This article is about the European country. For other uses, see Norway (disambiguation). "Noruega" redirects here.

It is not to be confused with Noriega.

Kingdom of Norway Kongeriket Norge (Norwegian o!m"l) Kongeriket Noreg (Norwegian Nynors!)

Flag

#oat of arms

Motto: Royal: "$lt for Norge" "$ll for Norway"

1814 Eidsvoll oath: "Enig og tro til %o&re faller"

"'nited and loyal until the mountains of %o&re crumble"

Anthem: Ja, vi elsker dette landet (de facto) Yes, we love this country

(enu

)*))

Royal anthem: Kongesangen

The King's Song

+ocation of Norway (dar! green) in Europe (dar! grey) , -+egend.

Capital and largest city Offi ial lang!ages 8ecognised regional languages

/slo
012034N 5)2654E

Norwegian ( o!m"l 7 Nynors!)

Northern 9ami +ule 9ami :&en 9outhern 9ami ;3< Norwegians-5. 5.=< 9ami->. Forest Finns :&ens 8omani ?ews 5>< other-5.

Ethni gro!ps

"emonym #overnment @ (onarch @ Crime (inister @ Cresident of the Storting @ #hief ?ustice $egislat!re @ 'nification @ #onstitution

Norwegian 'nitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Aarald B Erna 9olberg /laf (ichael Thommessen Tore 9chei Storting %ormation ;D> 5D (ay 5;56

@ %issolution of union with 9weden @ 8estoration from Eerman occupation @ Total @ Gater (<) @ >)5= census @ %ensity #"& (CCC) @ Total @ Cer capita #"& (nominal) @ Total @ Cer capita #ini (>)55) '"( (>)5=) C!rren y *ime +one @ 9ummer (%9T) "ate format "rives on the Calling ode (,O -1.. ode (nternet *$"
a.

D ?une 51)0 ; (ay 5160 Area =;0,5D;-=. !m> (35sta) 56;,D5; sF mi 0.>b &op!lation 0,5=3,D))-6. 50.07!m> (>5=th) =07sF mi >)5= estimate H>;>.5D6 billion-0. (63th) H00,=1;-0. (6th) >)5= estimate H050.;=> billion-0. (>>nd) H5)5,>D5-0. (=rd) >>.=-3. low ).100-D. &ery high ) 5st Norwegian !rone (NOK) #ET ('T#I5) #E9T ('T#I>) dd.mm.yyyy right I6D N/ .noc

Includes 9&albard and ?an (ayen. (Githout these two areas, the area of Norway is =>=,;)> !m>, placing it 3Dth in the world.-;.)

b.

This percentage is for the mainland, 9&albard, and ?an (ayen. This percentage counts glaciers as "land". ItJs calculated as 51,16).567(=30,>63.5DI51,16).56). -=.

c.

Two more T+%s ha&e been assigned, but are not used* .sK for 9&albard and ?an (ayenL .b& for ou&et Island.

Norway ( i7nrwe7L Norwegian* Norge ( o!m"l) or Noreg (Nynors!)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a 9candina&ian unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the 9candina&ian Ceninsula, ?an (ayen, the $rctic archipelago of 9&albard, and the sub@$ntarctic

ou&et Island.-note 5. Norway has a total area of =;0,>0> sFuare !ilometres (56;,D6D sF mi) and a population of a little abo&e 0 million.-5). It is the >nd least densely populated country in Europe. The country shares a long eastern border with 9weden (5,351 !m or 5,))3 mi long), which is the longest uninterrupted border within both 9candina&ia M Europe at large. Norway is bordered by Finland and 8ussia to the north@east, and the 9!agerra! 9trait to the south, with %enmar! on the other side. It shares maritime borders with 8ussia by the arents 9eaL Ereenland, the Faroe Islands, and Iceland by the Norwegian 9eaL and 9weden, %enmar!, and the 'nited :ingdom by the North 9ea. NorwayJs eNtensi&e coastline, facing the North $tlantic /cean and the arents 9ea, is laced with fKords, a renowned part of its landscape. The capital city /slo is the largest in the nation, with a population of 30) thousand. Norway has eNtensi&e reser&es of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, fresh water, and hydropower. Two centuries of Bi!ing raids to southern and western areas tapered off following the adoption of #hristianity in $% 116. Norway eNpanded its control o&erseas to parts of ritain, Ireland, Iceland, and Ereenland. Norwegian power pea!ed in 5>30, but competition from the Aanseatic +eague and the spread of the lac! %eath wea!ened the country. In 5=;), Norway was absorbed into a union with %enmar! that lasted more than four centuries. In 5;56, Norwegians resisted the cession of their country to 9weden and adopted a constitution. 9weden went to war with Norway but agreed to let Norway !eep its constitution in return for accepting the union under a 9wedish !ing. +ater Norway demanded independence, which it gained in a referendum in 51)0. Norway remained neutral in Gorld Gar I. %espite its declaration of neutrality in Gorld Gar II, Norway was occupied for 0 years by forces of NaOi Eermany. In 5161 it abandoned neutrality, becoming a founding member of N$T/. %isco&ery of oil in adKacent waters in the late 513)s boosted NorwayJs economic fortunes. The country maintains a welfare model with uni&ersal health care, subsidised higher education, and a comprehensi&e social security system. :ey domestic issues include maintaining the countryJs eNtensi&e social safety net with an aging population and preser&ing economic competiti&eness.->.-55. The petroleum industry accounts for around a Fuarter of the countryJs gross domestic product.-5>. :ing Aarald B is NorwayJs head of state and Erna 9olberg became Crime (inister on 53 /ctober >)5=, replacing ?ens 9toltenberg, and the go&ernment made a shift from being a labour to a conser&ati&e go&ernment. It has administrati&e subdi&isions on two le&els, !nown as counties (fyl!e) and municipalities (!ommuner). The 9Pmi people ha&e a certain amount of self@determination and influence o&er traditional territories through the 9Pmi Carliament and the Finnmar! $ct. Norway maintains close ties with the European 'nion and its member countries (despite reKecting full E' membership in two referenda), as well as with the 'nited 9tates. Norway participates with 'nited Nations forces in international missions, notably in $fghanistan, :oso&o, 9udan, and +ibya. Norway is a founding member of the 'nited Nations, N$T/, the #ouncil of Europe, and the Nordic #ouncilL a member of the

European Economic $rea, the GT/ and the /E#%L and is also a part of the 9chengen $rea. The country has the fourth@highest per capita income in the world on the Gorld an! and I(F lists, as well as ninth@highest on a more comprehensi&e #I$ list. /n a per@ capita basis, it is the worldJs largest producer of oil and natural gas outside the (iddle East,-5=.-56. From >))5 to >))3,-50. and then again from >))1 to >)5>, Norway had the highest Auman %e&elopment IndeN ran!ing in the world.-53.-5D.-5;. Norway has also topped the +egatum Crosperity IndeN for the last fi&e years.-51. The /E#% ran!s Norway third in social mobility and fourth on the >)5= eFualiOed etter +ife IndeN ->). ->5. From >)5) to >)5>, Norway was classified as the most democratic country by the %emocracy IndeN.->>.->=.->6.

