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Chapter 19 Cardiovascular System: Heart

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Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components

Blood Vessels
Soft pipes of the cardiovascular system Arteries
carry blood away from the heart most (but not all) with oxygenated blood

Veins
carry blood back to the heart most (but not all) with deoxygenated blood

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Heart

Blood vessels

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components

Blood Vessels (continued)
Capillaries
sites of exchange between blood and air in lungs between blood and body cells Figure 19.1
Capillaries (exchange with air sacs) Vein (carries blood toward the heart) Artery (carries blood away from the heart)

Capillaries (exchange with cells)

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components

The Heart
Center of the cardiovascular system Hollow, four-chambered organ Composed of two pumps
one on the left side and one on the right

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components

The Heart (continued)
Right sided pump
receives deoxygenated blood from body pumps it to the lungs

Left sided pump

receives oxygenated blood from lungs pumps it to the body

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The Heart (continued)

Left atrium and right atrium
superior chambers for receiving blood
to lungs Right atrium

to body to lungs

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components

The Heart (continued)
The great vessels
transport blood directly to and from chambers continuous with each chamber pulmonary trunk, aorta, superior and inferior vena cava

Left atrium Left ventricle

Left ventricle and right ventricle

inferior chambers for pumping blood away receive blood from respective atria Figure 19.2a

Right ventricle

Right side

Left side

Pulmonary trunk
splits into pulmonary arteries receives deoxygenated blood from right ventricle

Two pumps Each pump has a receiving chamber (atrium) and a pumping chamber (ventricle). Right side: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs Left side: pumps oxygenated blood to the body

(a)

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Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components

The Heart (continued)
Aorta
receives oxygenated blood from left ventricle

Veins Superior vena cava (SVC) Pulmonary veins

Arteries Aorta Pulmonary trunk

Superior and inferior vena cava

drain deoxygenated blood into right atrium

Figure 19.2b
Inferior vena cava (IVC) Aorta

Pulmonary veins
drain oxygenated blood into left atrium
Great vessels Arteries (arterial trunks) transport blood away from the heart. Pulmonary trunk transports from right side Aorta transports from left side Veins transport blood toward the heart Vena cavae (SVC and IVC) drain into right side Pulmonary veins drain into left side

(b)

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components

The Heart (continued)
Two sets of valves located within the heart
atrioventricular valves semilunar valves

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components

The Heart (continued)
Atrioventricular valves
between atrium and ventricle of each side right AV valve, tricuspid
located between right atrium and right ventricle

left AV valve, bicuspid, or mitral

located between left atrium and left ventricle

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Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components

The Heart (continued)
Semilunar valves
boundary between ventricle and arterial trunk open to allow blood to flow through heart close to prevent backflow pulmonary semilunar valve
located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Aortic semilunar valve

Right AV valve

Left AV valve

Figure 19.2c

Valves Heart valves prevent backflow to ensure one-way blood flow. Atrioventricular (AV) valves (i.e., right AV valve and left AV valve) are between atrium and ventricle Semilunar valves (i.e., pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve) are between ventricle and arterial trunk

aortic semilunar valve

located between left ventricle and the aorta

(c)

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components

Circulation Routes
Heart blood vessels and two heart pumps
arranged in two circuits pulmonary and systemic circulation

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components

Circulation Routes (continued)
Systemic circulation
moves oxygenated blood from left side of heart moves through vessels to systemic cells exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes returns blood in vessels to right side of heart

Pulmonary circulation
carries deoxygenated blood from right side of heart goes through blood vessels to the lungs pick up of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide back through vessels to left side of heart

Basic pattern
right heart lungs left heart systemic tissues right heart

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Systemic circulation

Systemic cells

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components

Circulation Routes (continued)
Lung

Lung

Ventricular balance
equal amounts of blood pumped by two ventricles if sustained pumping in unequal amounts
edema (swelling) may result excess fluid in interstitial space or within cells

Figure 19.3

Pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary circulation

Right side
Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated blood Gas exchange

3 Left side Basic pattern of blood flow

See Table 19.1: Blood Flow Through the Heart

Heart

1 Right side of heart 2 Lungs 3 Left side of heart 4 Systemic cells

4 Systemic cells Systemic circulation

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(b) Systemic Circulation

Transports blood from the left side of the heart to the systemic cells of the body for nutrient and gas exchange, and back to the right side of the heart

(a) Pulmonary Circulation

Transports blood from the right side of the heart to the alveoli of the lungs for gas exchange and back to the left side of the heart
Systemic capillaries of head, neck, and upper limbs

