and ou! an essen!ial &eau!y.
The Pensive Muse "as one o( !he mos! imi!a!ed, and emula!ed, in ancien! !imes.
May a coy &e &e!!er !han !he ori2inal@ The (ull round scul!ed s!a!ue in !he 'en!rale
Mon!emar!ini su22es!s i! !o &e ossi&le, even more !han !he dama2ed one in !he 3ouvre,
rein!e2ra!ed in 156- &y !he 8!alian .2os!ino Penna. Bu! ours "ould remain a 2uess, "i!hou!
an ori2inal !o comare "i!h. By con(ron!in2 !he coies in !odays museums, "e can res!ore
an ima2e o( such a los! ro!o!ye.
7
.&le !o 2ive rise !o so many, more or less (ai!h(ul
relicas, !ha! had !o &e an ideal mas!eriece a! leas!. ;ome have a!!ri&u!ed i! !o Philiscus o(
Q More rarely, she may &e deic!ed "hile holdin2 her inde4 on her chee* or mou!h, such as in a
Leoclassical s!a!ue !oday in !he $arden o( !he Muses a! !he .chilleion Palace, 'or(u, $reece.
8! is in!eres!in2 "ha! !he comoser 82or ;!ravins*y "ro!e a&ou! in An Autobiography, in 1VQJ#
Polyhymnia, (in2er on lis, reresen!s mime. .s 'assiodorus !ells us# WThose sea*in2 (in2ers,
!ha! eloAuen! silence, !hose narra!ives in 2es!ure, are said !o have &een inven!ed &y !he Muse
Polyhymnia, "ishin2 !o rove !ha! man could e4ress his "ill "i!hou! recourse !o "ordsX.
Be!!er !han !o a mimic silence, indeed, !ha! 2es!ure seems re(era&le !o a 2eneral musin2 a!!i!ude.
S 8n R. %erne, 5elebrated 6ravels and 6ravellers, Par! 888# The $rea! ?4lorers o( !he Line!een!h
'en!ury+ 'ha!er 88# French 'ircumnavi2a!ors )!rans. L. /.nvers0.
7 For e4amle, in !he %a!ican Museums a! 1ome+ in !he Lales .rchaeolo2ical Museum+ in !he
.l!es Museum a! Berlin+ in !he $e!!y %illa a! Mali&u, 'ali(ornia+ in !he .rchaeolo2ical Museum
o( /elos, $reece )!he oldes! e4emlar# ca. Q
rd
cen. B. '.+ al&ei! maimed, i! ma*es ro&lema!ic
!he a!!ri&u!ion o( !he ori2inal !o Philiscus o( 1hodes0. . cas! (rom a s!a!ue resuma&ly o( !he
same !yolo2y, !he (ra2men! o( a (ine head, is also (ound in !he Push*in Museum a! Mosco".
Q
1hodes, lived in !he ,
nd
cen!ury B. '., "hereas !he coy in !he 'ai!oline Museums da!es
(rom !he ,
nd
cen!ury '. ?. .ccordin2 !o Pliny !he ?lder in his 9atural :istory, Philiscus
scul!ed !he nine Muses (or !he Temle o( .ollo, a! !he Por!ico o( Kc!avia in 1ome.
8nsired &y !his comosi!e mas!eriece, "e have !"o e4!an! relie(s, &o!h conserved in !he
Bri!ish Museum a! 3ondon. Kne o( !hem is &y .rchelaus o( Priene )ca. 1Q- B. '.0.
;incerely, i! 2ives us a oor idea o( "ha! !he ori2inal mi2h! have &een. Pe!, !here, "e can
discern "ha! !he nin!h Muse is really doin2. ;he lis!ens !o a music layed &y her mas!er, !he
2od .ollo. =ha! her oen eyes are dreamin2 is a "orld redeemed, or saved, &y (ine ar!s.
, T"o scul!ed ima2es o( a (orlorn childhood, resec!ively in
mar&le and &ron>e# ;uer lanternarius or 3an!ern-&earin2 'hild
)La!ional Museum o( 1ome, Ba!hs o( /iocle!ian+ i! is an old ic!ure#
un(or!una!ely, !oday !he le(! arm o( !he sleey child is missin20+ 'oin
Ban* ;haed as a Be22ar $irl )$e!!y %illa, Mali&u, 'ali(ornia0
A World of Children,
Sometimes in the Dark
.mon2 ancien! coies a(!er !he an!iAue, no! a (e" s!a!ues or s!a!ue!!es have children as
!heir (avoured su&<ec!s. .n imro&a&le 1oman ori2inal is !he lay(ul and em&lema!ic 'hild
"i!h a Mas*, !ha! is !he !hea!re mas* o( an old ;a!yr )'ai!oline MuseumsTPala>>o Luovo,
1ome+ ca. 1
s!
cen!. .. /.0. . more success(ul !ye "as !ha! o( !he 'hild "i!h $oose, "hich
is seci(ically !he (i2ure o( a na*ed male child, !ryin2 !o s!ran2le an unluc*y lon2 nec*ed
2oose.
J
This is a li!!le more !han "ha! usually called a na!uralis!ic scene o( 2enre, and
J .! resen!, some o( such mar&le coies or varian!s are (ound in !he 'ai!oline Museums
)Pala>>o Luovo0 and in !he %a!ican Museums a! 1ome+ in !he Museo La>ionale 1omano
)Pala>>o .l!ems0+ in !he 3ouvre a! Paris+ in !he $ly!o!he* o( Munich. This las! one is !he mos!
in!e2ral. Bo!h reiclas in !he La!ional Museum o( 1ome and in !he 3ouvre are lar2ely res!ored. .
Pomeian coy o( !he same !ye, in !he Lales .rchaeolo2ical Museum, is <us! only a !orso.
S
very 2racious indeed, desi!e or !han*s !o i!s sho" o( lay(ul violence. .lso in !he case a!
hand "e may re(er !o a suosed Hellenis!ic ori2inal, ascri&ed !o BoY!hus o( 'halcedon,
"hose name "as recorded &y Pliny !he ?lder !o2e!her "i!h an in(orma!ion a&ou! his "or*s.
The small &ron>e s!a!ue ou2h! !o have &een made in !he (irs! hal( o( !he ,
nd
cen!ury B. '.
BoY!hus "as seciali>ed in ima2es o( children. 8n !he 'ai!oline Museums a! 1ome, Pala>>o
dei 'onserva!ori, !here is a resumed &ron>e relica o( ano!her o( his decora!ive scul!ures#
!he so la&elled 4pinario or Thorn-Puller+ a nude li!!le &oy si!!in2 on a roc* or a s!um,
occuied in e4!rac!in2 a !horn (rom his le(! (oo!. More &ron>e or mar&le 1oman coies a(!er
!he same ro!o!ye are (ound in imor!an! museums, a! Florence, Paris, 3ondon, Mosco".
5
There are also coies o( !he Thorn-Puller, "hich are old &u! no! an!iAue. 8n an early
Moderni!y, !he mos! ori2inal o( !hem "as <us! !he ima2e o( a mar&le s!a!ue, "i!hin a lar2er
ain!in2# <anitas 4till =ife >ith the 4pinario, oil on anel &y Pie!er 'laes> )1i<*smuseum,
.ms!erdam+ 1J,60. Fur!hermore, !his coy o( a coy is an ima2inary syn!hesis o( relicas,
"hich !he /u!ch ar!is! could have seen in reali!y or reroduced as desi2ns and rin!s, "i!h a
&i! o( ersonal (ancy added. . human s*ull "i!h &ones aar!, so usual in !his 2enre o(
ain!in2s, !he visual con!e4! is mainly made o( ins!rumen!s (or (ine ar!s, as i( !o insinua!e
!ha! even our love (or !hem or !he collec!ionism o( ar!"or*s and survived mas!erieces may
&e a sor! o( vanitas vanitatum# !he Bi&lical vani!y o( vani!ies, all is vani!y, re2ardin2 a
mundane recariousness and illusiveness. Kn !his oin!, !he BaroAue s!yle diver2ed (rom
'lassicism, in no "ay !he (ormer &elievin2 !he aes!he!ic en<oymen! !o &e a means o( moral
au!onomy. 8n !hemselves, (ine ar!s can redeem or save nei!her us nor !he "orld. They may
eleva!e our souls, only in a reli2ious (rame"or* and ersec!ive. Kn !he con!rary, a
dis!inc!ion &e!"een sacred and ro(ane ar! had &een un*no"n in !he classical cul!ure.
Perhas, i! is more e4ac! !o say !ha! such a dis!inc!ion "as erceived in a di((eren!
manner. 8n (ac!, !his does no! mean !ha! !here "as no sacred sense in !he ar!is!ic
reresen!a!ion, even in su&<ec!s aearin2 ro(ane !o our eyes. 8( !he 4pinario loo*s li*e a
neu!ral one, "e canno! a((irm !he same (or !he divine Polyhymnia al&ei! in her version o(
Pensive Muse, in si!e o( a s!udied aearance o( common 2irl. ?ven in !he 'hild "i!h
$oose, "e may 2uess an ironical allusion, concernin2 my!holo2y a! leas!. My!hs had &een
!he 2round, "here !he a2an reli2ion "as &orn and a rela!ed reli2iosi!y had 2ro"n u. 8n a
$ree* or 1oman mind, easily !ha! child "i!h 2oose ou2h! !o have recalled !he my!hic !ale o(
a &a&y Hercules s!ru22lin2 "i!h sna*es
6
, or, more 2enerically, !he deeds o( so many heroes
(acin2 !erri&le mons!ers. .nyho", !he resi>in2 !o a childish and idyllic dimension "ould
have roduced a comic e((ec!. 8n a "ay li*e !his, Hellenis!ic ar! had di((eren!ia!ed (rom
5 /esi!e some scholarly ar2umen!s, a dou&! remains !ha! !he 4pinario in !he 'ai!oline Museums
mi2h! &e !he ori2inal i!sel(, ins!ead o( a relica. 8n !he .l!es Museum a! Berlin !here also e4is!s a
sin2ular varian! o( Thorn-Puller, !he so named 4pinario o( Priene, a o!!ery (i2urine o( !he
,
nd
cen!. B. '.# he is no! a child indeed, &u! an e4o!ic &lac* man+ "ha! "e may in(er (rom his
hysio2nomy, or!rayed no! "i!hou! any s!ress or 2ro!esAue in!en!ion. .nyho", !he (i2ure o( !he
4pinario has &een in!erre!ed as em&lema!ic o( a soul, e4!rac!in2 a sorro" (rom i!sel(, or even all
sorro"s# in !his case, an eviden! consola!ory ada!a!ion o( !he meanin2 !o (uneral occurrences.
6 .n iconic reresen!a!ion o( Heracles as a li!!le &oy, "res!lin2 "i!h !"o oisonous sna*es and
s!ran2lin2 !hem, is (ound in !he 'ai!oline Museums, Pala>>o Luovo+ da!ed !o !he ,
nd
cen!. '.
?., also !his nice mar&le s!a!ue!!e may &e a modi(ied coy a(!er a Hellenis!ic los! ori2inal.
.nalo2ue &u! di((eren! ieces o( scul!ure are in o!her ?uroean museums. The same scene is
carved on coins, and is !he !heme o( a (resco in !he House o( !he %e!!ii, Pomeii+ J,-5V .. /.
7
au!hen!ic 'lassici!y, oera!in2 a reduc!ion (rom an aulic level !o an everyday li(e scale, or
even !o "ha! in $ree* "as called rhyaro2rahy, !ha! is !he deic!ion o( !rivial scenes.