Contents

5 Etymology > Aistory o >.5 Crehistory o >.> ronOe $ge o >.= Iron $ge o >.6 (igration $ge o >.0 Bi!ing $ge o >.3 :almar 'nion o >.D 'nion with %enmar! o >.; 'nion with 9weden o >.1 Independence o >.5) Gorld Gar I and II o >.55 Cost@war history = Eeography o =.5 #limate o =.> iodi&ersity o =.= En&ironment 6 Colitics and go&ernment o 6.5 $dministrati&e di&isions o 6.> ?udicial system and law enforcement o 6.= Foreign relations o 6.6 (ilitary 0 Economy o 0.5 8esources 0.5.5 /il fields o 0.> Transport 3 %emographics o 3.5 (igration

3.5.5 Emigration 3.5.> Immigration o 3.> 8eligion o 3.= +argest cities of Norway o 3.6 Education o 3.0 +anguages D #ulture o D.5 #inema o D.> (usic o D.= +iterature o D.6 8esearch o D.0 $rchitecture o D.3 $rt o D.D #uisine o D.; 9port ; 9ee also 1 Notes 5) 8eferences 55 ENternal lin!s

Etymology
Etymologists belie&e the countryJs name means "the northward route" (the "way north" or the "north way"), which in /ld Norse would ha&e been nor veg or Qnor vegr. The /ld Norse name for Norway was Nregr, the $nglo@9aNon Nor weg and mediae&al +atin Northvegia. The official name of the :ingdom of Norway in o!m"l is ":ongeri!et Norge", while in Nynors! it is ":ongeri!et Noreg", both only a couple of letters remo&ed from the original "northern way"* Nor d!" v!eg. $round ;1) $%, /hthere of A"logaland distinguished "Norwegians" ("nordmenn", the people of Nor&egr) from 9ami people and %anes. Ghile he identified the 9ami people by their nomadic way of life, %anes he identified geographically or politically. $ccording to /hthere, "%anes" dominated 9!agerra! and :attegat, the bodies of water separating present day %enmar! from the 9candina&ian peninsula. "Norwegians" on the other hand li&ed on the North 9ea and $tlantic coasts, and were connected to the islands of the North $tlantic. /hthereJs Norway co&ered a much smaller area than present day Norway.->0.

'istory
(ain articles* Aistory of Norway and Aistory of 9candina&ia

&rehistory
(ain article* 9candina&ian prehistory

Nordic ronOe $ge roc! car&ings at 9tein!Ker, #entral Norway The first inhabitants were the $hrensburg culture (55th to 5)th millennia #), which was a late 'pper Caleolithic culture during the Rounger %ryas, the last spell of cold at the end of the Geichsel glaciation. The culture is named after the &illage of $hrensburg, >0 !m (50.0= mi) north@east of Aamburg in the Eerman state of 9chleswig@Aolstein, where wooden arrow shafts and clubs ha&e been eNca&ated.->3. The earliest traces of human occupation in Norway are found along the coast, where the huge ice shelf of the last ice age first melted between 55,))) and ;,))) #. The oldest finds are stone tools dating from 1,0)) to 3,))) #, disco&ered in Finnmar! (:omsa culture) in the north and 8ogaland (Fosna culture) in the south@west. Aowe&er, theories about two altogether different cultures (the :omsa culture north of the $rctic #ircle being one and the Fosna culture from TrSndelag to /slo FKord being the other) were rendered obsolete in the 51D)s. (ore recent finds along the entire coast re&ealed to archaeologists that the difference between the two can simply be ascribed to different types of tools and not to different cultures. #oastal fauna pro&ided a means of li&elihood for fishermen and hunters, who may ha&e made their way along the southern coast about 5),))) # when the interior was still co&ered with ice. It is now thought that these so@called "$rctic" peoples came from the south and followed the coast northward considerably later. 9ome may ha&e come along the ice@free coast of the :ola Ceninsula, but the e&idence of this is still poor.

$pproNimate eNtent of the #orded Gare culture In the southern part of the country are dwelling sites dating from about 0,))) #. Finds from these sites gi&e a clearer idea of the life of the hunting and fishing peoples. The implements &ary in shape and mostly are made of different !inds of stoneL those of later periods are more s!ilfully made. 8oc! car&ings (i.e. petroglyphs) ha&e been found, usually near hunting and fishing grounds. They represent game such as deer, reindeer, el!, bears, birds, seals, whales, and fish (especially salmon and halibut), all of which were &ital to the way of life of the coastal peoples. The car&ings at $lta in Finnmar!, the largest in 9candina&ia, were made at sea le&el continuously from 6,>)) to 0)) # and mar! the progression of the land as it rose from the sea after the last ice age (8oc! car&ings at $lta).

/ron+e Age
(ain article* Nordic ronOe $ge

+ocations of the Eermanic tribes described by ?ordanes in Norway

9TbS sword from 9TbS, Aordaland (;)) $%) etween =))) and >0)) # new settlers (#orded Gare culture) arri&ed in eastern Norway. They were Indo@European farmers who grew grain and !ept cows and sheep. The hunting@fishing population of the west coast was also gradually replaced by farmers, though hunting and fishing remained useful secondary means of li&elihood. From about 50)) # bronOe was gradually introduced, but the use of stone implements continuedL Norway had few riches to barter for bronOe goods, and the few finds consist mostly of elaborate weapons and brooches that only chieftains could afford. Auge burial cairns built close to the sea as far north as Aarstad and also inland in the south are characteristic of this period. The motifs of the roc! car&ings differ from those typical of the 9tone $ge. 8epresentations of the 9un, animals, trees, weapons, ships, and people are all strongly stylised.

(ron Age
(ain article* Cre@8oman Iron $ge +ittle has been found dating from the early Iron $ge (the last 0)) years #). The dead were cremated, and their gra&es contain few burial goods. %uring the first four centuries $% the people of Norway were in contact with 8oman@occupied Eaul. $bout D) 8oman bronOe cauldrons, often used as burial urns, ha&e been found. #ontact with the ci&ilised countries farther south brought a !nowledge of runesL the oldest !nown Norwegian runic inscription dates from the =rd century. $t this time the

amount of settled area in the country increased, a de&elopment that can be traced by coordinated studies of topography, archaeology, and place@names. The oldest root names, such as nes, &i!, and bS ("cape," "bay," and "farm"), are of great antiFuity, dating perhaps from the ronOe $ge, whereas the earliest of the groups of compound names with the suffiNes &in ("meadow") or heim ("settlement"), as in Korg&in ( ergen) or 9aeheim (9eim), usually date from the 5st century $%.

