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SoundPLAN AirPLANs
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2 | Comments
Results of air pollution calculations use a lot of disk space, making it impossible to create a small demo project with sensible in- and output for all the AirPLAN models and modules. Users want to save time, too, so they will also simplify project data. Our demo shows what SoundPLAN does, how to use it, and how to correctly simplify projects. Demo projects are stored on our FTP server with slides and a short project description and a summary of the results. Download projects and analyze how we have accomplished different tasks. Open SoundPLAN in the demo mode in order to have all air pollution modules available. In this mode you can do everything except store files. For more extensive investigations, order a temporary trial license from your local distributor. Distributor information is found at www.soundplan.com.
Will limit values be exceeded? is a difficult question to answer, even using a fine screening model for detailed analysis.
The answer yes or no requires evaluating the probability of error. This value can be estimated for measurement based validation calculations, but not for estimations based on freely defined scenarios. The answer yes is based on a specific overestimation, so it is reliable. No is not reliable. It requires either an alternate plan or refinement of input data and finer screening.
Can exceeded limits be excluded? is easily answered. A rough estimation is needed for a definitive no answer.
Rough screening for smoke stacks Which to use: Gauss flat, Austal2000 flat, or Austal2000 regarding terrain? When comparing results of a Gauss flat calculation (fig. 1) with an Austal2000 terrain regarding calculation (fig. 3), you probably expect to see big differences. Now calculate Austal2000 flat (fig. 2) and compare results again. You learn the big differences between fig. 1 and fig. 3 are not just a result of terrain effects, but are also determined by which calculation model was used. How can that be when the evaluation of both models is partly based on the same measured data? A statistical Gauss model uses a simplified plume shape, whereas the Lagrange model uses a wind field. Therefore, dont expect a Gauss model to calculate with Lagrange precision. In fig. 1, Gauss shows a high overestimation close to the source. This is easily explained because the models require a different number of calculation parameters. In other words, there are different assumptions made and built into the different models. Even though the Lagrange model is more sophisticated, it isnt always better. The more sophisticated a model, the more its sensitivity to errors! In fig. 2, the Austal2000 results show errors caused by too rough a wind classification which are completely hidden in the Gauss results. The results in fig. 3 show a high influence from the terrain, but dont show the terrain inclinations cross the boundaries of a diagnostic wind field nor do they show the wind statistics used do not fit the terrain model. To help determine which model to use, let yourself become the smoke stack. Envision the area around you and the anemometer position. With some background knowledge (and maybe some test calculations), you will quickly recognize if regarding terrain is important. In general, tall stacks arent affected by small undulation, but ground level sources will have an effect. Austal2000 is based on a diagnostic wind field. That's a problem when vertical dispersion is influenced by stalls. Stalls are outside the realm of a diagnostic wind fields and cause an interruption of the calculation. However, using Austal2000 with steeper slopes than allowed prevents a plume leaving a valley too early. Be aware that this exceptional use is a work-around which requires modeling experience to avoid Austal2000 terminating the calculation or computing a wrong wind field. It also requires experience to extract a reliable statement from the results! Rough screening for bypass roads: When compared to other model results, Gauss results greatly overestimate the first 30-50 m and show a moderate overestimation between 50-200 m. After 200 m the results can be underestimated, but limits aren't usually exceeded. Embankments cause turbulences. They also cause problems in modeling. This is because they are not mentioned by the Gauss model and their inclination is too steep for Austal2000. If the air is already well mixed at the first buildings in the model area, road embankments and single obstacles lose importance. Otherwise a prognostic wind field model should be used. Rough screening for animal farms: It is often appropriate to use Austal2000 rough screening for Farms near communities. This model includes a special smell evaluation. It is the standard used in Germany. In undulated terrain you need local wind statistics because the model does not process local thermals and cold air flows.