For cer!ain, no! al"ays !ha! e((ec! "as comic. K!her"ise, i! could &e a!he!ic. ?ven in
an aro4ima!e selec!ion o( !he mos! coied and, no! seldom, varied ar!"or*s in
.n!iAui!y, !he su&<ec! o( !he puer lanternarius should no! &e a&sen!. 8n ancien! !o"ns,
no!oriously an e4!ensive u&lic illumina!ion "as (ar !o come. By ni2h!, eole "al*in2 in
!he s!ree!s made use o( !orches, or a servan! carryin2 a lan!ern "en! ahead o( !hem. Lo!
rarely !ha! lan!ern-&earer "as a slave child# in 3a!in, !he servus lanternarius "as a puer
lanternarius !oo. .! !imes, his mas!er used !o visi! (riends or a lover o( him. Then, he could
&e very la!e in comin2 ou! o( !heir hosi!a&le houses. K(!en, !he slave child "as le(!
ou!doors. ?asily he occurred !o (all aslee in oen air, in !he dar* and in !he cold, "hile
a"ai!in2 &eside his lan!ern "i!h !he li2h! ou!. Moved !o i!y, and may&e &ored !o or!ray
2ods or heroes, once a scul!or ca!ured such an ima2e. The snasho! o( !his small, li!erally
trivialis scene, &ecame a a!!ern so imi!a!ed, as !o run a ris* o( 2ro"in2 a s!ereo!ye.
V
.
"onder is !ha! i! haened so lon2 &e(ore our a2e o( reroduci&ili!y o( "or*s o( ar!.
The mos! (reAuen! su&!ye o( puer lanternarius "as or!rayed as a sleey or dro"sy
child, si!!in2 on a s!one and "earin2 a shor! cloa*, "i!h a hood coverin2 !he !o o( his head,
"hich is suor!ed &y his le(! hand and arm. ;o made mar&le s!a!ue!!es are visi&le in !he
La!ional Museum o( 1omeTTerme di /iocle>iano )1
s!
or ,
nd
cen!. '. ?.0+ in !he .l!es
Museum a! Berlin )comin2 (rom !he surroundin2s o( Pomeii+ rior !o 5V .. /.0+ in !he
.n!iAui!ies Museum o( !he 3i&rary o( .le4andria, ?2y! )$reco-1oman eriod0. K!her
!imes, !he head2ear "as a ca, !he lan!ern-&earer could &e an .(rican &oy, and !he scul!ed
ma!erial "as &ron>e.
1-
3ess (reAuen!ly, !ha! child or &oy "as deic!ed "hile lyin2 do"n and
sleein2 on !he 2round. This is !he case o( a recen! discovery, in !he %a!ican Lecroolis
alon2 !he <ia 6riumphalis a! 1ome# a small mar&le s!a!ue, near a !om&. The head o( !his
child is uncovered, res!in2 very close !o his lan!ern li*e !o a illo". Lay, one o( his li!!le
hands is u! on !he o&<ec!, as i( on some!hin2 recious "hich he is a(raid mi2h! &e s!olen.
Pro&a&ly, !he 2rave "as o( a child and !he puer lanternarius is an ima2e o( his o"n soul.
Kr, else, !he sym&olo2y mi2h! have &een more comle4 and mys!eric# a2ain, !he
lan!ern-&earer is "ai!in2 (or his mas!er, "ho !his !ime has en!ered !he house o( dea!h. Pe!,
no", !he (ormer is his 2uide in !he dar* o( !he a(!erli(e. .lmos! "i!h an inversion o( roles, he
has &ecome !he o"ner o( !he lan!ern and !he holder o( li2h!. .ccordin2 !o a modern
sycholo2ical in!erre!a!ion, "e can relace !he under"orld "i!h !he unconscious. .c!ually,
!he child "res!lin2 "i!h a 2oose, !he 4pinario and !he servus lanterarius, may "ell &e
ima2es o( an inner sel(, or o( an arche!yal puer aeternus. 'arl $us!av Run2 no!iced ho"
much !he (i2ure o( !he hooded lanternarius "as a*in !o some reresen!a!ions o( a minor
Hellenic dei!y# Teleshorus )!he accomlisher0, my!hical son and assis!an! o( .scleius,
2od o( medicine. 8n !he so named ;!one o( Bollin2en, in 1V7- !he elderly sychoanalys!
en2raved a relie( "i!h an elemen!ary syn!hesis o( !hose !"o ima2es, all around "ri!in2 a (e"
imressive ma4ims in ancien! $ree*. Transla!ed in!o ?n2lish, one o( !hem reci!es# This is
Teleshorus, "ho roams !hrou2h !he dar* re2ions o( !his cosmos and 2lo"s li*e a s!ar ou! o(
V 8n 3a!in, trivium is a crossroad# !he meanin2 o( trivialis, as vul2ar or !ri(lin2, is a derived one.
1- .no!her &ron>e (i2urine, o( an .(rican adul! servus lanternarius, is in !he La!ional
.rchaeolo2ical Museum o( 'a2liari, ;ardinia )second hal( o( !he Q
rd
cen!. '. ?.0.
J
!he de!hs. He oin!s !he "ay !o !he 2a!es o( !he sun and !o !he land o( dreams.
11
Q Bo4er a! 1es!# La!ional Museum o( 1ome, Pala>>o Massimo+
;ea!ed $irl# 'ai!oline Museums, 'en!rale Mon!emar!ini, 1ome
Players and Beggars,
or, More Simly, a Sitting !irl
8( Polyhymnia !he Pensive Muse is an uncommon 2irl, (or all her common
aearance, in $reco-1oman s!a!uary commoners "ere no! "an!in2. %ir!ually a! leas!, le! us
re!urn !o Berlin, in!o !he Per2amon Museum. There, "e mi2h! &e charmed &y !he small
mar&le s!a!ue o( a youn2 2irl, some"ha! scan!ily dressed. ;he is crouchin2 on !he 2round
and layin2 "i!h as!ra2als, or *nuc*le&ones. .! !hose !imes, i! "as a oular as!ime similar
!o dice or !o <ac*s, layed &y !"o or more ersons. 8n !his case !he a!!en!ion o( !he lonely
$irl Playin2 Astrag8loi is so concen!ra!ed, her (acial e4ression is so !hou2h!(ul, !ha! she
may "ell 2ive an imression !o &e usin2 such a dicin2 as a ma2ic a!!em! !o in!erro2a!e !he
(a!e and !o read her (u!ure. The iece o( scul!ure "as (ound on !he 'aelian Hill in 1ome, in
15Q,. 8! is a mar&le coy da!in2 &ac* !o !he mid-second cen!ury '. ?., erhas (rom a
Hellenis!ic e4emlar o( !he ,
nd
cen!ury B. '., "i!h some modi(ica!ions o( !he model
concernin2 esecially !he hairs!yle, &e!!er coma!i&le "i!h a 1oman imerial (ashion. .n
erudi!e hyo!hesis, !ha! !he ori2inal mi2h! have had a seulchral (unc!ion, "ould 2ive i! a
11 '. $. Run2, 7emories, Dreams and eflections, 3ondon# 1ou!led2e Z :e2an Paul, 1VJQ+ . ,17.
8n $ree*, !he ma4im is# [\D\]^_`Ca bH\DIEGcG dCea ]fCd\HGCea dCg f_]FCh d_iCha, fIj ka
l]dm` lGIDnFicG of dCg pnqCha, rbst\u iI`v w\DxCHC iEDIa fIj byFCG zG\x`cG. Run2s
TeleshorusTlan!ern-&earer is !he alle2orical in!roducer !o a !rans(i2ured reali!y+ a(!er !he re-
;ocra!ic hilosoher Heracli!us, he is also an {|}G iIua, an inner and in!ima!e ?!ernal 'hild.
5
drama!ic !ouch more# "ha! !he 2irlie con!emla!es as imminen! could &e her o"n dea!h.
8ndeed, !he s!a!ue curren!ly in Berlin is no! uniAue in i!s 2enre. . li*e mar&le s!a!ue,
(ormerly reu!ed !o &e o( !he my!hic Lio&e, is (ound in !he 'olonna $allery a! 1ome. K!her
ancien! reresen!a!ions o( maidens layin2 "i!h as!ra2als, sin2ly and in coule or in 2rou,
mos!ly in !erraco!!a, do no! sho" any ossi&le (uneral sense &u! are only varia!ions on a
lay(ul clich~. 8n !he 'en!rale Mon!emar!ini, !here is ano!her mar&le s!a!ue, o( a *neelin2
(emale as!ra2al layer. On(or!una!ely, i! is so mu!ila!ed !ha! "e canno! ma*e a clear idea
a&ou!. Pe! !he circums!ance !ha! i! "as (ound in !he $ardens o( Maecenas e4cludes a
(unerary des!ina!ion. 8! is also !rue, !he Berlinian varian! relica &e!rays an e((or! !o u!
i!sel( on a hi2her de2ree !han !ha! o( a decora!ive ar!i(ac!. 3i*e (or o!her scul!ures
considered a&ove, i!s un*no"n au!hor s!rove !o <oin a (amiliar "i!h an em&lema!ic asec!, or
even !o mi4 !he :eimliche and !he ?nheimliche# "ha! is (el! as homely and some!hin2
"hich is deely un(amiliar, !o arahrase a reno"ned conce! o( ;i2mund Freud.
1,
3i*e an
ar!"or* ou2h! !o do, !his oens !he door !o an in!erre!a!ion+ does no! 2ive us !he *ey o( !he
shrine, "here a de(ini!e meanin2 is loc*ed. Lor are "e merely dealin2 "i!h ro!o!yes or
s!ereo!yes, &u! ra!her "i!h arche!yes, and !hese are "or*s in ro2ress. $ree* ar!is!s,
1oman coyis!s or modern res!orers, !hey "ere all a! "or*. The cons!ruc!ion o( a cul!ural
sense is a collec!ive, and lar2ely unlanned oera!ion, ye! (ine ar!s (ind !heir o"n "ays.
1Q
K&viously enou2h, "e "ould re(er !o ima2ine !ha! !he sad adolescen! layin2
*nuc*le&ones "as inves!i2a!in2 des!iny a&ou! an early, al&ei! unluc*y, love in her li(e. 8n
si!e o( her simle-mindedness, !he &ac*2round allusion seems !o &e !o an imondera&le
casualness in human lives li*e in a cas! o( dice , easily 2enera!in2 sorro"(ul disillusions
in a youn2 a2e. K!her !imes !his a2e may &e so youn2, !ha! i!s una"are !hou2h!lessness
canno! even !urn in!o a !hou2h!(ul disillusion, in (ron! o( an imendin2 !ra2edy. ;uch a
essimis!ic re(lec!ion may &e con(irmed &y a (resco in !he Lales .rchaeolo2ical Museum,
(rom !he House o( !he /ioscuri a! Pomeii. 8! is insired &y !he drama 7edea &y ?uriides,
"here she *ills her sons as a reven2e a2ains! her disloyal hus&and Rason. 8n !he or!rayed
scene, !he !"o children are layin2 as!ra2als in (ull li2h! inside an in!erior+ in !he shado",
!heir mo!her is medi!a!in2 her ne4! (ilicide. 3e! us !hin* o( ho" many Pomeian children
"ere layin2 !heir innocen! 2ames, "hile a s!emo!her as La!ure "as rearin2 des!ruc!ion
!o !hem and !o !heir ci!y, &y means o( a volcanic eru!ion in 5V .. /. K( course, nei!her !he
au!hor o( !he Hellenis!ic ori2inal nor !he 1oman coyis! could *no" !ha! coincidence.