Migration Age
(ain article* (igration $ge The destruction of the Gestern 8oman Empire by the Eermanic tribes (0th century) is characterised by rich finds, including chieftainsJ gra&es containing magnificent weapons and gold obKects. Aill forts were built on precipitous roc!s for defence. ENca&ation has re&ealed stone foundations of farmhouses 5; to >D metres (3) to 1) feet) longUone e&en 63 metres (50) feet) longUthe roofs of which were supported on wooden posts. These houses were family homesteads where se&eral generations li&ed together, with people and cattle under one roof. From this period and later (3)), ;))), nascent communities can be traced. %efense wor!s reFuire co@operation and leadership, so petty states of some !ind with a defence and administrati&e organisation must ha&e eNisted. These states were based on either clans or tribes (e.g., the Aorder of Aordaland in western Norway). y the 1th century each of these small states had things, or tings (local or regional assemblies), for negotiating and settling disputes. The thing meeting places, each e&entually with a horg (open@air sanctuary) or a ho& (templeL literally "hill"), were usually situated on the oldest and best farms, which belonged to the chieftains and wealthiest farmers. The regional things united to form e&en larger units* assemblies of deputy yeomen from se&eral regions. In this way, the lagting (assemblies for negotiations and lawma!ing) de&eloped. The Eulating had its meeting place by 9ognefKord and may ha&e been the centre of an aristocratic confederation along the western fKords and islands called the Eulatingslag. The Frostating was the assembly for the leaders in the TrondheimsfKord areaL the earls ?arls of +ade, near Trondheim, seem to ha&e enlarged the Frostatingslag by adding the coastland from 8omsdalsfKord to the +ofoten Islands. $ lagting de&eloped in the area of +a!e (KSsa in the east and e&entually established its meeting place at Eids&oll, becoming !nown as the Eidsi&ating. The area around /slofKord, although at times closely tied to %enmar!, de&eloped a lagtingUwith its meeting place at 9arpsborg called the orgarting.

0i1ing Age
(ain article* Bi!ing $ge

The helmet found at EKermundbu near Aaugsbygd, us!erud, is the only Bi!ing $ge helmet that has been found.

The Eo!stad ship at the Bi!ing 9hip (useum in /slo, Norway

The Norwegian :ingdom at its greatest eNtent, c. 5>30 The Bi!ing $ge was characterised by eNpansion and emigration by Bi!ing seafarers. $ccording to tradition, Aarald Fairhair (Aarald A"rfagre) unified them into one in ;D> after the attle of AafrsfKord in 9ta&anger, thus becoming the first !ing of a united Norway. (The date of ;D> may be somewhat arbitrary. In fact, the actual date may be Kust prior to 1))).->D. AaraldJs realm was mainly a 9outh Norwegian coastal state. Aarald Fairhair ruled with a strong hand and, according to the sagas, many Norwegians left the country to li&e in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Ereenland, and parts

of ritain and Ireland. The modern@day Irish cities of %ublin, +imeric! and Gaterford were founded by Norwegian settlers.->;. Norse traditions were slowly replaced by #hristian ones in the 5)th and 55th centuries. This is largely attributed to the missionary !ings /la& Trygg&asson and 9t. /la&. Aaa!on the Eood was NorwayJs first #hristian !ing, in the mid@5)th century, though his attempt to introduce the religion was reKected. orn sometime in between 13=,131, /la& Trygg&asson set off raiding in England with =1) ships. Ae attac!ed +ondon during this raiding. $rri&ing bac! in Norway in 110, /la& landed in (oster.->1. There he built a church which became the first #hristian church e&er built in Norway.->1. From (oster, /la& sailed north to Trondheim where he was acclaimed :ing of Norway by the Eyrathing in 110.
->1.

Feudalism ne&er really de&eloped in Norway and 9weden, as it did in the rest of Europe.-=). Aowe&er, the administration of go&ernment too! on a &ery conser&ati&e feudal character.-=). The Aanseatic +eague forced the royalty to cede to them greater and greater concessions o&er foreign trade and the economy.-=). The +eague had this hold o&er the royalty because of the loans the Aansa had made to the royalty and the large debt the !ings were carrying.-=). The +eagueJs monopolistic control o&er the economy of Norway put pressure on all classes, especially the peasantry, to the degree that no real burgher class eNisted in Norway.-=).

Kalmar 2nion
(ain article* :almar 'nion 'pon the death of Aaa!on B, :ing of Norway, in 5=51, (agnus Eri!son, at Kust three years old, inherited the throne as :ing (agnus BII of Norway.-=5. $t the same time a mo&ement to ma!e (agnus :ing of 9weden pro&ed successful.-=5. ($t this time both the !ings of 9weden and of %enmar! were elected to the throne by their respecti&e nobles.)-=5. Thus, with his election to the throne of 9weden, both 9weden and Norway were united under :ing (agnus BII.-=5. In 5=61, the lac! %eath radically altered Norway, !illing between 0)< and 3)< of its population-=>. and lea&ing it in a period of social and economic decline.-==. The plague left Norway &ery poor.-=6. $lthough the death rate was comparable with the rest of Europe, economic reco&ery too! much longer because of the small, scattered population.-==. efore the plague, the population was only about 0)),))) people.-=0. $fter the plague, many farms lay idle while the population slowly increased.-==. The few sur&i&ing farmsJ tenants found their bargaining positions with their landlords greatly strengthened.-==.

:almar 'nion c. 50)) $% :ing (agnus BII ruled Norway until 5=0), when his son, Aaa!on, was placed on the throne as Aaa!on BI.-=3. In 5=3=, Aaa!on BI married (argaret, the daughter of :ing Baldemar IB of %enmar!.-==. 'pon the death of Aaa!on BI, in 5=D1, his son, /laf IB, was only 5) years old.-==. /laf had already been elected to the throne of %enmar! on = (ay 5=D3.-==. Thus, upon /lafJs accession to the throne of Norway, %enmar! and Norway entered personal union.-=D. /lafJs mother and Aaa!onJs widow, Vueen (argaret, managed the foreign affairs of %enmar! and Norway during the minority of /laf IB.-==. (argaret was wor!ing toward a union of 9weden with %enmar! and Norway by ha&ing /laf elected to the 9wedish throne. 9he was on the &erge of achie&ing this goal when /laf IB suddenly died.-==. Aowe&er, %enmar! made (argaret temporary ruler upon the death of /laf. /n > February 5=;; Norway followed suit and crowned (argaret.-==. Vueen (argaret !new that her power would be more secure if she were able to find a !ing to rule in her place. 9he settled on Eric of Comerania, grandson of her sister. Thus at an all@9candina&ian meeting held at :almar, Eri! of Comerania was crowned !ing of all three 9candina&ian countries. Thus, royal politics resulted in personal unions between the Nordic countries, e&entually bringing the thrones of Norway, %enmar!, and 9weden under the control of Vueen (argaret when the country entered into the :almar 'nion.

2nion with "enmar1

(ain article* %enmar!,Norway

The attle of the 9ound between an allied %ano@Norwegian,%utch fleet and the 9wedish na&y, >1 /ctober 530;.