Gauss (TA Luft86) This model ignores buildings and has no entry to adjust the vertical exchange except the thermal effects represented by the Klug/Manier stability classes (which included a roughness effect in 2009). This seems a very rough approach to include buildings. The Gauss model does use a statistically derived plume shape, but cannot mention detailed local effects like other, more sophisticated model types. Therefore, Gauss results are best when the source is far above any roughness influence and the recipients are not too close to the stack. If there is a bypass road with noise barriers, approximate the situation by lifting the source to the barrier height. Remember, this is a rough approach! Release the emission at a height where a higher wind speed exists. This is not appropriate close to barriers because re-circulations are ignored, but farther away, the results are reliable. If more exact results are needed, use MISKAM to model the barrier. Austal2000 Austal2000 lets you choose to regard buildings or use a rough building effect. Without buildings, use roughness length and displacement height as parameters to adjust wind speed and ground turbulence. Unfavorable roughness length and displacement height uses one value for the entire area. As the highest influence of ground roughness is close to the source, you must especially examine the area close to the source in order to find an appropriate value. If you were to choose to regard buildings, you would add buildings to your calculation and reduce roughness length and displacement height to represent the roughness between the buildings. Austal2000 would then calculate a much more sophisticated wind field library, which might take days to complete. Therefore, it is wise to consider if an approach without buildings would be reliable enough! Also, remember that Austal2000, in combination with buildings, is limited to source heights between 1,2 and 1,7 times the average obstacle height and it does not support street canyons! Austal2000 is very useful for calculating smell from animal farms. Typically, there is a group of barns around the source, then a long distance of free terrain, and then more houses. For this situation it is usually OK to ignore the buildings because the focus is on the odor near the houses. Model the vertical exchange around the farm buildings by creating an emission box with an estimated vertical expansion to define the initial turbulent dispersion. Turbulences within the community have little influence on the concentrations because the air arrives already well mixed. The roughness length for such a calculation without buildings usually corresponds to the space between farm and community. MISKAM Because MISKAM is considered the best model, people often choose it, but then use a crudely rough grid without buildings because they cant spend time on modeling and calculation. This is nonsense and a misuse of MISKAM! MISKAM is a powerful, fine screening model for street canyons and hot spots. Don't misuse it for rough screening. It needs buildings to unfold its strength thats what it is made for and validated for! It requires an initial roughness length value for the space between buildings, which can be adjusted by adding local roughness areas if desired. Remember, the right model for the right situation equals correct results!
Buildings required
8 | Perspectives
Because of our extensive noise prognosis background, we developed synergy effects between air pollution tasks and noise prognosis tasks. All noise control software producers do this because many authorities require it. However, SoundPLAN does even more: We provide support for people working with air pollution prognosis full time! We continually search for and develop new ideas to compliment our air pollution suite. We are implementing a long list of SoundPLAN tools and have two interesting ideas for new models to interface or include in SoundPLAN.
Library Tools | 9
All air pollution modules implemented in SoundPLAN need wind statistics. SoundPLAN has a Meteorological Station Library. It is a user defined library to edit, store and classify measurement data. Its elements can be used with Gauss (TA Luft 86) and MISKAM. Austal2000 requires statistics in several allowed ASCIIformats, which are provided by the German weather services. Even if Austal2000 doesnt read SoundPLANs library, this tool is very useful to make the ASCII files visible or to export user data to the required file formats. To import free data formats, just arrange the columns in a spread sheet as required in the SoundPLAN library and copy them via clipboard to SoundPLAN.
Meteorological raw data SoundPLAN stores raw measurement data in a table. Data can be organized as time rows or as classified statistics. We have started implementing a set of tools to transform data, with a special focus on atmospheric stability classifications. You can already calculate Klug/Manier classes from cloud covering, transpose them from one station to another, convert to Monin/Obukhov length, etc. Version 7.1 will introduce filter options to analyze meteorological data and related time series of pollutant background measurement. Classified view To show data in a diagram, a temporary classification to sectors and wind speeds is needed. Use the settings for the graphics display and to create a new, classified raw data set. The diagram can be copied to the clipboard as Windows metafile (scalable vector graphics and text). You can paste it into the project documentation text. The classification is temporary. For calculations, SoundPLAN always uses the raw data table, but it takes only a click to create a new, really classified raw data set or an ASCII file for Austal2000.