Lone!heless, !heir sensi!iveness su22es!ed !hem a sor! o( 2enerali>a&le remoni!ion.
?ven "hen i! "as no! a((ec!ed "i!h melancholy, !he (i2ure o( !he layer had a eculiar
p8thos. He could even &e a divine one, and an ?!ernal 'hild as "ell. 8n a case li*e !ha!,
!he 2ame had &e!!er &e &ased on s*ill !han on chance. . li!erary an!eceden! is an eni2ma!ic
e4!an! (ra2men! o( !he !rea!ise Kn La!ure );eri physe@s0, &y !he re-;ocra!ic !hin*er
Heracli!us# ?!erni!y is a child, movin2 ieces in a 2ame+ !o him &elon2s !he *in2dom+
1, '(. ;. Freud, Das ?nheimliche )The Oncanny0, (irs! u&lished in Amago %, 1V1V+ . ,V5-Q,S.
1Q '(. $illes /eleu>e, The 8dea o( $enesis in :an!s .es!he!ics )in AngelaBiC Dournal of the
6heoretical :umanities, %ol. 7TQ, K4(ord# 1ou!led2e, ,---+ !rans. (rom French &y /. =. ;mi!h,
. JJ0# 8( !he aes!he!ic 8dea surasses every conce!, i! is &ecause i! roduces !he in!ui!ion o(
another nature !han !he one !ha! is 2iven !o us. 8! crea!es a na!ure in "hich henomena are
immedia!ely even!s o( !he mind, and !he even!s o( !he mind, henomena o( na!ure. By !he "ay,
!ha! ano!her na!ure is no!hin2 &u! cul!ure, in !he &es! sense "e can 2ive !o !his !erm a! leas!.
6
{|}G iIua o]dH iIcG, i\dd\cG iIHba pI]HDss. Mos! ro&a&ly, !his 2ame "as similar
!o drau2h!s, !o chess or &ac*2ammon, layed &y movin2 ieces on a &oard and ossi&ly
al!erna!in2 cas!s o( dice, in order !o decide !he seAuence o( !he moves. Thus, casualness and
ro<ec!uali!y "ere mi4ed in a cosmic, ri2h! roor!ion. Kr, else, "as !ha! ersoni(ied .in
layin2 a2ains! an imersonal no!hin2ness@ 8s !he "orld li*e a &alanced "or*, &e!"een an
lan vital or "ill !o o"er and a &lind (orce o( annihila!ion@ Osually, hilosohers are
clever in u!!in2 (or"ard Aues!ions+ (ar less, in 2ivin2 ans"ers. Kn an ar!is!ic level, !ha! "ill
!o o"er is ra!her a "ill o( reresen!a!ion, no! seldom o( re-resen!a!ion !oo. 8! is !o
anno!a!e, "hile scul!in2 his ;!one o( Bollin2en, 'arl $. Run2 inscri&ed also !he
hilosohical Auo!e a&ove, !o2e!her "i!h his childli*e ima2e o( a Teleshorus lanternario.
.(!er !he e4amles sulied &y a Hellenis!ic ar!, and li!era!ure, amon2 $reco-1oman
scul!ors a roensi!y !o"ards "ha! "as childish and (emale, nave or hum&le, is
undenia&le. =ha!ever conce! "e may have inheri!ed o( an ancien! 1oman 2randeur,
o((icial monumen!ali!y "as no! !heir (avouri!e measure o( e4ression.
1S
.ll !he more !his
may &e !rue, "hen !hose ar!is!s "ere ar!isans and !heir roduc!ion "as a *ind o( handicra(!.
8n !he $e!!y %illa a! Mali&u, in 'ali(ornia, our a!!en!ion mi2h! &e ca!ured &y a &ron>e
o&<ec! inlaid "i!h coer# 'oin Ban* ;haed as a Be22ar $irl. Tha! is a li!!le more !han a
!oy, da!a&le !o ,7-7- .. /. 8( "e "a!ch i! "ell, "ill reali>e !ha! !his money &o4 has no!hin2
!o envy !o a small ar!is!ic scul!ure. Four or (ive years old, !he 2irlie is sea!ed on !he 2round.
;he reaches ou! her ri2h! hand, "i!h !he le(! ullin2 do"n !he nec* o( her !unic, !o sho" !he
slo! cu! in her ches! "here coins should &e inser!ed. 3i*ely, !he s!andard (i2urine s!ands (or a
(emale child "ho "as !o &e resen!ed "i!h !he !oy. Pe!, no dou&!, !here is some!hin2 odd in
i!. ?secially !he arm s!re!ched (or!h is a disconcer!in2 2es!ure, as i( emer2in2 (rom an
am&i2uous uncanny dimension. 8( !he 2irl is "ell dressed li*e a luc*y receiver o( !he 2i(!,
ac!ually !he e4ression o( her (ace is !ha! o( a oor &e22ar, unhay and a((ec!ed a! once, in
order !o move !o i!y an occasional con!ri&u!or. Rus! li*e !he lan!ern-&earer child o( "hich
a&ove, !his &e22in2 li!!le 2irl may "ell reresen! !he removed slavish sel( o( a social ego.
;ince "e are mainly sea*in2 a&ou! a 1oman ar!, a (ur!her visi! !o !he 'en!rale
Mon!emar!ini in 1ome seems !o &e oor!une. =i!h a con!ras!in2 e((ec!, !here, several
ieces o( minor scul!ure are se! in !he archi!ec!ural con!e4! o( an old elec!ric o"er
s!a!ion. .r!is!ic or indus!rial archaeolo2y, ei!her o( !hem coe4is!s in !he same am&ien!, so
!ha! a remo!e .n!iAui!y (aces a vin!a2e Moderni!y. .mon2 ancien! scul!ures and o&sole!e
machinery, a ;ea!ed $irl is a mar&le s!a!ue o( !he ,
nd
cen!ury '. ?., erhas a coy a(!er a
$ree* ori2inal (rom !he school o( 3ysius )S
!h
cen!. B. '.0. Lice loo*in2 and smar!ly
dressed, !he (emale adolescen! si!s on a s!ool 2a>in2 do"n in a musin2 ose, as i( "ai!in2
(or someone "ho is la!e or mi2h! no! come. More !han ever, i! is di((icul! !o a!!ri&u!e an
overmeanin2 !o !his mas!eriece. 8( !here is a 2eneral allusion, !his ou2h! !o &e !o an even!
very "ished, or hardly !olera&le
17
, "hich "e canno! *no" "he!her is 2oin2 !o &e (ul(illed or
no!. ;uch a sense o( susense does no! reven! an ima2e li*e !ha! (rom &ein2 reresen!ed so
verisimilarly in 3a!in hic et nunc, here and no" , !ha! i! aears !o &e (or ever or ever
recurrin2. Lo rhe!orical monumen!ali!y could have &een so 2ood, a! de(yin2 !he cen!uries.
1S The mos! imressive "i!ness o( a modern (eelin2 o( disorien!a!ion, insired &y an over"helmin2
monumen!ali!y, is 6he Artists Despair Eefore the Frandeur of Ancient uins# a dra"in2
e4ecu!ed in 1556-156- &y Rohann H. FUssli a! 1ome, no" in !he :uns!haus a! Urich.
17 3i*e in an ero!ic lyric oe!ry, !he or!rayed 2irl mi2h! have &een a youn2 hetaera, or cour!esan.
V
S $irl Playin2 .s!ra2als, in !"o very di((eren! versions, al&ei!
eviden! coies a(!er !he same los! ori2inal# resec!ively, in !he
'olonna $allery, 1ome, and in !he Per2amon Museum, Berlin. This
comarison 2ives a clear idea o( ho" much a varia!ion on !heme
may vary in !he "or*s o( coyis!s, or in !he in!erre!a!ions o( res!orers
A Wingless "ros,
#ith a $amiliar Psy%he
8n !he Museum o( Fine .r!s a! Budaes! !here is !he 1oman li(e-si>ed s!a!ue o( a nude
child, a (e" years old, "ho is s!andin2 and clasin2 some *nuc*le&ones in his le(! hand.
3ar2ely res!ored in !he 16
!h
cen!ury, !he ar!"or* "as "ell comosed "i!h di((eren! elemen!s
already in ancien! !imes. The head "i!h a smilin2 (ace as "ell as !he !orso are an!iAue, &u!
relia&ly !hey have no! !he same ori2in. Formerly, i! "as &elieved !o &e a reresen!a!ion o(
!he 2od ?ros, as a li!!le &oy 2oin2 !o lay "i!h as!ra2als. 3a!er, !his in!erre!a!ion has &een
con!es!ed, "i!h !he main ar2umen! !ha! he is no! "in2ed, as ins!ead i! "as conven!ional in
!he reresen!a!ions o( !he incons!an! and some!imes caricious dei!y
1J
. Fran*ly, such "ould
sound as a !ri(lin2 ro&lem. Pe!, i! is a (ac!, !ha! comosi!e "or* o( ar! is one o( !he mos!
imressive and leasan! ima2es o( children, ever scul!ed in mar&le. ;o much, !ha! ac!ually
i!s childness may 2ive an imression o( nave 2odhead, no! so di((erin2 (rom !ha! "e have
seen associa!ed "i!h !he divine layer .in &y Heracli!us, and &y '. $. Run2 a(!er him.
Moreover, !his is an e4!raordinary e4amle o( a more casual !han ro<ec!ual
colla&ora!ion amon2 ar!is!s, coyis!s and res!orers, !hrou2h !he cen!uries. =ha! !hey "ere
"or*in2 on "as a conce!, an idea, an arche!ye. 8n a &road Leo-Pla!onic sense, "e mi2h!
asser! !ha!, s!e &y s!e, !hey 2re" a&le !o aroach an ori2inal ra!her !han s!rayin2 (rom
1J '(. .s!rid /os!er!, ;!a!ue o( a &oy "i!h as!ra2als, in :ighlighted GorBs of Art, summer ,-1-,
Budaes!# 'ollec!ion o( 'lassical .n!iAui!ies, Museum o( Fine .r!s+ a! !he =e&si!e
h!!#TTan!i*.s>emuves>e!i.huTan!i*2yu<!emenyTevs>a*mu!ar2yaTevs>a*en.h@id5-1. 8n !he
eic my!holo2ical oem Argonautica &y .ollonius o( 1hodes, ac!ually ?ros "as descri&ed
"hile layin2 "i!h 2olden di&s a2ains! a youn2 $anymede, !he cu-&earer o( !he 2ods.
1-
i!. K&viously, no! al"ays i! is so. Lay, !ha! is nearly an e4ce!ion. Pe!, are mas!erieces no!
e4ce!ions@ 8n our case, !he mas!ers "ere more !han one and anonymous !oo. The uncer!ain
iden!i!y o( !he mar&le child "idely deends uon !ha! chain o( anonymi!y, a challen2e !o our
need (or iden!i(ica!ion, as much as on !he circums!ance o( his resem&lance !o !he arche!ye
o( a &a&y 2od, roo!ed inside our civili>a!ion and reli2iosi!y )le! us !hin* o( !he 8n(an!
Resus0. The de!ail !ha! he e4hi&i!s !he as!ra2als, a sym&ol o( casualness, may &e even more
&e"ilderin2. 8( i! remains ro&a&le !ha! !he comosi!e ar!"or* reresen!s a &are lay(ul
child, "e canno! e4clude !ha!, some"here in i!s ori2inals, an am&ivalen! in!en!ion "as
la!en!, or !ha! one o( !hem a! leas! "as a real s!a!ue o( ?ros, in his version o( puer aeternus.