$fter 9weden bro!e out of the :almar 'nion in 50>5, Norway tried to follow suit, but the ensuing rebellion was defeated, and Norway remained in a union with %enmar! until 5;56, a total of 6=3 years. %uring the national romanticism of the 51th century, this period was by some referred to as the "6))@Rear Night", since all of the !ingdomJs royal, intellectual, and administrati&e power was centred in #openhagen in %enmar!. In fact, it was a period of great prosperity and progress for Norway, especially in terms of shipping and foreign trade, and it also secured the countryJs re&i&al from the demographic catastrophe it suffered in the lac! %eath. ased on the respecti&e natural resources, %enmar!,Norway was in fact a &ery good match, since %enmar! supported NorwayJs needs for grain and food supplies, and Norway supplied %enmar! with timber, metal, and fish. Gith the introduction of Crotestantism in 50=3, the archbishopric in Trondheim was dissol&ed, and Norway lost its independence, and effectually became a tributary to %enmar!. The #hurchJs incomes and possessions were instead redirected to the court in #openhagen. Norway lost the steady stream of pilgrims to the relics of 9t. /la& at the Nidaros shrine, and with them, much of the contact with cultural and economic life in the rest of Europe. E&entually restored as a !ingdom (albeit in legislati&e union with %enmar!) in 5335, Norway saw its land area decrease in the 5Dth century with the loss of the pro&inces "huslen, ?emtland, and AerKedalen to 9weden, as the result of a number of disastrous wars with 9weden. In the north, howe&er, its territory was increased by the acFuisition of the northern pro&inces of Troms and Finnmar!, at the eNpense of 9weden and 8ussia. The famine of 5310,13 !illed roughly 5)< of NorwayJs population.-=;. $t least nine se&ere har&est failures were recorded in the 9candina&ian countries between 5D6) and 5;)), each resulting in a substantial rise of the death rate.-=1.

2nion with ,weden

(ain article* 'nion between 9weden and Norway

The 5;56 constitutional assembly, painted by /scar Gergeland

$fter %enmar!,Norway was attac!ed by the 'nited :ingdom at the attle of #openhagen, it entered into an alliance with Napoleon, with the war leading to dire conditions and mass star&ation in 5;5>. $s the %anish !ingdom found itself on the losing side in 5;56, it was forced, under terms of the Treaty of :iel, to cede Norway to the !ing of 9weden, while the old Norwegian pro&inces of Iceland, Ereenland, and the Faroe Islands remained with the %anish crown.-6). Norway too! this opportunity to declare independence, adopted a constitution based on $merican and French models, and elected the #rown Crince of %enmar! and Norway, #hristian Frederic!, as !ing on 5D (ay 5;56. This is the famous 9yttende (ai (9e&enteenth of (ay) holiday celebrated by Norwegians and Norwegian@ $mericans ali!e. Syttende #ai is also called Norwegian $onstitution %ay. Norwegian opposition to the great powersJ decision to lin! Norway with 9weden caused the Norwegian@9wedish Gar to brea! out as 9weden tried to subdue Norway by military means. $s 9wedenJs military was not strong enough to defeat the Norwegian forces outright and NorwayJs treasury was not large enough to support a protracted war, and as ritish and 8ussian na&ies bloc!aded the Norwegian coast,-65. the belligerents were forced to negotiate the #on&ention of (oss. $ccording to the terms of the con&ention, #hristian Frederi! abdicated the Norwegian throne and authorised the Carliament of Norway to ma!e the necessary constitutional amendments to allow for the personal union that Norway was forced to accept. /n 6 No&ember 5;56 the Carliament (9torting) elected #harles WIII of 9weden as !ing of Norway, thereby establishing the union with 9weden.-6>. 'nder this arrangement, Norway !ept its liberal constitution and its own independent institutions, eNcept for the foreign ser&ice. Following the recession caused by the Napoleonic Gars, economic de&elopment of Norway remained slow until economic growth began around 5;=).-6=. This period also saw the rise of the Norwegian romantic nationalism, as Norwegians sought to define and eNpress a distinct national character. The mo&ement co&ered all branches of culture, including literature (Aenri! Gergeland -5;);,5;60., KSrnstKerne KSrnson -5;=>,515)., Ceter #hristen $sbKSrnsen -5;5>,5;60., ?Srgen (oe -5;5=, 5;;>.), painting (Aans Eude -5;>0,51)=., $dolph Tidemand -5;56,5;D3.), music (Ed&ard Erieg -5;6=,51)D.), and e&en language policy, where attempts to define a nati&e written language for Norway led to todayJs two official written forms for Norwegian* o!m"l and Nynors!. :ing #harles III ?ohn, who came to the throne of Norway and 9weden in 5;5;, was the second !ing following NorwayJs brea! from %enmar! and the union with 9weden. #harles ?ohn was a compleN man whose long reign eNtended to 5;66. Ae protected the constitution and liberties of Norway and 9weden during the age of (etternich. $s such, he was regarded as a liberal monarch for that age. Aowe&er, he was ruthless in his use of paid informers, the secret police and restrictions on the freedom of the press

to put down public mo&ements for reformUespecially the Norwegian national independence mo&ement.-66.

Aar&esting of oats in ?Slster, c. 5;1). &hoto' ()el *indahl+Norwegian #useu, of $ultural -istory! The 8omantic Era that followed the reign of :ing #harles III ?ohn brought some significant social and political reforms. In 5;06, women won the right to inherit property in their own right Kust li!e men.-60. In 5;3=, the last trace of !eeping unmarried women in the status of minors was remo&ed.-60. Furthermore, women were then eligible for different occupations, particularly the common school teacher.-60. Aowe&er, by mid@century, Norway was still far from a "democracy". Boting was limited to officials, property owners, leaseholders, and burghers of incorporated towns.-63. There was some dissatisfaction with this bac!wardness.

$ 9ami (+app) family in Norway around 51)) 9till Norway remained a conser&ati&e society. +ife in Norway (especially economic life) was "dominated by the aristocracy of professional men who filled most of the important posts in the central go&ernment."-6D. There was no strong bourgeosie class in Norway to demand a brea!down of this aristocratic control of the economy.-6;. Thus, e&en while re&olution swept o&er most of the countries of Europe in 5;6;, Norway was largely unaffected by re&olts that year. (ost re&olts bro!e themsel&es on the granite conser&ati&ism of the Norwegian society.-6;. Indeed, the Thrane mo&ement was the only "re&olt" that bro!e out in Norway in 5;6;.

(arcus Thrane was a 'topian socialist.-61. Ae made his appeal to the labouring classes urging a change of social structure "from below upwards."-61. In 5;6;, he organised a labour society in %rammen. In Kust a few months this society had a membership of 0)) and the society was publishing its own newspaper.-61. Githin two years =)) societies had been organised all o&er Norway with a total membership of >),))) persons.-61. The membership was drawn from the lower classes of both the town and country.-61. For the first time these two groups felt they had common cause with each other.-61. In the end, the re&olt was easily crushedL Thrane was captured and sentenced to three years in Kail for crimes against the safety of the state. 'pon his release from Kail, after ser&ing his sentence, (arcus Thrane migrated to the 'nited 9tates. In 5;1;, all men were granted uni&ersal suffrage, followed by all women in 515=.