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Wind classes [m/s] < 1,4 1,4 - 1,8 1,9 - 2,3 2,4 - 3,8 3,9 - 5,4 5,5 - 6,9 7,0 - 8,4 8,5 - 10,0 > 10,0
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Wind classes [m/s] < 1,4 1,4 - 1,8 1,9 - 2,3 2,4 - 3,8 3,9 - 5,4 5,5 - 6,9 7,0 - 8,4 8,5 - 10,0 > 10,0
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Sometimes it is necessary to correlate a meteorological time row with an emission time row. This procedure increases calculation time, so is only sensible for Gauss or Austal2000. Version 7.0 allows only an emission day histogram for Gauss calculations. Version 7.1 offers a sophisticated library concept with easily defined hourly emission variations for the whole year, with simple, periodically repeated day or week histograms. The sources will also support time dependent emission variables like volume stream and humidity, to support all Austal2000 time row functions.
Day histogram The basic definition is a set of day histograms, each with 24 separately defined hours. Week histogram There can be several typical weeks to regard seasonal differences of production cycles. Year histogram The year histogram links to week-histograms. SoundPLAN uses a reference date to know the week day for each date so you wont have to spend hours defining the periods, plus, you can insert single days which refer to different week histograms (include feast days, company holidays, etc.).
10 | Grid operations
After only a short time working with air pollution prognosis, you will notice that the simple calculation of immissions is not enough to get sensible results. The sources within a calculation model represent only a part of the whole emissions because other emissions are added from local sources or inflowing air. Plus, it is important to regard pollutants which are transformed during transport. This is not a problem for CO, because it becomes CO2 and mitigates the concentrations. NO, however, becomes NO2 and the concentrations increase within critical distances.
Add preload (initial pollution of inflowing air) Pollutants which come from distant regions are usually added to the immission maps as single values. This is sometimes not enough when working with maximum values. Neighboring emissions might influence the results in a close dependence to wind directions. A good approach for this would be to calculate the local pollutants with MISKAM and overlay the results with a Gauss (TA Luft 86) calculation. Use sources only one time, and remember that the roads in a MISKAM calculation end at the border of the outer area. Overlay sources to adjust scenarios If you have few sources, it is wise to start separate dispersion calculations for each source with one standard pollutant and standard emission and add the results afterwards. This avoids rerunning the dispersion calculation. Use various factors to adjust the emissions to compare different scenarios. Convert NO to NO2 Austal2000 and Gauss automatically transform NO into NO2 using a time dependent conversion rate. This is sensible for tall stacks with strong emissions. However, below the Urban Canopy Layer, NO converts differently. For traffic emissions, pollutant NOx should be calculated instead of NO and NO2. Include the NOx background into the conversion reaction, simulated by a post processing. In this case NOx should be emitted. There are several formulas which derive NO2 from NOx concentrations that calculate the transformation as a post process using grid operations. This allows the total NOx to be regarded, including the background pollution. This is the better way, especially for ground level sources like traffic. Remember, prognosis conversion formulas that dont normally have entry for radiation and ozone concentrations are empirically founded and probably cant be used worldwide. SoundPLANs functions are derived from German measurement campaigns. Find local studies with formulas that represent your investigation. If the formulas are too complex to insert into the grid operations, contact us for assistance. Remember, empirically derived formulas never fit single cases, but represent an entire year. A single case prediction would not only require information about solar radiation, temperature and all other pollutants in the air, but also information about short time correlations. It would be impossible to make such a detailed forecast!
Results | 11
Gauss (TA Luft 86) calculates single monitoring stations or grid results. AUSTAL2000 has an option for single point results, but SoundPLAN doesnt support the display. You receive only the original AUSTAL2000 protocol. MISKAM doesnt display single points. We recommend grid calculations because all immission values should regard neighbouring cells. We offer a huge number of display options for grids - more options than can be shown here. MISKAM is the only model that displays wind fields.
Contents:
The training includes the modules Gauss (TA Luft86), Austal2000 and MISKAM. Topics include:
Wind in Nature appearance and importance of large scale and local wind systems
Modeling Wind measurement and parameterization of wind characteristics plumes and wind fields
The training projects and presentation slides are available on DVD. All three training days are required to fully cover the topics. Attendance from first to last session is mandatory. If you want to discuss project data, send them klaus.wilhelm@soundplan.de beforehand with a description of the situation. Well look for ways to assist you with your particular projects. Sincerely, your B+B Team