Lo", le! us e4amine !he Aues!ion in a more seci(ic, a &i! endan!ic "ay. Lo! all !he
ancien! reresen!a!ions o( ?ros, .mor or 'uid, "ere "in2ed. For ins!ance, a Aui!e (reAuen!
scul!ure "as o( him as a youn2s!er !o2e!her "i!h Psyche as a 2irl# nay, a! !imes, as a li!!le
&oy and a li!!le 2irl. 8n $ree*, psychH means soul, or &u!!er(ly !oo. ;o, she "as a
my!hical heroine, &u! also a divini>ed ersoni(ica!ion o( !he human soul. The alle2orical
o!en!iali!y o( a mee!in2 &e!"een ?rosT3ove and PsycheT;oul is Aui!e eviden!. 8n (ac!, !his is
!he su&<ec! o( a (a&ulous love-s!ory, "onder(ully narra!ed &y !he 3a!in 3ucius .uleius in
his novel 7etamorphoses )also *no"n as 6he Folden Ass0, no! "i!hou! any hilosohical
and Pla!onic si2ni(icance. . oe!ical deic!ion o( Psyche had &u!!er(ly "in2s on her
shoulders, <us! as ?ros "as "illin2ly deic!ed as &ird-"in2ed )such he is, s!ill in a (amed
Leoclassical mar&le 2rou &y .n!onio 'anova, !oday in !he 3ouvre a! Paris0. Kur oinion is
!ha! !he &es! e4emlars o( !his !yolo2y or!ray &o!h o( !hem un"in2ed, <us! li*e normal
human &ein2s. Ho"ever, mos!ly !hey are na*ed, "hile em&racin2 and *issin2 each o!her.
The oldes! one is no! ye! $reco-1oman, &u! s!ill (ully $ree*, al!hou2h made in
;ou!hern 8!aly# !he so called 7agna Fraecia &y !he 1omans, or 7eg8lH :ellIs &y !he
$ree*s. 8! is an ori2inally ain!ed dou&le &us! in !erraco!!a, (rom 'en!urie in ;icily, "here
an adolescen! ?ros is reresen!ed on !he &ac* o( a u&escen! Psyche, "hile em&racin2 and
2oin2 !o *iss her assiona!ely )Bri!ish Museum, 3ondon+ ,---1-- B. '. ?.0. 8( !his is no! !he
ro!o!ye, i! is a oular iconic varian!# &esides, lon2 &e(ore !he a((a&ula!ion &y .uleius in
!he ,
nd
cen!ury '. ?. This is also a case, "hen a my!holo2ema coincides "i!h an iconema
and evolves al!o2e!her in a so realis!ic manner, !ha! !he (ormer may aear an ele2an!
re!e4! (or !he reresen!a!ion o( !he la!!er as an ero!ic scene. ?ven more delica!e, nearly
mincin2, a mar&le s!a!ue o( ?ros and Psyche sho"s !hem as s!andin2 children, in !he
.rchaeolo2ical Museum o( Ks!ia, no! (ar (rom 1ome. They are em&racin2 and *issin2 each
o!her in a resuma&le lay(ul "ay, esecially i( considerin2 !heir very youn2 a2e. The
circums!ance !ha! !he ar!"or* had &een ori2inally laced in a cubiculum, riva!e &edroom,
&e!rays a roaedeu!ic or ausicious urose o( concilia!in2 se4 and innocence, any"ay.
/iscovered in 1VQ6 inside !he House o( .mor and Psyche, durin2 an e4cava!ion o(
!he ruins o( !he ancien! ci!y, !his sli2h!ly dama2ed "or* o( ar! is o( !he same !ye o( ano!her
mar&le 2rou, reserved in !he 'ai!oline MuseumsTPala>>o Luovo since 15SV, "hen i! "as
(ound on !he .ven!ine Hill in 1ome. 8!s Auali!y is some"ha! more re(ined+ !heir ose is a*in
!o !ha! o( !he s!a!ue o( Ks!ia, &u! !hese 'uid and Psyche are a &oy and a 2irl, no! children
indeed. Kne version more o( !he same e4emlar "as discovered in Hadrians %illa a! Tivoli
and (reely res!ored in !he 16
!h
cen!ury. Pe!, a(!er"ards, !his disaeared and no"adays only
a dra"in2 o( i! is availa&le, e4ecu!ed &y !he coeval 8!alian ain!er Pomeo Ba!oni.
15
.ll
15 8n !he 1. Toham 'ollec!ion, ?!on 'olle2e 3i&rary, near =indsor, O. :. ?secially in !he lo"er
ar!, a similari!y "i!h !he version in !he 'ai!oline Museums )as "ell as "i!h a re-discovered
11
!hose scul!ures are 1oman relicas da!in2 &ac* !o !he 1
s!
or ,
nd
cen!ury '. ?., relia&ly
descendin2 (rom a la!e Hellenis!ic model o( !he ,
nd
cen!ury B. '. 8n ar!icular, !he
em&racin2 and *issin2 coule o( Ks!ia seems !o &e a varia!ion on !heme, more !han a coy
!hou2h. =ha! is !rue is !ha! "e canno! *no" ho" much imi!a!ion and ho" much crea!ivi!y
"ere com&ined al!o2e!her in relicas li*e !ha!# !o such an e4!en!, !ha! "e mi2h! even deem
!his ro&lem !o &e no! so imor!an!, and our cri!icism had &e!!er &e emloyed o!her"ise.
Ondou&!edly, &e!!er !han "in2ed and (a&ulous ones, a "in2less ?ros and an un"in2ed
Psyche "ere susce!i&le !o &e iden!i(ied as a real &oy and a 2irl in !he (lesh. This no!
"i!hs!andin2, an ini!ia!ic overmeanin2 canno! &e i2nored. Par!icularly, !ha! (emale alle2ory
o( !he soul may "ell aear !he mos! &eau!i(ul rincess on ear!h, as in .uleius (a&le. Pe!
she loo*s so (amiliar a! !he same !ime, as !o easily remind us o( our souls yearnin2 !o &e
re<oined "i!h an ideal divini!y, accordin2 !o a Pla!onic ersec!ive. 8n 6he Folden Ass, a
lovelorn Psyche is so deely (allen do"n in!o her (or2e!(ul loneliness, as !o &e (orced !o
"ander alive in !he under"orld and !o overcome !erri&le !rials, in order !o survive and !o &e
re<oined "i!h her los! &eloved. Rus! only "hen she has reached a (ull a"areness o( her (rail!y
and is close !o dea!h, !hen her lover comes !o rescue her and a! las! !heir reunion can &e
haily cele&ra!ed. Lor should &e undervalued !he de!ail !ha! !he saviour "as !he 2od o(
love. Learly soon a(!er, no!oriously, in !he his!ory o( our civili>a!ion !he erce!ion o( a 2od
o( love "as 2oin2 !o &e no lon2er a de!ail, &u! !he core i!sel( o( a ne" reli2iosi!y.
16
small s!a!ue 'uid and Psyche auc!ioned &y 'hris!ies, Le" Por*, in ,-1Q0 is almos! an
iden!i!y, even i( !his ou2h! !o have &een !he resul! o( modern res!ora!ions, &ased on !he 'ai!oline
e4emlar. =ha! di((ers is !he hi2her ar!, "here !he lovers may &e *issin2 or a&ou! !o *iss each
o!her, or even 'uid reulses an advance o( Psyche, as in !he s*e!ch made &y Ba!oni.
16 8! is !rue, in his 6he 5ity of Fod, 'ha!er 9%888, ;!. .u2us!ine o( Hyo re(ers !o !he ma2ic
ima2ery o( !he Asinus aureusTThe $olden .ss in a derisory "ay. 8! is eviden! !hou2h, he "ell
*ne" !he novel o( his (ello"-coun!ryman, !he cen!ral !ale o( 'uid and Psyche included. 8n some
measure, !his an!icia!ed a conversion (rom a ro(ane !o a 'hris!ian conce!ion o( love, &y
concurrin2 !o reare !he 2round (or i!s ne" siri!uali!y. 8n an .ris!o!elian oe!ical sense,
.uleius 7etamorphoses are !he comedy o( a human erie!ia un!il an a2ni!ion o( 2odhead.
1,
7 Boy "i!h .s!ra2als, (ormerly suosed !o &e a li!!le ?ros#
Museum o( Fine .r!s, Budaes! )ar!ial vie"0+ childli*e'uid and
Psyche# .rchaeolo2ical Museum o( Ks!ia, near 1ome )ar!ial vie"0
The Maiden of An&io,
and a Bo'er at (est
?4ce! (or !he small corolas!ic 'uid ?m&racin2 Psyche (rom 'en!urie, hi!er!o
"e have me! "i!h no cer!ain ori2inal. ;er absurdum or else (or (un, "e mi2h! even "onder#
"ere !hose Hellenis!ic ori2inals a romo!ional inven!ion o( $reco-1oman coyis!s@ K(
course, relia&le $ree* s!a!ues, "ell inser!ed in an an!iAue 1oman con!e4!, are no! "an!in2.
Lay, a! leas! !"o o( !hem "ere so ori2inal, !ha! arado4ically "e do no! *no" any ancien!
e4!an! coy o( !hem. .! resen!, &o!h o( !hem are in !he La!ional Museum o( 1omeTPala>>o
Massimo. They have &een !i!led resec!ively Maiden o( .n>io and Bo4er a! res!, and
are so (amous, !ha! canno! &e re2arded as ieces o( a minor scul!ure. Lone!heless, !here are
some similari!ies "i!h !he a&ove considered ar!"or*s, such as !o ma*e us !rea! o( !hem here,
in shor! a! leas!. Their minori!y is no! a Auali!a!ive (ac!or. 1a!her, i! is an a!!en!ion !o
minori!y (i2ures in !he con!emorary socie!y. Bo!h mas!erieces are e4cursions in!o an
in!ima!e li(e o( common ersons. 8! haens in a so su&!le "ay, !ha! !heir ordinary ima2es
may 2ro" e4!raordinarily em&lema!ic o( an every !ime and every"here human condi!ion.
The Maiden o( .n>io is so denomina!ed, &ecause !his mar&le s!a!ue "as (ound in
1656 near !he seaor! o( .n>io in cen!ral 8!aly, amon2 !he remnan!s o( a local imerial villa.
3on2 reu!ed !o &e a 1oman hi2h Auali!y relica, more recen! and accura!e s!udies have
es!a&lished !ha! i! is a $ree* scul!ure insired &y Pra4i!eles ar!, roduced in an .sia Minor
"or*sho aro4ima!ely in ,7--,Q- B.'. Knly la!er i! ou2h! !o have &een imor!ed !o
.n>io as a "ar &oo!y, or in conseAuence o( a sale, a dona!ion or a reAuisi!ion. 8!s rior
des!ina!ion may have &een a !emle ro&a&ly dedica!ed !o !he 2od /ionysus. Bu! !his is an
unveri(ia&le illa!ion, more !han a 2rounded hyo!hesis. Kn one hand, sure !he or!rayed 2irl
has some!hin2 !o deal "i!h !he sacred or "i!h "orshi, and she mi2h! "ell have reresen!ed
a hierJdoulos# o(!en, a (reed slave, oera!in2 as a servan! in a hea!hen sanc!uary )more
rarely, e4ce!ionally, a (emale youn2 servan! could "or* also as a sacred ros!i!u!e0. Kn !he
o!her hand, nei!her necessarily !he s!a!ue "as redisosed (or &ein2 loca!ed in a sacred area,
nor !he sacred i!sel( had !o &e !he sole or !he chie( sense o( !ha! eni2ma!ic reresen!a!ion.
