UNIT-II Shunt Compensation

STATCOM
Switching converter type VAR Generators
Voltage source converters (or current source converters)
can produce reactive power without the use of reactive energy
storage components by circulating alternating current among
the phases of the ac system. (Similar to a synchronous m/c,
which is over-excited or under-excited to provide lagging or
leading VAR to the system).
Hence the name STATIC CONDENSER (STATCON) or
STATIC COMPENSATOR (STATCOM)
Reactive Power
Command
Three-phase
Transformer
Three-phase IGBT
Inverter
Firing Pulses
Control Circuit
Receiving end
V
r
I
V
s
V
Sending end
Basic configuration of STATCOM for reactive compensation
Simplified representation of STATCOM
Solid State DC-AC
Converter
System Busbar, B
V
b
I
dc
X
e
V
e
I
V
dc
Devices used in the converter are self commutating type.(IGBT)
The capacitor is used as the DC source. It is charged from the line
itself.
A transformer is used to raise the voltage to the bus level
The compensator supplies only the reactive power but not
active power.
Therefore there is no need for the DC source
As for as the compensator losses are concerned, they can be
drawn from the line itself
Why is a capacitor used instead of DC source?
The converters produce the required reactive current by establishing
circulating currents among the phases.
These reactive currents produce the VAR required
The circulating currents are established by the switching ON and OFF of the
devices at appropriate instants.
Principle of operation
V
b
is constant
V
e
is variable
V
b
and V
e
are in phase
Depending on the sign of (V
b
-V
e
) there
can be two modes
--Inductive operation
--Capacitive operation
V
b
Ve
C
transformer
converter
Line
jX
V V
I
e b
) (
=
I
Inductive operation
If V
b
> V
e
, and the V
e
is in phase
with V
b
then
and I lags V
b
The converter draws current
from the line
The current is in quadrature
with V
b
(lag)
The VAR produced is
inductive in nature
Vb
Ve
C
transformer
converter
Line
I
I
V
b
jX
e
I V
e
jX
V V
I
e b
) (
=
Inductive operation
Phasor representation of
inductive VAR generation.
When V
b
> V
e
, the current is
inductive and the
compensator absorbs
inductive VAR (QL)
V
b
V
e
I
inductive
V
b
V
e
I
Capacitive operation
If V
e
> V
b
, and the V
e
is in
phase with V
b
then
and I leads V
b
The converter
supplies current to
the line
The current is in
quadrature with V
b
The VAR produced is
capacitive in nature
V
b
V
e
I
V
e
V
b
I
I
V
b
j X
e
I
V
e
jX
V V
I
e b
) (
=
Capacitive operation
Phasor representation of
capacitive VAR generation
If Ve > Vb, the current is
capacitive and the VAR
generated is capacitive.(Q
C
)
V
b
Ve
I
Vb
I
V
e
I
V
b
jX
e
I V
e
I
V
b
j X
e
I
V
e
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION - no loss in VSC
Capacitive operation without loss
Inductive operation without loss
jX
e
I
Capacitive operation with loss component
V
b
o
V
e
I
Inductive operation with loss component
jX
e
I
V
b
o
V
e
I
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION considering
loss in VSC
Power exchange
Steady state power exchange only reactive power (ideal)
At AC terminal
V
e
>V
b
SupliesQ
V
e
<V
b
V
ac
AbsorbsQ
I
q
At DC terminal
I
dc
~0
+V
dc
V-I OPERATING AREA (ideal)
V
V
MAX
I
CMAX
I
LMAX
I
C
I
L
Real appearance of STATCOM in
power system
Typical STATCOMapplications:
Utilities with weak grid knots or fluctuating reactive loads.
Unbalanced loads
Arc furnaces
Wind farms
Wood chippers
Welding operations
Car crushers & shredders
Industrial mills
Mining shovels & hoists
Harbor cranes