(ndependen e
(ain article* %issolution of the union between Norway and 9weden #hristian (ichelsen, a shipping magnate and statesman, and Crime (inister of Norway from 51)0 to 51)D, played a central role in the peaceful separation of Norway from 9weden on D ?une 51)0. $fter a national referendum confirmed the peopleJs preference for a monarchy o&er a republic, the Norwegian go&ernment offered the throne of Norway to Crince #arl of %enmar!, and Carliament unanimously elected him !ing, the first !ing of a fully independent Norway in 0;3 years. Ae too! the name of Aaa!on BII, after the medie&al !ings of independent Norway.

3orld 3ar ( and ((

9ee also* /ccupation of Norway by NaOi Eermany and Free Norwegian Forces

9cenes from the Norwegian #ampaign in 516) %uring Gorld Gar I, Norway was a neutral country. In reality, howe&er, Norway had been pressured by the 'nited :ingdom to hand o&er increasingly large parts of its massi&e merchant fleet to the ': at low rates, as well as to Koin the trade bloc!ade against Eermany. Norwegian merchant marine ships with Norwegian sailors were then reFuired to sail under the ritish flag and ris! being sun! by Eerman submarines. -0). Thus, many Norwegian sailors and ships were lost.-0). Thereafter, the world ran!ing of the Norwegian merchant marine fell from fourth place in the world to siNth place in the world.-0). Norway also proclaimed its neutrality during Gorld Gar II, but Norway was in&aded by Eerman forces on 1 $pril 516). Norway was unprepared for the Eerman surprise attac! (see* attle of %rSba! 9ound, Norwegian #ampaign, and In&asion of Norway), but military and na&al resistance lasted for two months. The armed forces in the north launched an offensi&e against the Eerman forces in the attles of Nar&i!, until they were forced to surrender on 5) ?une after losing ritish help di&erted to France during the Eerman In&asion of France. :ing Aaa!on and the Norwegian go&ernment escaped to 8otherhithe, in +ondon, England, and they supported the fight through inspirational radio speeches from +ondon and by supporting clandestine military actions in Norway against the NaOis. /n the day of the in&asion, the collaborati&e leader of the small National@9ocialist party NasKonal 9amling, Bid!un Vuisling, tried to seiOe power but was forced by the Eerman occupiers to step aside. 8eal power was wielded by the leader of the Eerman occupation authority, 8eichs!ommissar ?osef Terbo&en. Vuisling, as ,inister .resident, later formed a collaborationist go&ernment under Eerman control. 'p to 50,))) Norwegians &olunteered to fight in Eerman units, including the Gaffen@99.-05.

Norwegian air force men in the 'nited :ingdom during Gorld Gar II. The population fraction supporting Eermany was traditionally less than in 9weden but greater than generally appreciated today, including a number of prominent

personalities li!e :nut Aamsun. The concept of a "Eermanic 'nion" of member states fitted well into their thoroughy nationalist@patriotic ideology. There were many Norwegians and persons of Norwegian descent, who Koined the $llied forces as well as the Free Norwegian Forces. From the small group that had left Norway in ?une 516) consisting of 5= ships, fi&e aircraft and 0)) men from the 8oyal Norwegian Na&y who followed the :ing to the 'nited :ingdom the force had grown by the end of the war to 0; ships and D,0)) men in ser&ice in the Norwegian Na&yL 0 sFuadrons of aircraft (including 9pitfires, 9underland flying boats and (osFuitos) in the newly formed Norwegian $ir ForceL and land forces including the Norwegian Independent #ompany 5 and 0 Troop as well as No. 5) #ommandos. %uring the fi&e years of NaOi occupation, Norwegians built a resistance mo&ement which fought the Eerman occupation forces with both ci&il disobedience and armed resistance including the destruction of Nors! AydroJs hea&y water plant and stoc!pile of hea&y water at Bemor!, which crippled the Eerman nuclear programme (see* Norwegian heavy water sa/otage). (ore important to the $llied war effort, howe&er, was the role of the Norwegian (erchant (arine. $t the time of the in&asion, Norway had the 6th largest merchant marine fleet in the world. It was led by the Norwegian shipping company Nortraship under the $llies throughout the war and too! part in e&ery war operation from the e&acuation of %un!ir! to the Normandy landings. Each %ecember Norway gi&es a #hristmas tree to the 'nited :ingdom as than!s for the ritish assistance during Gorld Gar II. $ ceremony ta!es place to erect the tree in +ondonJs Trafalgar 9Fuare.-0>.

&ost4war history
From 5160 to 513>, the +abour Carty held an absolute maKority in the parliament. The go&ernment, led by prime minister Einar Eerhardsen, embar!ed on a programme inspired by :eynesian economics, emphasising state financed industrialisation, co@ operation between trade unions and employersJ organisations. (any measures of state control of the economy imposed during the war were continued, although the rationing of dairy products was lifted in 5161, while price control and rationing of housing and cars continued as long as until 513). The wartime alliance with the 'nited :ingdom and the 'nited 9tates was continued in the post@war years. $lthough pursuing the goal of a socialist economy, the +abour Carty distanced itself from the communists (especially after the communistsJ seiOure of power in #Oechoslo&a!ia in 516;), and strengthened its foreign policy and defence policy ties with the '9. Norway recei&ed (arshall Clan aid from the 'nited 9tates starting in 516D, Koined the /EE# one year later and became a founding member of the North $tlantic Treaty /rganiOation (N$T/) in 5161.

Town Aall 9Fuare in /slo filled with people with roses mourning the &ictims of 'tSya massacre, >0 ?uly >)55 $round 51D0, both the proportion and absolute number of wor!ers in industry pea!ed. 9ince then labour@intensi&e industries and ser&ices li!e factory mass production and shipping ha&e largely been outsourced. In 5131, the Chillips Cetroleum #ompany disco&ered petroleum resources at the E!ofis! field west of Norway. In 51D=, the Norwegian go&ernment founded the 9tate oil company, 9tatoil. /il production did not pro&ide net income until the early 51;)s because of the large capital in&estment that was reFuired to establish the countryJs petroleum industry. Norway was a founding member of the European Free Trade $rea (EFT$). Two referendums on Koining the European 'nion failed by narrow margins in 51D> and 5116.-0=. In 51;5, a #onser&ati&e go&ernment led by :"re Gilloch replaced the +abour Carty with a policy of stimulating the stagflated economy with taN cuts, economic liberalisation, deregulation of mar!ets, and measures to curb record@high inflation (5=.3< in 51;5). NorwayJs first female prime minister, Ero Aarlem rundtland of the +abour party, continued many of the reforms of her right@wing predecessor, while bac!ing traditional +abour concerns such as social security, high taNes, the industrialisation of nature, and feminism. y the late 511)s, Norway had paid off its foreign debt and had started accumulating a so&ereign wealth fund. 9ince the 511)s, a di&isi&e Fuestion in politics has been how much of the income from petroleum production the go&ernment should spend, and how much it should sa&e. In >)55 Norway suffered a pair of terrorist attac!s conducted by $nders ehring rei&i! which struc! the go&ernment Fuarter in /slo and a summer camp of the +abour partyJs youth mo&ement at 'tSya island, resulting in DD deaths and 13 wounded.