;uch an eni2ma!ici!y is due !o some incomle!eness o( !he s!a!ue, criled &y !he
rava2es o( !ime. The maiden is s!andin2, decorously &u! normally dressed as a $ree* 2irl o(
!ha! eoch, no! li*e a ma!ure ries!ess any"ay. =i!h her le(! hand she carrys a round !ray, on
"hich !here are a rolled ri!ual &anda2e+ a !"i2 o( olive+ erhas a censer o( er(umes, as i!
may &e in(erred (rom i!s cu! o(( s!ems in (orm o( (eline a"s )&u! i! mi2h! also have &een a
pyKis, !ha! is a &o4 or vessel (or (eminine use0. The main missin2 elemen! is !he o!her
(orearm and hand o( !he youn2 "oman, resuma&ly 2oin2 !o add some!hin2 on her !ray, as
an o((erin2 !o divini!y. This ou2h! !o &e a er!inen! clue, in order !o unders!and "ha! !he
alle2ed hierodule is doin2 and "hich is !he meanin2 o( her a!!i!ude. 8n (ac!, she is 2a>in2
do"n !o"ard !he !ray. 8! is more e4ac! !o say, her ensive a!!en!ion is concen!ra!ed on her
2es!ure and on !he no" los! o&<ec! in her hand. 8ndeed, !his is no! uniden!i(ia&le a! all. . (e"
sca!!ered (ra2men!s o( i! hin! a! !he circular shae o( a laurel "rea!h, !he circum(erence o(
"hich "ould have &een !oo narro" (or !he head o( !he adolescen!, &u! ossi&ly no! (or !ha!
1Q
o( !he same su&<ec! in a s!ill youn2er a2e.
1V
Thus, she mi2h! have &een ar!icia!in2 in an
ini!ia!ic and mys!eric ceremony# a sor! o( ri!e o( assa2e (rom childhood !o adul!ness.
.s e!ymolo2ically de!ermined &y !he Muses, dau2h!ers o( Mnemosyne, !he museal
sace is a collec!ive memorial dimension. . !as* or a "ish@ o( such (i2ures li*e !he
Maiden o( .n>io or else !he Bo4er a! 1es! is o( &earin2 !heir "i!nesses o( li(e !hrou2h
mar&le or &ron>e, or even &a*ed clay in!o !ha! vir!ual sace, almos! in order !o comare
!heir e4eriences "i!h ours or !o conver! our con!in2en! o&livion in!o a !ranscenden!al
remem&rance. They are li*e hyer&olic &rid2es &e!"een !ha! reasona&le individual
(or2e!(ulness and a sen!imen!al universal reco2ni!ion, or li*e ac!ors and ins!rumen!s o( an
ini!ia!ion !o a ri!ual e4ercise o( memory, in(luenced &y an eclec!ic and oulari>in2
Pla!onism. =ha! !he so du&&ed 2irl o( .n>io is dislayin2 on her !ray are a (e" souvenirs o(
her childish as!, and a !aci! hoe in !he (u!ure !oo. 8( she "as and (orever is, in a museal
sense a! a ne" &e2innin2 o( her adven!ure on ear!h, !he e4is!ence o( !he no! ye! old Bo4er
a! 1es! is ra!her in decline. 8n some an!i-heroic "ay, a! !he mos! he is a ;!oic hero )i! is no!
(or!ui!ous i( a consimilar modern scul!ure is !ha! o( The Thin*er, &y .u2us!e 1odin0.
8( !he dis!inc!ive mar* o( !he Maiden o( .n>io is her circular and no" (ra2men!ary
!ray "i!h i!s con!en!s, !ha! o( !he &ron>e u2ilis! are lea!her s!ras encirclin2 his hands# in
3a!in, !he caestus, a *ind o( an!iAue &o4in2 2loves. He is or!rayed "hile sea!ed, s!ill na*ed
a(!er a !irin2 and &loody ma!ch# on his s*in, "ounds or scars are visi&le, and even dros or
rivule!s o( &lood are simula!ed in coer. His hysiAue is o"er(ul and overmuscled. The
&earded head is raised and !urned !o !he ri2h!, as i( he is loo*in2 a! some&ody une4ec!ed
"ho is aroachin2, a(!er con(usedly hearin2 !he sound or !he voice o( him# li*e no! seldom
!he ro(essional &o4ers, he mi2h! have &ecome dull o( hearin2. Onli*e in !he $ree* odes o(
Pindar or in classical s!a!ues o( sor! "inners, in !his la!e Hellenis!ic ar!"or* da!ed around
1---7- B. '. !here is no!hin2 2lorious, cele&ra!ory or !riumhal.
,-
Kn !he con!rary, on !ha!
s"ollen and ar!ly dis(i2ured (ace, all !he su((erance and "eariness o( !he si!ua!ion is
deic!ed+ some!hin2 more is e4ressed or can &e ima2ined# an in!erro2a!ive 2lance and an
e4!ensive an4ie!y concernin2 !he uncer!ain!y o( !he (u!ure. 8n !he moral &ac*2round, !he
sor!ive con!es! !urns in!o a me!ahor o( !he s!ru22le (or e4is!ence. 8n case "e are see*in2 a
lausi&le arallel "i!h my!holo2y or eic, !he (i2ure o( !he o!her"ise called Bo4er o(
uirinal may &e a! a mid"ay &e!"een a (a!i2ued Hercules and a shi"rec*ed Olysses.
Onli*e !he Maiden o( .n>io, ro&a&ly !he &ron>e mas!eriece "as laced in a u&lic
&uildin2 as !he Ba!hs o( 'ons!an!ine a! 1ome. 8! "as (ound in 1667 on !he no! (ar uirinal
Hill, care(ully &uried as (or &ein2 reserved (rom &ar&aric sac*s or reli2ious iconoclasms.
.n analo2ue condi!ion "as o&served durin2 !he discovery o( !he Pensive Muse, o( "hich
a&ove, or (or o!her s!a!ues. Then, !here "as a his!orical 2a, "hen a !rauma and remo!ion
1V '(. 3ucio Mariani, 3a 2iovine!!a di .n>io, in Eullettino della 5ommissione Archeologica
5omunale di oma, Par! Q5, Lo. Q-S, 1ome# ?. 3oescher Z 'o., 1V1-+ . 1J5-,11# "i!h secial
re(erence !o !he 2arland, . 165-166. 8n !he Museum /. 1idola a! Ma!era, 8!aly, !here is an
.ulian red (i2ure *ra!er o( !he S
!h
cen!. B. '., "i!h a ain!ed scene "here a 2irl o((ers !o a you!h
a 2arland as sym&ol o( !he adul! a2e a!!ained &y him. 8! can &e added !ha!, accordin2 !o a 3a!in
conven!ion, a &ranch o( olive "as !he a!!ri&u!e o( a minor dei!y# Felici!as, or hainess, a
"orshi version o( !he <enus feliK. .nyho", an analo2ue and coeval =oman "i!h Tray is
(rescoed in !he %illa ;. Marco a! ;!a&iae# on her !ray, resuma&ly she carries !he same o&<ec!s.
,- 8!s au!horshi has &een ascri&ed !o .ollonius !he .!henian+ &u!, indeed, i! has &een also
susec!ed !ha! in !his case !he $ree* scul!or "as !he !alen!ed coyis! o( an older ori2inal.
1S
in!er(ered in!o !he ar!is!ic !radi!ion. Mos! archaeolo2ical discoveries and rela!ed researches,
"e have considered a&ove, haened &e!"een !he 16
!h
and !he ,-
!h
cen!ury. 8n !ha! eriod,
!he cul!ural memory and connec!ed res!ora!ion or cri!icism s!ar!ed !o (ully "or* a2ain. This
imlies !ha! no! a (e" o( all !hese rediscovered and res!ored "or*s o( ar! con!ri&u!ed !o !he
con(i2ura!ion o( Moderni!y, such as "e *no" i!, in i!s &es! asec!s a! leas!. The missin2
o&<ec!s on !he !ray o( !he youn2 2irl o( .n>io, or !he "ounds and scars in !he &ody o( !he
ma!ure u2ilis! o( !he uirinal, may evo*e all !hose in<uries in our collec!ive memory. They
should also remind us o( !ha! e((or! o( reminiscence, "hich Moderni!y eminen!ly is.
J Three varian!s o( !he !ye "in2less 'uid and Psyche# in a
dra"in2 &y P. Ba!oni )a(!er a no" los! e4emlar0+ in a s!a!ue sold &y
'hris!ies, Le" Po*, in 1V1Q+ in a scul!ure a! !he 'ai!oline
Museums, Pala>>o Luovo, 1ome. .lmos! li*e in a narra!ive seAuence,
!hey or!ray di((eren! momen!s o( a my!hical a((air# 'uid resis!s a
!ender 2es!ure o( Psyche+ reconciled "i!h his lover, he is yieldin2 !o
her+ even!ually, he is em&racin2 and *issin2 her
The !ood Sheherd,
or, an "ver )oung *esus
Be(ore !ha! eochal caesura, "hich "as 2oin2 !o u! an end !o .n!iAui!y and !o i!s
comle4 "orldvie", !here "as a lon2 las!in2 eriod o( !ransi!ion. /urin2 i!, an early
'hris!ian ar! (lourished !oo. This sacred ar! o( !he ca!acom&s "as modes!, or !oo didac!ic.
3a!er, i!s ar!"or*s &e2an !o &e e4ecu!ed &y real ar!is!s, &e!!er !han &y ar!isans (ull o( (ai!h or
o( 2ood "ill. 8! is ar!icularly !rue, "i!h re2ard !o scul!ure. . ro&lem "as an ini!ial
reluc!ance !o reresen! human (i2ures, &ecause o( a reli2ious susicion a2ains! a ossi&le
idola!rous "orshi+ ano!her one "as !he scarce e4erience o( ar!is!s, "ho mi2h! even have
&een a2an, in illus!ra!in2 su&<ec!s relevan! "i!h !he ne" reli2ion. . !hird ro&lem "as !he
17
e4i2ence !o choose ima2es consis!en! "i!h 'hris!iani!y, and a! !he same !ime susce!i&le !o
&e erceived &y hea!hen eole, in order !o involve and redisose !hem !o !heir conversion.
3as! &u! no! leas!, esecially in !imes o( ersecu!ion, some sym&olism could &e hel(ul (or
communica!in2 a messa2e reco2ni>a&le &y &elievers, &u! no! so much &y ersecu!ors.
For some o( !hese mo!ives, or may&e &ecause an aim a! &ein2 (ine is revailin2 in
!he na!ure o( ar!s and &eau!y "as Pla!onically divine , in !he (ield o( scul!ure !he chan2e
"as more !ransi!ional !han !rauma!ic. 8n ar!icular, !his is sensi&le in !he (irs! reresen!a!ions
o( Resus, !he 'hris! himsel(. Brie(ly, "e "ill e4amine a (e" e4amles, "here !he ersis!ence
o( 'lassical and Hellenis!ic a!!erns or a (ormal sym&olic in!en!ion are &e!!er eviden!, also
(or $reco-1oman ar!is!s had no! ye! an idea o( ho" Resus could &e hysically or!rayed, or
even ima2ined. 8nsired &y a "ell *no"n ?van2elical ara&le, one o( !he early ersonal
alle2ories is !ha! o( !he $ood ;heherd.