Basic 6-Pulse, 2-level, Voltage-Source Converter
c
e
c
T
a2a2
DT
b2
a
b
e
e
a
i
a1
T
i
b
i
a1b1
DT
DT
b2c2
D
c2
dc
2
V
b1c1
DT
c1
D
dc
+
C
s
V
dc
i
dc
V
Hypothetical
neutral point
2
T
a
TDT
D
i
c
dc
i
a
b
i
i
b
c
i
i
dc
i
D
a1
a1
D
T
c1c2
D
c2
c1
b2
D
T
D
a2
a2
b1
a2
T
b1
D
b1
c1
T
D
T
T
a1
b2
b2
D
b2
c2
T
D
c2
ab
bc
ca
e
i
e
e
D
a1
e
a
b
c
e
e
a2
T
b1
T
c1
[c]
[b]
[a]
V
dc
V
dc
V
dc
Converter configurations for STATCOM
2, 3, 5-level, VSC Waveforms
v
dc
2
v
dc
2
+
v
dc
2
v
dc
2
e
out
v
dc
+
Neutral
(mid-) point
dc
+
v
e
out
- v
odc
+ v
dc
+
v
dc
dc
+
v
Neutral
(mid-) point
+
v
dc
dc
+
v
o
1
2
o
e
out
2
dc
v
dc
v
Converter configurations for STATCOM
STATCOM- Internal Control approaches
By controlling the output voltage of the STATCOM , we can
control the reactive power flow.
To control the output voltage two methods are commonly used.
Direct control & Indirect control
Direct control
Direct control The dc bus voltage is explicitly controlled and
is maintained constant and the ac output voltage is regulated
by employing pulse width modulation
Uses PWM techniques with an exclusive voltage control loop
for maintaining constant V
dc
Standard PWM techniques
Direct control scheme
Indirect control
The magnitude of the ac output voltage is directly
proportional to the capacitor voltage.
Because of this proportionality, the reactive power or current
can be controlled indirectly via controlling the capacitor
voltage and thereby the ac output voltage.
Indirect control the dc bus voltage is varied by drawing
appropriate charging/ discharging current (by advancing/
delaying the phase of V
e
wrt V
b
). Uses square/ quasi-square
wave output (no PWM)
Indirect control scheme
Indirect control scheme
Indirect control- Output voltage control
of a two-level VSC
e
o
v
oF
v(
o
o o
o
v
()
+oo
o
v
()
o o
+ * O = O
+oo
oo =
o
)
V
(
+sinet
)
V
=
o
oF
+o
()
sin oo
(
+
)
=
* O
vsin Vet
et
=
=
dc
et
v A
dc
dc
i
CC
t
(v+Av)
dc
dc nominal
v
dc
Av) (v-
et
v
1
dc
idt
f
(oo)
C
dc
i
et
o
(
V = v
oo
o
)
o
0
i
o
V v=
Many applications call for a different VAR generation and absorption
range . This can be achieved by combining the converter with either
fixed and/or thyristor switched capacitor and/or reactors.
For fast dynamic response, STATCOM or thyristor switched capacitor/
reactor or thyristor controlled reactors can be opted for whereas for
slower, long term steady state operation, manually switched units can
be utilised. Thus distribution of the net VAr burden is considered cost
effective.
The converter based var generator can generate or absorb the
same amount of maximum reactive power ; in other words it has
same control range for capacitive and inductive var output.
V
I
L
I
c
I
Scmax
I
SLmax
a) STATCOM
V
SYSTEM BUS
STATCOM
b) STATCOM WITH FIXED CAPACITOR
SYSTEM
BUS
V
COUPLING
TRANSFORMER
STATCOM
C
The combination of converter
based var generator with a fixed
capacitor can generate VARs in
excess of the rating of the
converter.
Shifting the operating range into
the capacitive region as illustrated
by the associated V-I
Characteristics
b) STATCOM WITH FIXED CAPACITOR..
V
I
L
I
c
I
Scmax
I
SLmax
I
cmax
I
c
V
V
m
ax
=
V
I
Scmax
+I
cmax
I
Scmax
I
SLmax
-I
cmax
I
SLmax
+
The combination of converter based
var generator with a fixed reactor can
generate VARs in excess of the rating
of the converter.
Shifting the operating range into the
inductive region as illustrated by the
associated V-I Characteristics as shown
STATCOM
Coupling Transformer
c) STATCOM WITH FIXED REACTOR
V
I
L
I
c
I
Scmax
I
SLmax
+
I
Lmax
I
c
V
V
max
=
V
I
Scmax
-I
Lmax
I
Scmax
I
SLmax
+I
Lmax
I
SLmax
c) STATCOM WITH FIXED REACTOR
Thus by combining STATCOM with Fixed Capacitor or Fixed
Reactor we can shift the operating range of converter based
var generator into more capacitive or more inductive region
without changing the amount of controllable MVARs .
The combination of converter based var generator
with a TCR and TSC is shown in figure.
By using the combination of converter based var
generator with a TCR and TSC we can increase the
total control range of VAR output.
The change in V-I Characteristics are clearly shown
in the figure.
Coupling Transformer
STATCOM
ISTATCOM
ITSC ITCR
V
I
L
I
c
I
Scmax
I
SLmax
I
Lmax
I
c
V
V
m
ax
I
Cmax
V
I
Scmax
+I
Cmax
I
Scmax
I
SLmax
+I
Lmax
I
SLmax
V
m
+
=
Faster Response since the converter can immediately provide
capacitive output before the TSCs could be switched in.
Reduced harmonics generation and the possible elimination of
filters since the converter can be designed to have a very low
harmonics generation. (TCR is the harmonic source in the SVC ).
Greater flexibility to optimize for loss evaluation criteria since the
surplus or shortage var (generation/absorption) of the converter
can be supplied by the TCR /TSC.
The generalized hybrid var generator scheme employing a
switching converter with TSCs ,TCRs and possibly fixed or
mechanically switched capacitor provides optimum loss versus var
output characteristics, performance and cost.
Extended V-I Characteristics with droop
I
c
I
L
I
Lmax 0
I
Cmax
Absorbing
(Lagging)
Supplying(
Leading)
STATCOM
voltage
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

l
i
m
i
t
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

l
i
m
i
t