In >)5=, the #onser&ati&e Carty won parliamentary elections, ha&ing Erna 9olberg become prime minister, the second female prime minister after rundtland and the first #onser&ati&e prime minister since ?an C. 9yse in 511), from mid /ctober >)5=.

#eography
(ain articles* Eeography of Norway and Eeology of Norway

$ satellite image of continental Norway in winter Norway comprises the western part of 9candina&ia in Northern Europe. The rugged coastline, bro!en by huge fKords and thousands of islands, stretches >0,))) !ilometres (53,))) mi) and ;=,))) !ilometres (0>,))) mi) and include fKords and islands. Norway shares a 5,351@!ilometre (5,))3 mi) land border with 9weden, D>D !ilometres (60> mi) with Finland, and 513 !ilometres (5>> mi) with 8ussia to the east. To the north, west and south, Norway is bordered by the arents 9ea, the Norwegian 9ea, the North 9ea, and 9!agerra!.->.

Norwegian lowland landscape near the Eaulosen branch of TrondheimsfKord

8eine in +ofoten, Northern Norway $t =;0,>0> sFuare !ilometres (56;,D6D sF mi) (including 9&albard and ?an (ayen) (and =>=,;)> sFuare !ilometres (5>0,)>5 sF mi) without), much of the country is dominated by mountainous or high terrain, with a great &ariety of natural features caused by prehistoric glaciers and &aried topography. The most noticeable of these are the fKords* deep groo&es cut into the land flooded by the sea following the end of the Ice $ge. The longest is 9ognefKorden at >)6 !ilometres (5>D mi). 9ognefKorden is the worldJs second deepest fKord, and the worldJs longest. Aornindals&atnet is the deepest la!e in all Europe.-06. FroOen ground can be found all year in the higher mountain areas and in the interior of Finnmar! county. Numerous glaciers are found in Norway. Norway lies between latitudes 0D2 and ;52 N, and longitudes 62 and =>2 E. The land is mostly made of hard granite and gneiss roc!, but slate, sandstone, and limestone are also common, and the lowest ele&ations contain marine deposits. ecause of the Eulf 9tream and pre&ailing westerlies, Norway eNperiences higher temperatures and more precipitation than eNpected at such northern latitudes, especially along the coast. The mainland eNperiences four distinct seasons, with colder winters and less precipitation inland. The northernmost part has a mostly maritime 9ubarctic climate, while 9&albard has an $rctic tundra climate. ecause of the large latitudinal range of the country and the &aried topography and climate, Norway has a larger number of different habitats than almost any other European country. There are approNimately 3),))) species in Norway and adKacent waters (eNcluding bacteria and &irus). The Norwegian 9helf large marine ecosystem is considered highly producti&e.-00.

Climate
The southern and western parts of Norway eNperience more precipitation and ha&e milder winters than the south@eastern part. The lowlands around /slo ha&e the warmest and sunniest summers but also cold weather and snow in wintertime (especially inland).

ecause of NorwayJs high latitude, there are large seasonal &ariations in daylight. From late (ay to late ?uly, the sun ne&er completely descends beneath the horiOon in areas north of the $rctic #ircle (hence NorwayJs description as the "+and of the (idnight 9un"), and the rest of the country eNperiences up to >) hours of daylight per day. #on&ersely, from late No&ember to late ?anuary, the sun ne&er rises abo&e the horiOon in the north, and daylight hours are &ery short in the rest of the country.

/iodiversity

+a!e ondhus The total number of species include 53,))) species of insects (probably 6,))) more species yet to be described), >),))) species of algae, 5,;)) species of lichen, 5,)0) species of mosses, >,;)) species of &ascular plants, up to D,))) species of fungi, 60) species of birds (>0) species nesting in Norway), 1) species of mammals, 60 fresh@ water species of fish, 50) salt@water species of fish, 5,))) species of fresh@water in&ertebrates, and =,0)) species of salt@water in&ertebrates.-03. $bout 6),))) of these species ha&e been described by science. The red list of >)5) encompasses 6,011 species.-0D. 9e&enteen species are listed mainly because they are endangered on a global scale, such as the European bea&er, e&en if the population in Norway is not seen as endangered. The number of threatened and near@threatened species eFuals to =,3;>L it includes 65; fungi species, many of which are closely associated with the small remaining areas of old@growth forests,-0;. =3 bird species, and 53 species of mammals. In >)5), >,=1; species were listed as endangered or &ulnerableL of these were 5>0) listed as &ulnerable (B'), ;D5 as endangered (EN), and >D3 species as critically endangered (#8), among which were the grey wolf, the $rctic foN (healthy population on 9&albard) and the pool frog.-0D. The largest predator in Norwegian waters is the sperm whale, and the largest fish is the bas!ing shar!. The largest predator on land is the polar bear, while the brown bear is the largest predator on the Norwegian mainland, where the El! (!nown in North $merica as the moose)is the largest animal.

Environment
9tunning and dramatic scenery and landscape is found throughout Norway.-01. The west coast of southern Norway and the coast of northern Norway present some of the most &isually impressi&e coastal sceneries in the world. National Eeographic has listed the Norwegian fKords as the worldJs top tourist attraction.-3). The >)5> En&ironmental Cerformance IndeN put Norway in third place, based on the en&ironmental performance of the countryJs policies.

8ondeslottet in 8ondane National Car!, Eastern Norway

Feigefossen, 9ogn og FKordane

(us!oN in the low alpine tundra at %o&refKell

9ome of the larger islands along the coastline of northern Norway

Norway is mountainous, but there are also some flat areas li!e ?Tren, Toten, and Xrlandet

+oen, a small &illage on the Gestern coast of Norway

&oliti s and government

(ain articles* Colitics of Norway and +aw of Norway 9ee also* Norwegian parliamentary election, >)5=

Aarald B, the :ing of Norway since 5115 $ccording to the #onstitution of Norway, which was adopted on 5D (ay 5;56-35. and inspired by the 'nited 9tates %eclaration of Independence and French 8e&olution of

5DD3 and 5D;1, respecti&ely, Norway is a unitary constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of go&ernment, wherein the :ing of Norway is the head of state and the Crime (inister is the head of go&ernment. Cower is separated among the legislati&e, eNecuti&e and Kudicial branches of go&ernment, as defined by the #onstitution, which ser&es as the countryJs supreme legal document. The (onarch officially retains eNecuti&e power. ut, following the introduction of a parliamentary system of go&ernment, the duties of the (onarch ha&e since become strictly representati&e and ceremonial,-3>. such as the formal appointment and dismissal of the Crime (inister and other ministers in the eNecuti&e go&ernment. $ccordingly, the (onarch is commander@in@chief of the Norwegian armed forces, and ser&es as chief diplomatic official abroad and as a symbol of unity. Aarald B of the Aouse of 9chleswig@Aolstein@9onderburg@ElYc!sburg was crowned :ing of Norway in 5115, the first since the 56th century who has been born in the country.-3=. Aaa!on, #rown Crince of Norway, is the legal and rightful heir to the throne and the :ingdom.