,1
1elevan! models "ere no! a&sen! in !he a2an
ima2ery, since &o!h 2ods Hermes and some!imes .ollo had &een (i2ured as sheherds
carryin2 on !heir shoulders a lam& or a cal(. They are resec!ively !he iconemas o( !he
Briophoros and !he moscophoros# in $ree*, lam&-&earer and cal(-&earer. 8n !he ancien!
Ks!ia archaeolo2ical area, !here are !he remains o( a 'hris!ian chael, around "hich some
!om&s are (ound )egio 88, Ansula %880. .mon2 !hem, a mar&le ;arcoha2us o( 'yriacus,
so named (rom !he er!inen! 3a!in inscri!ion, "as made in !he Q
rd
or early S
!h
cen!ury.
Kn !he (ron! o( !he sarcoha2us, in cen!ral osi!ion, "e can &ehold a relie( o(
iconolo2ical in!eres!. 8! is a syn!he!ic version o( !he !ye $ood ;heherd, no! as lam&-
&earer &u! as a you!h(ul man dressed in an e4o!ic (ashion, layin2 his lyre amid shee and
o!her animals in a s!yli>ed coun!ryscae. . Phri2ian ca, on his head, "as a conven!ional
a!!ri&u!e o( Krheus. K!her de!ails ma*e an ascendancy o( !he !radi!ional icono2rahy o( !he
my!hic musician, !amin2 sava2e &eas!s &y his ma2ic melody, incon!es!a&le. Pe! i! may have
&een some!hin2 more, !han a simle icono2rahic ascendancy. . !aci! and some"ha!
mys!eric comarison &e!"een !he (i2ures o( Krheus and o( !he 'hris! can &e (ound
else"here !oo. Tame or "ild animals, are !hose no! ima2es o( our souls@ K( course, Resus
ins!rumen! "as no! a lyre, &u! his =ord made (lesh. Fur!hermore, in his my!h Krheus had
de(ied dea!h, "i!hou! (inal success !hou2h. 8ns!ead, Resus succeeded in !he same challen2e,
accordin2 !o 'hris!ian creed. .nyho", !he hea!hen occasional asser-&y could "ell deciher
!he messa2e deic!ed on !he sarcoha2us o( Ks!ia, and ossi&ly &e led in!o re(lec!ion.
The $ood ;heherd, conserved in !he %a!ican MuseumsTMuseo Pio 'ris!iano, is (ar
more (amed. 8! is a small mar&le s!a!ue da!ed !o Q---Q7- .. /., relia&ly !he &es! in !he
"idesread su&!ye o( !he lam&-&earer. . similari!y "i!h analo2ue a2an receden!s is
such, !ha! in !heory "e mi2h! no! &e !horou2hly sure !ha! i! "as no! one o( !hem, already
"i!h a sym&olic hilan!hroic meanin2, on "hich a 'hris!ian si2ni(icance "as con(erred. 8n
ra!ics, !he ar!"or* "as discovered in !he 16
!h
cen!ury, inside !he 'a!acom&s o( ;!. 'allis!us
a! 1ome. Kri2inally ar! o( a hi2h-relie( on a sarcoha2us, i! "as res!ored and in!e2ra!ed
in!o a (ull round (orm &y !he 8!alian scul!or $iusee .n2elini in 15JS.
,,
The sheherd is a
,1 8n !he canonical $osels, see Rohn 1-#1-,1, Ma!!he" 16#1,-1S and 3u*e 17#Q-5.
,, '(. Om&er!o O!ro, 3a Ws!a!ue!!a del Buon Pas!oreX, in 4ynodus Lpiscoporum Eollettino, ,7
9888, 8!alian ?di!ion, %a!ican# Holy ;ee Press K((ice, ,-1,+ and Pe!er 1oc*"ell, The 'rea!ive
1euse o( .n!iAui!y, in :istory of estoration of Ancient 4tone 4culptures, edi!ed &y R. B.
$rossman, R. Podany and M. True, 3os .n2eles# R. Paul $e!!y Museum, ,--1, . 55. .lon2 "i!h
his mas!er Bar!olomeo 'avacei and his collea2ues 'arlo .l&acini or Francesco .n!onio
1J
s!andin2, handsome you!h, "i!h !he rescued lam& round his nec*. His head is sli2h!ly !urned
!o !he le(!, and aaren!ly, a! leas! he s!ares in!o !he dis!ance. 8( his le2s and ar! o( !he
arms are a modern addi!ion, !he res! su((ices !o ma*e !he "hole "or!hy o( !he oular
admira!ion, o( "hich i! has &een !he o&<ec!. ?ven i( he "as no! Resus, his s!a!ue!!e has come
!o reresen! !he 'hris! no! less !han so many la!er, more realis!ic reresen!a!ions o( him.
3i*e (or o!her ieces o( scul!ure o( "hich a&ove, !he mos! in!ri2uin2 de!ail is !he
2a>e. .s !o !he $ood ;heherd in !he %a!ican Museum, "e canno! *no" "he!her
ori2inally !here "as a ossi&le con!e4!, li*e (or !he Pensive Muse in !he 'en!rale
Mon!emar!ini, or !here "as no e4lici! one, as (or !he Bo4er o( uirinal. =e canno! *no"
i( !he lam&-&earer is 2a>in2 a! some&ody or some!hin2. =ha! "e can deduce (rom !heir
resen! s!a!uary s!a!e is !ha! !hey are loo*in2 !hrou2h and &eyond !ha! ossi&le some&ody or
some!hin2. 8( !he Pensive Muse is 2a>in2 in!o !he mys!ery o( an e!ernal &eau!y, and !he
Bo4er a! 1es! is 2a>in2 in!o a recariousness o( e4is!ence, !he dis!ance "hich !he $ood
;heerd is s!arin2 in!o may "ell &e our o"n dis!ance. ?ven more !han one in !ime or in
sace, !ha! is a dis!ance (rom !he sacred "e are no lon2er a&le !o unders!and, in !he li!eral
sense o( (ailin2 !o see "ha! is s!andin2 under i!s reli2ious or laical sur(ace. For i!s o"n
na!ure, his!ory is secular. Pe! a modern human condi!ion may &e more secular !han ever,
so !ha! "e mi2h! (eel li*e !ha! los! shee, irrimedia&ly cas! in!o a narro" or dar* resen! )a
con!in2ency, closer !o a never and no"here !han !o an immanen! hic et nunc, (or ever0.
8( "e are searchin2 (or a !rue (ull round scul!ed ar!"or*, "e mus! needs 2o &ac* !o
Pala>>o Massimo a! 1ome, and loo* (or !he Teachin2 'hris!. This small mar&le s!a!ue
ou2h! !o &e !he earlies! o( Resus himsel(, no! as a seudo-Krheus or as !he $ood ;heerd.
/a!a&le !o !he Q
rd
or S
!h
cen!ury, i!s rovenance is uncer!ain# i! "as said !o have &een (ound
a! 'ivi!a 3avinia, !odays 3anuvio. .lso his iden!i(ica!ion as !he 'hris! has &een disu!ed.
Pe! mos! ro&a&ly !he ima2e is !ha! o( an ehe&ic Resus, clo!hed "i!h a 1oman !unic and a
$ree* allium, si!!in2 on a lo" chair and e4lainin2 his doc!rine !o his disciles or !o !he
doc!ors o( !he Temle# a "ell *no"n $osel eisode. His ri2h! (orearm is &ro*en+ ossi&ly i!
"as raised !o &less or, ra!her, in an ora!ory 2es!ure, li*e in analo2ue scenes deic!ed on !he
(ron! o( coeval sarcoha2i. The le(! hand holds a hal(-oen scroll. His (ar-seein2 2a>e may
resem&le !ha! o( !he $ood ;heerd in !he %a!ican, or even o( !he Pensive Muse. .&ove
all, he is sho"ily youn2. 8! is as i( !he arche!yal puer aeternus has 2ro"n u, &u! no! !oo
much, almos! !o avoid a dan2er o( uerile re2ression in !he reresen!a!ion o( a divine =Jgos.
=hereas !he child .in o( Heracli!us "as movin2 ieces in a 2ame, and !he resumed
&a&y ?ros in !he Museum o( Budaes! "as layin2 "i!h as!ra2als, erhas !his &ierdless
Mas!er is 2oin2 !o reveal !he secre! o( an e!ernal li(e, !o a slo"-"i!!ed eole !hou2h.
Fran>oni, $. .n2elini "as an eminen! res!orer in his !imes. /esi!e or !han*s !o some licences,
!ha! "as also one o( !hose cases "hen !he res!orer is an in!erre!er a! once, and an ar!is! he
himsel(, li*e !he au!hors o( !he ori2inals and almos! "i!hou! an aaren! solu!ion o( con!inui!y.
15
5 Maiden o( .n>io# La!ional Museum o( 1ome, Pala>>o Massimo
)ar!ial vie"0+ "all ain!in2 o( =oman "i!h Tray# %illa ;an Marco,
1oom Q-, 'as!ellammare di ;!a&ia, ancien! ;!a&iae, near Pomeii
)early 1
s!
cen!. '. ?.+ ar!ial vie", ho!o credi!# =i*iedia0
Ar%haeologi%al Memory+
a Cement of Cultural ,dentity-
,Q
<eritatis quippe optima indagatriK phylosophia estM comperte vero sub velamine
servatriK fidissima est poNsis, For cer!ain, hilosohy is very clever in inves!i2a!in2 veri!y+
indeed, oe!ry is mos! relia&le in *eein2 i!, "hich is !o &e discovered &enea!h i!s veils#
!hus "ro!e $iovanni Boccaccio, in his Fenealogie deorum gentilium )$enealo2ies o( !he
Pa2an $ods, 98% 160.
,S
8n $ree* &e(ore !han in 3a!in, !he !erm poiesis ossesses a "ider
ran2e o( meanin2 !han our derived oe!ry. There is no reason (or no! e4!endin2 !he
o&serva!ion o( !he 8!alian humanis! !o (ine ar!s, "hich should &e in!erre!ed in a
hiloiconic as "ell as in a hilolo2ical "ay. This is a !as* o( iconolo2y, in such a sense a
&ranch o( hilosohy. =ha! sounds in!eres!in2 here is !ha! reservin2 (unc!ion o( oe!ry,
"hich (or Boccaccio, !here, "as mainly a my!holo2ical one. 3i*e !his las! one *ees !he
memories o( my!hs, a sor! o( dreams o( !he collec!ive uncounscious in an auroral a2e o( our
civili>a!ion, so (i2ura!ive ar!s can conserve !he souvenirs o( a cul!ural ima2ery, o!her"ise
,Q The conce! o( cul!ural iden!i!y is an use(ul one. On(or!una!ely, no! seldom i! has &ecome
his!orically am&i2uous or oli!ically eAuivocal. For a cri!ical aroach, c(. Rean-Franois Bayar!,
6he Allusion of 5ultural Adentity, !ransla!ed (rom French, Oniversi!y o( 'hica2o Press, ,--7.
,S . some"ha! consonan! ei2ram "as reor!ed &y !he Pa!riarch o( 'ons!an!inole Pho!ios in his
Eibliotheca )1S, &0. Tha! had !o "or* as an e4er2ue !o !he homonymous Eibliotheca )3i&rary0
&y !he my!ho2raher Pseudo-.ollodorus# /ra"in2 (rom me an e4erience o( !ime,T *no" !he
ancien! !ales o( a learned lore. MN $a>in2 in!o me,T you "ill (ind all !ha! !he cosmos holds.