Figure 19.4a

Pulmonary capillaries of right lung Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery

Pulmonary capillaries of left lung

Systemic v eins

Figure 19.4b
8 Aorta Superior v ena cava (SVC)

Systemic arteries

Superior v ena cava (SVC)

Pulmonary trunk 5 Left atrium 7

Left atrium Left AV v alv e

8 1 Right pulmonary v eins Right atrium 2 Right AV v alv e Right v entricle

9 4 8

Right atrium 9 4 Left pulmonary v eins 2

Blood flow through pulmonary circulation 3 1 Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the v ena cavae (SVC and IVC) and coronary sinus (not show n). Blood passes through the right AV v alve (tricuspid v alve). Blood enters the right v entricle. Blood passes through the pulmonary semilunar v alve. Blood enters the pulmonary trunk. Blood continues through the right and left pulmonary arteries to both lungs. Blood enters pulmonary capillaries of both lungs for gas exchange. Oxygenated blood exits the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs and returns to the heart by right and left pulmonary v eins. Blood enters the left atrium of the heart.

Blood flow through systemic circulation

3 Left v entricle

1 Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium. 2 Blood passes through the left AV v alve (bicuspid or mitral v alve). 3 Blood enters the left v entricle. 4 Blood passes through aortic semilunar v alve. 5 Blood enters the aorta. 6 Blood is distributed by the systemic arteries. 7 Blood enters systemic capillaries for nutrient and gas exchange. 8 Deoxygenated blood exits systemic capillaries and returns to the heart by systemic v eins that ultimately drain into the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus (not show n). 9 Blood enters right atrium. Systemic v eins Systemic capillaries of trunk and low er limbs 8 Systemic arteries Inferior v ena cava (IVC) Aortic semilunar v alve 6

Inferior v ena cava (IVC)

2 Pulmonary semilunar v alve 3 4

5 6

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components Arteries and veins carry blood in what direction to and from the heart?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood back to the heart.

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components Trace the path of blood through the heart, starting at the right atrium, including valves and vessels.

Assignment #2

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System: Overview of Components

Clinical View: Systemic and Pulmonary Edema
Edema, swelling Systemic edema
may occur if right ventricle impaired more blood remaining in systemic circulation additional fluid entering interstitial space

Location of the Heart and the Pericardium: Heart

Heart location
Posterior to sternum left of body midline Between the lungs in the mediastinum Right side located more anteriorly Left side located more posteriorly Base, posterosuperior surface Apex, inferior, conical end
projects slightly anteroinferiorly toward left side of body

Pulmonary edema
may occur if left ventricle impaired more blood remaining in pulmonary circulation swelling and fluid accumulation in the lungs breathing difficulties and impaired gas exchange

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Figure 19.5a

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Figure 19.5b
Mediastinum Right lung Sternum Left lung 2nd rib

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Posterior

Left atrium Right atrium Right ventricle Apex of heart

Thoracic vertebra Aortic arch (cut) Heart (in mediastinum) Sternum

Right lung

Left lung

Left ventricle

Diaphragm

Anterior (b) Cross-sectional view

(a) Position of the heart in the thoracic cavity

Location of the Heart and the Pericardium: Characteristics of the Pericardium

Pericardium
Encloses heart Pericardial sac, outermost covering
double-layered fibroserous sac outer portion, tough connective tissue
fibrous pericardium attached to diaphragm and base of aorta and pulmonary trunk restricts heart movement and prevents heart from overfilling

Location of the Heart and the Pericardium: Characteristics of the Pericardium

Pericardium (continued)
Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)
second serous membrane tightly adheres to heart continuous with parietal layer of pericardium both attaching to arterial trunks

Pericardial cavity
potential space between parietal and visceral layers serous fluid facilitating frictionless heart movement

inner portion, thin serous membrane

parietal layer of serous pericardium

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Fibrous pericardium Parietal layer of serous pericardium Pericardial cavity (contains serous fluid) Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)

Location of the Heart and the Pericardium: Characteristics of the Pericardium

Clinical View: Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium Caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi Increased capillary permeability
fluid accumulation in pericardial cavity becomes real space as it fills with fluid may restrict hearts movement and keep chambers from filling results in cardiac tamponade, heart unable to pump

Figure 19.6

Fibrous pericardium Parietal layer of serous pericardium Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium) Pericardial sac

Friction rub
crackling sound heard with stethoscope as pericardial layers rub

Diaphragm