The Storting is the Carliament of Norway. In practice, the Crime (inister eNercises the eNecuti&e powers. #onstitutionally, legislati&e power is &ested with both the go&ernment and the Carliament of Norway, but the latter is the supreme legislature and a unicameral body.-36. Norway is fundamentally structured as a representati&e democracy. The Carliament can pass a law by simple maKority of the 531 representati&es, who are elected on the basis of proportional representation from 51 constituencies for four@year terms. 50) are elected directly from the 51 constituencies, and an additional 51 seats ("le&elling seats") are allocated on a nationwide basis to ma!e the representation in parliament correspond better with the popular &ote for the political parties. $ 6< election threshold is reFuired for a party to gain le&elling seats in Carliament.-30. There are a total of 531 (embers of Carliament. The Carliament of Norway, called the Stortinget (meaning Erand $ssembly), ratifies national treaties de&eloped by the eNecuti&e branch. It can impeach members of the go&ernment if their acts are declared unconstitutional. If an indicted suspect is impeached, Carliament has the power to remo&e the person from office.

Erna 9olberg, the Crime (inister of Norway >)5=@ The position of Crime (inister, NorwayJs head of go&ernment, is allocated to the (ember of Carliament who can obtain the confidence of a maKority in Carliament, usually the current leader of the largest political party or, more effecti&ely, through a coalition of parties. $ single party generally does not ha&e sufficient political power in terms of the number of seats to form a go&ernment on its own. Norway has often been ruled by minority go&ernments. The Crime (inister nominates the #abinet, traditionally drawn from members of the same political party or parties in the 9torting, ma!ing up the go&ernment. The C( organiOes the eNecuti&e go&ernment and eNercises its power as &ested by the #onstitution.-33. 8eflecting its monarchical past, Norway was established under the +utheran #hurch of Norway, and it continues as the state church. To form a go&ernment, the C( must ha&e more than half the members of #abinet be members of the #hurch of Norway. #urrently, this means at least ten out of the 51 ministries. The issue of separation of church and state in Norway has been increasingly contro&ersial, as many people belie&e it is time to change this, to reflect the growing di&ersity in the population.

8oyal Calace of Norway in /slo Through the #ouncil of 9tate, a pri&y council presided o&er by the (onarch, the Crime (inister and the #abinet meet at the 8oyal Calace and formally consult the (onarch. $ll go&ernment bills need the formal appro&al by the (onarch before and after introduction to Carliament. The #ouncil re&iews and appro&es all of the

(onarchJs actions as head of state. $lthough all go&ernment and parliamentary acts are decided beforehand, the pri&y council is an eNample of symbolic gesture the :ing retains.-3=. (embers of the 9torting are directly elected from party@lists proportional representation in nineteen plural@member constituencies in a national multi@party system.-3D. Aistorically, both the Norwegian +abour Carty and #onser&ati&e Carty ha&e played leading political roles. In the early >5st century, the +abour Carty has been in power since the >))0 election, in a 8ed@Ereen #oalition with the 9ocialist +eft Carty and the #entre Carty.-3;. 9ince >))0, both the #onser&ati&e Carty and the Crogress Carty ha&e won numerous seats in the Carliament, but not sufficient in the >))1 general election to o&erthrow the coalition. #ommentators ha&e pointed to the poor co@operation between the opposition parties, including the +iberals and the #hristian %emocrats. ?ens 9toltenberg, the leader of the +abour Carty, continues to ha&e the necessary maKority through his multi@party alliance to continue as C(.-31. In national elections in 9eptember >)5=, &oters ended eight years of +abor rule. $ coalition of the #onser&ati&e Carty and the Crogress Carty was elected on promises of taN cuts, more spending on infrastructure and education, better ser&ices and stricter rules on immigration. #oming at a time when NorwayJs economy is in good condition with low unemployment, the rise of the right appeared to be based on other issues. #enter@right leader Erna 9olberg will form the new go&ernment. 9olberg said her win was "a historic election &ictory for the right@wing parties".-D).

Administrative divisions
(ain articles* $dministrati&e di&isions of Norway, #ounties of Norway, (unicipalities of Norway, +ist of towns and cities in Norway, and %ependencies of Norway Norway, a unitary state, is di&ided into nineteen first@le&el administrati&e counties (fylker). The counties are administrated through directly elected county assemblies who elect the #ounty Eo&ernor. $dditionally, the :ing and go&ernment are represented in e&ery county by a fyl!esmann, who effecti&ely acts as a Eo&ernor.-D5. $s such, the Eo&ernment is directly represented at a local le&el through the #ounty Eo&ernorsJ offices. The counties are then sub@di&ided into 6=) second@le&el municipalities (ko,,uner), which in turn are administrated by directly elected municipal council, headed by a mayor and a small eNecuti&e cabinet. The capital of /slo is considered both a county and a municipality. Norway has two integral o&erseas territories* ?an (ayen and 9&albard, the only de&eloped island in the archipelago of the same name, located miles away to the north. There are three

$ntarctic and 9ubantarctic dependencies* ou&et Island, Ceter I Island and Vueen (aud +and. 13 settlements ha&e city status in Norway. In most cases, the city borders are coterminous with the borders of their respecti&e municipalities. /ften, Norwegian city municipalities include large areas that are not de&elopedL for eNample, /slo municipality contains large forests, located north and south@east of the city, and o&er half of ergen municipality consists of mountainous areas.

$ geopolitical map of Norway, showing the 51 fyl!er, the 9&albard (9pitsbergen) and ?an (ayen islands, which are part of the Norwegian !ingdom The counties of Norway are* Co!nty 5fyl1e6 Xstfold $!ershus Administrative entre 9arpsborg /slo Most pop!lo!s m!ni ipality Fredri!stad Trum Region Eastern Norway Eastern Norway

Co!nty 5fyl1e6 /slo Aedmar! /ppland us!erud Bestfold Telemar! $ust@$gder Best@$gder 8ogaland Aordaland 9ogn og FKordane (Sre og 8omsdal 9Sr@TrSndelag Nord@TrSndelag Nordland Troms Finnmar!

Administrative entre #ity of /slo Aamar +illehammer %rammen TSnsberg 9!ien $rendal :ristiansand 9ta&anger ergen +ei!anger (olde Trondheim 9tein!Ker odS TromsS BadsS

Most pop!lo!s m!ni ipality /slo 8ingsa!er EKS&i! %rammen 9andefKord 9!ien $rendal :ristiansand 9ta&anger ergen FSrde Zlesund Trondheim 9tKSrdal odS TromsS $lta

Region Eastern Norway Eastern Norway Eastern Norway Eastern Norway Eastern Norway Eastern Norway 9outhern Norway 9outhern Norway Gestern Norway Gestern Norway Gestern Norway Gestern Norway TrSndelag TrSndelag Northern Norway Northern Norway Northern Norway

7!di ial system and law enfor ement 7!di ial system and law enfor ement
(ain article* ?udiciary of Norway