=ha! a *ind o( e4erience o( !ime@ 1elia&ly, !he ori2inal $ree* e4ression I|GCc i\x`sFI is
an allusion !o a !ime erceived as e!ernal and cyclic a! once, such as !he {|}GT.in o( Heracli!us.
16
easily los!. .nd !his ima2ery is made no! only o( my!hs, &u! also o( real and common li(e.
=hereas (or ancien! li!era!ures !he chie( !ool o( inves!i2a!ion is hilolo2y, as (or (ine
ar!s i! is archaeolo2y. 8( a hilolo2ical memory is revalen!ly made o( "ri!!en !es!imonies o(
!he as!, an archaeolo2ical one is comosed "i!h ain!ed or scul!ed ima2es )and
archi!ec!ural !races0. K&viously, a o!en!ial !endency !o universal communica!ion is more
coma!i&le "i!h a lan2ua2e made o( ima2es. .nd no! al"ays nor en!irely !hese coincide
"i!h "ri!!en !es!imonies. ;ome!imes, !he (ormers may !ransmi! some!hin2 more !han !he
la!!ers, or di((erin2 (rom and even con!ras!in2 "i!h !hem. Par!icularly ar!is!ic ima2es sho" a
&e!!er roensi!y !o &e!ray su&liminal, (or2o!!en or removed con!en!s, !han "ords or2ani>ed
in a seech. Besides, archaeolo2y is e4osed !o casualness even more !han hilolo2y )in
!his, no! so di((eren!ly (rom !he remem&rance o( an individual memory0. Mos!
archaeolo2ical discoveries, "e have men!ioned a&ove, are (or!ui!ous. Pe! !ha! causalness is
limi!ed, "e mi2h! even say some"ha! con!rolled &y !he ar!is!s. K( course, !hey roduced
!heir ar!"or*s and ossi&le rela!ed messa2es (or !heir con!emoraries, &u! also redisosed
!hem in order !o &e reco2ni>a&le a! any !ime and in every lan2ua2e &enea!h !heir veils.
8n mar&le, in &ron>e or in !erraco!!a !oo, !ha! "as a de(iance !o !he corru!ion o( !ime
or !o !he (or!ui!ousness o( his!ory, a human iconoclas!ic incons!ancy no! e4cluded+ and !he
2ame o( s!ereo!yes layed some role in i!. 'lassical or Hellenis!ic, and $reco-1oman "i!h
all !he more reason, an!iAue ar!is!s "ere lay-ma!es "i!h !he .in alle2ori>ed &y Heracli!us#
a lay(ul ?!ernal 'hild, &u! en2a2ed in calcula!in2 his moves on a &oard ra!her !han !ryin2
!he (or!une &y !hro"in2 dice or di&s. Lo! seldom a s!ereo!yed roduc!ion or, &e!!er, a
varia!ion on !heme reresen!ed !he ersis!ence o( a si2ni(icance# !ha! o( an arche!ye, !hey
(el! ea2er or imelled !o ere!ua!e. The re-e4is!ence o( a ro!o!ye, o( a his!orical model
!o imi!a!e, mi2h! have &ecome o( secondary imor!ance, &ecause !ha! ori2inal "as already
and ideally (i4ed in !heir minds. ?4ce!ionally !hou2h, !he os!ula!e o( a ro!o!ye mi2h!
even have &een a simula!ed ro<ec!ion, or may &e <us! only a resuosi!ion o( ours.
.! any ra!e, s!ereo!yes are use(ul in a rocess o( archaeolo2ical reminiscence, (or an
analo2ical comarison and a cri!ical deduc!ion a! leas!. 3e! us consider a2ain !he e4amle o(
!he Teachin2 'hris!, in !he La!ional Museum o( 1ome. 3i*e (or o!her s!a!ues, i! has los!
some immedia!e mar*s o( iden!i(ica!ion. ;o much, !ha! !he su&<ec! o( !he small mas!eriece,
&ou2h! on !he an!iAuarian mar*e!, could &e (ormerly mis!a*en (or a Hellenis!ic oe!ess
8!s iden!i(ica!ion as a 5hristus docens is due !o 1o&er!o Pari&eni, in ;!a!uina di 'ris!o del
Museo La>ionale 1omano )!he ar!icle is in 8!alian+ ossi&ly, read i!# &eside i!s secialis!m,
!here are all !he emo!ions o( a minor archaeolo2y, made o( occasional acAuisi!ions and
reco2ni!ions more !han o( sys!ema!ic e4cava!ions and discoveries0.
,7
.! (irs! si2h!, ac!ually i!
can remind us o( !he ?van2elical scene Resus amids! !he /oc!ors, (reAuen! in sacred ar!.
Pe!, indeed, in 3u*es accoun!, ,#S1-7,, he is !old !o have &een as old as !"elve years, a
li!!le youn2er !han !he or!rayed &oy. . similar icono2rahy, more !han once reroduced on
sarcoha2i and else"here, "as !ha! o( !he so de(ined traditio legis, (rom !he Mas!er !o !he
.os!les, in ar!icular !o Pe!er and Paul. 8! mi2h! &e o&<ec!ed !ha!, !hen, Resus had !o &e (ar
older. ?viden!ly, his a2e "as no! a realis!ic one &u! ideali>ed &y early 'hris!ian ar!is!s.
=ha! !he un*no"n au!hor o( !he 5hristus docens "an!ed !o reresen! "as !he
arche!ye o( an ever youn2, ersonal divini!y. ;ome disroor!ions in !he e4ecu!ion o( his
s!a!ue su22es! !ha! he came (rom !he milieu o( !he scul!ors o( relie(s on sarcoha2i, a
,7 8n Eollettino dArte del 7inistero della ;ubblica AstruOione, %ol. 988, 1ome# ?. 'al>one
u&lisher, 1V1S+ . Q61-Q6J.
1V
"idesread ar!isan and ar!is!ic ac!ivi!y a! his !imes. His models could "ell &e scenes already
s!ereo!yed as !he traditio legis, or else Resus amids! !he /oc!ors, "i!h re(erence !o
'hris!ian !oics. Pe! !hey "ere also icono2rahic an!eceden!s o( a recen! hea!hen !radi!ion,
li*e several deic!ions o( .in no! as !he child li!erarily (i2ured &y Heracli!us, &u! as a
youn2 man holdin2 u a >odiac "heel. Tha! "as no! so much an ancien! my!holo2ema, as
ra!her !he divini>a!ion o( a na!ural, vi!al and cyclic !ime. . (ormal di((erence "as !ha! !his
ersoni(ied .in "as usually or!rayed nude, "hile s!andin2 or sea!ed. Kne hy&rid a! leas!,
ar!ly na*ed, is no! lac*in2. This syncre!ic s!a!ue reresen!s a handsome you!h, "here
(ea!ures o( Resus, o( .in and even o( HeliosP4ol invictus are Aueerly mel!ed !o2e!her )'ivic
.rchaeolo2ical 'ollec!ions, Milan+ S
!h
cen!.0. 8n sum, a a2an ima2ery could "or* as a (il!er
(or !he rece!ion o( 'hris!ian con!en!s and (or !ransla!in2 !hem in!o a ne" icono2rahy.
8s !he archaeolo2ical one a random, ra!her !han a selec!ive, memory@ .! leas!, a
caricious archaeolo2y seems !o (i! "ell a minor $reco-1oman s!a!uary. 3a!ely, ano!her
Auasi-mas!eriece has re-emer2ed (rom a riva!e collec!ionism, "here i! "as las!in2ly sun*.
8! is a mar&le 2rou o( !he !ye "in2less ?ros and Psyche, ho!o2rahed "hile em&racin2
and 2oin2 !o *iss each o!her, (ormerly comin2 (rom Lales and da!a&le !o !he 1
s!
cen!ury ..
/. )sold &y 'hris!ies, Le" Por*, in ,-1Q0.
,J
This varia!ion on !heme is no! only a deli2h!(ul
"or* o( ar!. =ha!s more, i! is a recious !erm o( comarison "i!h analo2ue scul!ures as
!hose in !he Museum o( Ks!ia and in !he 'ai!oline Museum a! 1ome, in order !o recomose
!heir resuma&le ori2inal in our minds, li*e a !essera in a "ider memorial mosaic. 8! is
also !rue, !hose ar! collec!ors, "ho so lon2 derived us o( any o( our ri2h!s in !he Aues! (or
an e!ernal &eau!y, reserved !ha! s!a!ue so <ealously, as !o 2ro" almos! ins!rumen!s o( a
servatriK fidissima poNsis a&ove e4al!ed in our Auo!a!ion (rom Boccaccio. 8( !ruly !he "ays
o( Providence are in(ini!e, some o( !hem eculiarly, !hose leadin2 !o !he develomen! o(
an advanced cul!ural consciousness ou2h! !o &e even more un(oreseea&le !han o!hers.
,5
,J '(. Molly M. 3immer, . 1oman Mar&le 'uid and Psyche, audio-cli a! !he =e&si!e
h!!#TT""".chris!ies.comT(ea!uresTaudio-a-roman-mar&le-cuid-and-syche-QJ-S-S.as4+ or read
'hris!ies 'a!alo2, Antiquities, Rune ,-1Q, Le" Por*+ . 66 and (ollo"in2. 8n i! !he res!ora!ion,
da!ed !o !he 16
!h
cen!ury, lays an imor!an! role. The ar!is! res!orer is un*no"n. 8! is also !rue, a
coeval scul!or and res!orer as 'arlo .l&acini "as a&le !o roduce as many as !hree almos!
iden!ical coies o( !he analo2ue 'uid and Psyche in !he 'ai!oline Museums a! 1ome
)resec!ively, !oday !hey are in !he 1eal .cademia de Bellas .r!es de ;an Fernando, a! Madrid+
in !he Pavlovs* Palace, near ;!. Pe!ers&ur2+ in !he ;hu2&orou2h Hall, near ;!a((ord, ?n2land0.
,5 3e! us Auo!e (rom, and some"ha! correc!, Bruce 'ha!"in, 6he 7orality of 6hings )1V5Q0# !he
!rue collec!or avails himsel( o( !he o&<ec!s as a &and o( lovers !ha! shore u !he "rec*a2e o( his
li(e )may&e !he Bri!ish "ri!er had in mind a 2rea! collec!or &u! unluc*y lover as =illiam
Hamil!on, (irs! modern o"ner o( !he 'uid and Psyche !oday sold &y 'hris!ies0. 8n reali!y,
!ha! ideal collec!or made a li!!le more. He con!ras!ed !he "rec*a2e o( a collec!ive li(e, unders!ood
as 'ul!ure &esides as La!ure, a &i! li*e !he child .in o( Heracli!us on his cosmic 2ame &oard.
,-
6 $ood ;heherd# %a!ican Museums, Pio 'hris!ian 'ollec!ion,
1ome )ar!ial vie"0+ Teachin2 'hris! or 'hris! ;ea!ed# La!ional
Museum o( 1ome, Pala>>o Massimo )ar!ial vie"0
Polyhymnia, the .ast Borne+
a Mona .isa of Anti/uity-
8n i!s various (orms, an!iAuarianism al"ays e4is!ed. .lready in !he 1oman .n!iAui!y,
!here "ere riva!e or u&lic collec!ions o( "or*s o( ar! and ar! ama!eurs. 8n !he Middle
.2es, !he "orshi o( relics as "ell as !he venera!ion o( icons involved a *ind o( sacred and
con!roversial an!iAuarianism. Pe! a real archaeolo2y resuoses an eochal caesura, ore
more !han one, "hich mus! &e cri!ically overcome, in order !o 2ain a &e!!er *no"led2e o(
!he as! and conseAuen!ly !o increase a consciousness o( !he resen!. ;uch condi!ions imlie
!ha! archaeolo2y is essen!ially modern, and !ha! i! concurred !o con(orm Moderni!y i!sel(,
&u! also !ha! a so acAuired *no"led2e is lar2ely aro4ima!ed, (or !hose caesuras "e have
s!riven !o surmoun! are no! only his!orical+ !hey are cul!ural !oo. .ll !he more !his is !rue in
!he shere o( (ine ar!s, "here arado4ically our &es! colla&ora!ors should &e !he classical
ar!is!s, "ho !ried hard !o ma*e !hemselves unders!ood a! any !ime and in any lace.
Lever!heless, cer!ain di((icul!ies ersis!, also &ecause no! all !he ancien! ar!is!s "ere as
classical as !hey aear in our some"ha! neoclassical de(ormed erce!ion. Lo dou&!, !he
Resus-.in-Helios o( "hich a&ove is almos! a s!a!uary 2ro!esAue, !he involun!ary arody o(
a mori&und 'lassici!y, no! less !han !he clumsy e4ression o( a recarious e4erimen! o(
reli2ious ecumenical oli!ics, in !he a2e o( !he 1oman ?meror 'ons!an!ine. Rus! (or !hese
mo!ives, a! !he same !ime, !ha! is an ima2e o( !he cul!ural caesura i!sel(, "hen one &e2ins !o
unders!and his as! cul!ure no lon2er, so much !ha! a! las! he does no! reco2ni>e i! as his
o"n. 8( ro&a&ly !he $irl Playin2 .s!ra2als, o( "hich also a&ove, "as !ryin2 !o read her
(u!ure, nos!al2ic humanis!s li*e Boccaccio a! !he end o( !he Middle .2es and a! !he da"n o(
Moderni!y (el! in need !o in!erro2a!e a remo!e as!. Pe! !hey "ere li*e amnes!ic 2uys "i!hin
a room (ull o( old o&<ec!s, all clues (rom "hich !hey s!rive !o recover !heir suosed
iden!i!y. ;uch a recoverin2 has &een !i!led 1enaissance, ne" &ir!h. 8n reali!y, i! "as a ne"
eochal caesura. ;!ill no" "e are heirs !o all !ha!, a! !imes !ryin2 a2ain !o render anamnes!ic
and (amiliar !o us !hose o&<ec!s, "hich o(!en occurr !o &e more eni2ma!ic !han em&lema!ic.
,1
Perhas, a &e!!er aroach is !o re(rain (rom his!orici>in2 !oo much. . valid reason is
!ha! all !he ar!"or*s a&ove men!ioned, "i!h !he chimerical e4ce!ion o( !he Resus-.in-
Helios !oday in Milan, do no! "an! !o &e considered an!iAue. 1a!her, !hey "ish !o &e
con!emorary "i!h us. .nd !his is !he novel!y yes, in !he his!ory o( ar! , "hich ma*es
!hem minor mas!erieces. Their or!rayed su&<ec!s, or !heir 2enerally un*no"n au!hors
and coyis!s, do no! mind a&ou! his!orical or cul!ural caesuras. The only one !hey seem !o &e
in!eres!ed in is a minor caesura# !ha!, "hich erennially moves alon2 our lives &e!"een a
as! and a (u!ure, (rom !he &e2innin2 un!il !he end o( each individuali!y, slo"ly cons!ruc!in2
our iden!i!y or 2ivin2 us a realis!ic illusion o( i!. For !hem, !o &e !hro"n in!o a limi!ed !ime
and a de(ini!e lace, li*e a cas! o( dice, is no! !he "ors! ro&lem. Kn !he oosi!e, !ha! very
momen! is some!hin2 !o s!o and !o sho" !o !he 2a>e !he 2a>e o( !he Pensive Muse , so
!ha! !he e4is!en!ial caesura &ecomes an oen "indo" loo*in2 in!o an universal dimension.
Polyhymnias 2a>e is an .ollonian one, s!arin2 dee in!o !he caesura i!sel( and
reven!in2 i! "i!h her !hauma!ur2ic o"er (rom 2ro"in2 so lar2e, as !o &ecome a (ac!or
o( le!hal o&livion. ?ven "hen !his haens, "hen an e4is!en!ial caesura runs a ris* o(
de!eriora!in2 in!o a (rac!ure, Memosynes dau2h!er is ready !o heal i! , &y s!ar!in2 !he cure o(
reminiscence or &y res!orin2 an aearance o( remem&rance a! leas!. .lmos! an unconscious
consciousness, she loo*s a(!er !he coherence o( "ha! "e deem !o &e a ersonal iden!i!y or
su&<ec!ivi!y, "hichever individual or collec!ive i! mi2h! &e. Fur!hermore, she "a!ches over
!he selec!ion o( memories and resis!s !heir dele!in2 removal. .r! is no! her leas! !ool, (or i!
2ives &ac* no! only !he no!ion &u! also !he emo!ion o( a memorial momen!, in !he
iden!i!arian rocess. Fine ar!s no! less !han !he servatriK poNsis o( Boccaccio are
media!in2 &e!"een lJgos and p8thos, &e!"een ra!ionali!y and sensi!iveness. 8n a ro&lema!ic
(ield li*e !ha! o( cul!ural iden!i!y, "e may even conclude, a 2ood (eelin2 is &e!!er !han any
alle2ed science. =i!hou! a &asic, mili!an! nos!al2ia, cri!icism may &e only an academic
e4ercise+ and a Moderni!y &orn as recovery o( a los! as! can collase in!o o&solescence.
8! is already &een said, "he!her "e consider !hem innova!in2 varian!s or mere coies
a(!er Hellenis!ic ori2inals, !hose $reco-1oman scul!ures descend (rom Hellenism more
!han (rom 'lassici!y. Pe!, i! is !o add, !here "as no real con!radic!ion &e!"een 'lassici!y and
Hellenism. .! !he mos!, !ha! "as a so(! caesura ra!her !han an an!i!he!ic (rac!ure, in !he
dialec!ic o( ancien! ar! )ho"ever, !he 2a>e o( Polyhymnia so di((ers (rom !hose o( !he
reno"ned 1iace Bron>es, s!ill (illed "i!h a shade o( es!ran2in2 archaism, as !o aear
,,
human, all !oo human0.
,6
8n a nearly oli!ical and ro2ressive "ay, Hellenism !rans(erred
an an!hroocen!ric aris!ocra!ic verisimili!ude and !he s!udied imression o( an ever las!in2
con!emoranei!y, (rom a divine or heroic lane !o a democra!ic choice and a hilan!hroic
!rea!men! o( i!s (avouri!e su&<ec!s. Thus, a lo(!y e4clusiveness o( &eau!y "as &ro*en. Lei!her
(ine ar!s shran* (rom reresen!in2 "ha! is u2ly, e4ce!ionally !hou2h and i( !here "ere
realis!ic and hilan!hroic reasons in so doin2, nor o&li2a!orily "as !his an a&asemen! (rom
an aulic or !ra2ic !o a vul2ar and !ri(lin2 or comic de2ree o( !he reresen!a!ion. 8n
hilosohical !erms, !ha! !imeless con!emoranei!y had &ecome an .ris!o!elian ac!uali!y.
8n o!her "ords or "i!h o!her ima2es , Polyhymnias 2a>e is !ha! o( ar!, as "ell as o(
a memory a&le !o remem&er (ar!her &ac* !han a &anal one. ;he does no! care a lo! o( "hich
is an ori2inal or "hich is ins!ead a coy+ ra!her, o( some!hin2 ori2inal in i!sel(. Lor is she
in!eres!ed in "ha! is !emorary or e4!emorary, &u! in "ha! mi2h! &e !imeless. ;he reminds
us o( ourselves, &eyond a !i2h! sel(ish hori>on. ?ven &e!!er !han !he childish and daemonic
Teleshorus lanternarius o( '. $. Run2, &y (ull ri2h! she may &e re2arded as an arche!yal
(i2ure (orerunnin2 some in!ui!ions o( a (ar-o(( Moderni!y. ;!ill she "as a minor 2oddess, &u!
i! had !o &e already clear !o sensi!ive individuals !ha! !he youn2es! o( !he Muses accordin2
!o !he Pseudo-.ollodorus in his Eibliotheca, 8 1Q "as also !he ersoni(ica!ion o( a
ro(ound sycholo2ical (orce. 8n !he oem Qasti &y Kvid,% V-7Q, she is even much more,
"hen 2ivin2 us an accoun! o( !he cosmic 2enesis. .l&ei! in a oe!ical (orm, i! mi2h! sound
illo2ical !ha! !he youn2es! o( !he nine divine sis!ers "as !old !o &e !he reosi!ory o( !he
oldes! memories in !he "orld. .! leas!, i! is ossi&le !ha! !he $ree* my!ho2raher and !he
3a!in oe! (ollo"ed discrean! !radi!ions. .! mos!, ro&a&ly !ha! has some!hin2 !o do "i!h
!he hilosohical my!h o( an e!ernal you!h, no! less !han o( an ever rene"ed consciousness.
,6 Be!"een !he 16
!h
and !he 1V
!h
cen!ury, even &e!!er !han in !he !heore!ical "or*s o( !he $erman
Rohann R. =inc*elmann, !he imor!ance o( !ransi!ions in !he his!ory o( ancien! ar! "as erceived
in !he rac!ical considera!ions o( a French oli!ician as !he Laoleonic Minis!er o( 8n!ernal
.((airs Rean-.n!oine 'ha!al. 8n 16-1, reservedly he "rio!e# Ta*en sin2ularly, !he o&<ec!s
comosin2 !he collec!ion o( %illa .l&ani Min 1omeN ossess a very di((eren! value. Pe! !he "hole
series ma*es remar*a&le !hose aearin2 less arecia&le, &ecause all !ha! assures a *no"led2e
o( !ransi!ions, con!ri&u!es !o !he ro2ress o( ar!s and sho"s !he measure o( !heir er(ec!ion. This
is !o e4lain, 'i!i>en M/u(ournyN, ho" much i! ma!!ers !ha! none o( such monumen!s is le(! !here
&y your researchers )Al cardinale Alessandro Albani e la sua villa. Documenti, uaderni sul
Leoclassico 7, 1ome# Bul>oni, 1V6-, . Q1S-Q17+ here, !ransla!ed (rom French0.
,Q
V 4pinario or Thorn-Puller# 'ai!oline Museums, Pala>>o dei
'onserva!ori, 1ome )de!ail0+ 'uid and Psyche, auc!ioned and sold
&y 'hris!ies, Le" Por*, on J Rune ,-1Q )de!ail0
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1- . very s!ran2e Resus-.in-Helios )he has also &een de(ined
Resus-.le4ander-Helios0# 'ivic .rchaeolo2ical 'ollec!ions, Milan+
head o( Polyhymnia, The Pensive Muse# 'ai!oline Museums,
'en!rale Mon!emar!ini, 1ome )&esides &ein2 ensive, here she loo*s
some"ha! erle4ed or ironically smilin2, no! "i!hou! any reason...0
Coyright ino0lasone1yahoo2%om 3456
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