Norway uses a ci&il law system where laws are created and amended in Carliament and the system regulated through the #ourts of ?ustice of Norway. It consists of the 9upreme #ourt of 51 permanent Kudges and a #hief ?ustice, appellate courts, city and district courts, and conciliation councils.-D>. The Kudiciary is independent of eNecuti&e and legislati&e branches. Ghile the Crime (inister nominates 9upreme #ourt ?ustices for office, their nomination must be appro&ed by Carliament and formally confirmed by the (onarch in the #ouncil of 9tate. 'sually, Kudges attached to regular courts are formally appointed by the (onarch on the ad&ice of the Crime (inister. The #ourtsJ strict and formal mission is to regulate the Norwegian Kudicial system, interpret the #onstitution, and as such implement the legislation adopted by Carliament. In its Kudicial re&iews, it monitors the legislati&e and eNecuti&e branches to ensure that they comply with pro&isions of enacted legislation.-D>. The law is enforced in Norway by the Norwegian Colice 9er&ice. It is a 'nified National Colice 9er&ice made up of >D Colice %istricts and se&eral specialist agencies, such as Norwegian National $uthority for the In&estigation and Crosecution of Economic and En&ironmental #rime, !nown as 0kokri,L and the National #riminal In&estigation 9er&ice, each headed by a chief of police. The Colice 9er&ice is headed by the National Colice %irectorate, which reports to the (inistry of ?ustice and the Colice. The Colice %irectorate is headed by a National Colice #ommissioner. The only eNception is the Norwegian Colice 9ecurity $gency, whose head answers directly to the (inistry of ?ustice and the Colice. Norway abolished the death penalty for regular criminal acts in 51)>. The legislature abolished the death penalty for high treason in war and war@crimes in 51D1. 8eporters Githout orders, in its >))D Gorldwide Cress Freedom IndeN, ran!ed Norway at a shared first place (with Iceland) out of 531 countries.-D=. In general, the legal and institutional framewor! in Norway is characteriOed by a high degree of transparency, accountability and integrity, and the perception and the occurrence of corruption are &ery low.-D6. Norway has ratified all rele&ant international anti@corruption con&entions, and its standards of implementation and enforcement of anti@corruption legislation are considered &ery high by many international anti@ corruption wor!ing groups such as the /E#% $nti@ ribery Gor!ing Eroup.-D0. X!o!rim has pro&en to be an efficient, professional and independent unit with a strong capacity to in&estigate and prosecute corruption in Norway and abroad. Aowe&er, there are some isolated cases showing that some municipalities ha&e abused their position in public procurement processes.-D3.

%oreign relations
(ain article* Foreign relations of Norway 9ee also* Norway and the European 'nion and Ghaling in Norway

8oyal Norwegian Na&y 1ridt2of Nansen class frigate

Norway maintains embassies in ;3 countries.-DD. 3) countries maintain an embassy in Norway, all of them in the capital, /slo. Norway is a founding member of the 'nited Nations ('N), the North $tlantic Treaty /rganiOation (N$T/), the #ouncil of Europe and the European Free Trade $ssociation (EFT$). Norway issued applications for accession to the European 'nion (E') and its predecessors in 513>, 513D and 511>, respecti&ely. Ghile %enmar!, 9weden and Finland obtained membership, the Norwegian electorate reKected the treaties of accession in referenda in 51D> and 5116. $fter the 5116 referendum, Norway maintained its membership in the European Economic $rea (EE$), an arrangement granting the country access to the internal mar!et of the 'nion, on the condition that Norway implements those of the 'nionJs pieces of legislation which are deemed rele&ant (of which there were approNimately se&en thousand by >)5))-D;. 9uccessi&e Norwegian go&ernments ha&e, since 5116, reFuested participation in parts of the E'Js co@operation that go beyond the pro&isions of the EE$ agreement. Non@&oting participation by Norway has been granted in, for instance, the 'nionJs #ommon 9ecurity and %efence Colicy, the 9chengen $greement, and the European %efence $gency, as well as 51 separate programmes.-D1. Norway contributes to international de&elopment. In addition, it participated in the 511)s bro!ering of the /slo $ccords, an attempt to resol&e the Israeli,Calestinian conflict. These were unsuccessful.

Military
(ain article* Norwegian $rmed Forces

Norwegian +eopard tan!s in the snow in ("lsel&

The Norwegian $rmed Forces numbers about >0,))) personnel, including ci&ilian employees. $ccording to >))1 mobilisation plans, full mobilisation produces approNimately ;=,))) combatant personnel. Norway has conscription (including 3,5> months of training)L-;). in >)5=, the country became the first in Europe and N$T/ to draft women as well as men. Aowe&er, due to less need for conscipts after the #old Gar ended with the brea!@up of the 9o&iet 'nion, few people ha&e to ser&e if they are not moti&ated.-;5. The $rmed Forces are subordinate to the Norwegian (inistry of %efence. The #ommander@in@#hief is :ing Aarald B. The military of Norway is di&ided into the following branches* the $rmy, the 8oyal Na&y, the 8oyal $ir Force, the #yber %efence and the Aome Euard. In response to its being o&errun by Eermany in 516), the country was one of the founding nations of the North $tlantic Treaty /rganiOation (N$T/) on 6 $pril 5161. $t present, Norway contributes in the International 9ecurity $ssistance Force (I9$F) in $fghanistan.-;>. $dditionally, Norway has contributed in se&eral missions in conteNts of the 'nited Nations, N$T/, and the #ommon 9ecurity and %efence Colicy of the European 'nion.

E onomy
(ain articles* Economy of Norway, Energy in Norway, and European Economic $rea

Eraphical depiction of NorwayJs product eNports in >; colour@coded categories.

E%C and E%C growth

Norwegians enKoy the second@highest E%C per@capita (after +uNembourg) and fourth@ highest E%C (CCC) per@capita in the world. Today, Norway ran!s as the second@ wealthiest country in the world in monetary &alue, with the largest capital reser&e per capita of any nation.-;=. $ccording to the #I$ Gorld Factboo!, Norway is a net eNternal creditor of debt.->. Norway maintained first place in the world in the 'N%C Auman %e&elopment IndeN (A%I) for siN consecuti&e years (>))5,>))3),-D. and then reclaimed this position in >))1 and >)5).-53. The standard of li&ing in Norway is among the highest in the world. Foreign Colicy (agaOine ran!s Norway last in its Failed 9tates IndeN for >))1, Kudging Norway to be the worldJs most well@functioning and stable country. ased on continued oil and gas eNports, coupled with a healthy economy and substantial accumulated wealth, Norway is eNpected to continue as among the richest countries in the world in the foreseeable future. The Norwegian economy is an eNample of a miNed economy, a prosperous capitalist welfare state and social democracy country featuring a combination of free mar!et acti&ity and large state ownership in certain !ey sectors. Cublic health care is free (abo&e a certain le&el), and parents ha&e 63 wee!s paid-;6. parental lea&e. The state

income deri&ed from natural resources includes a significant contribution from petroleum production. Norway has a &ery low unemployment rate, currently >.3<.-;0. 31< of the population aged 50,D6 are employed.-;3. Cersons in the labour force are either employed or unemployed. The remaining group of persons is labelled not in the labour force.-;D. 1.0< of the population aged 5;,33 is recei&ing disability pension-;;. and =)< of the labour force are employed by the go&ernment, the highest in the /E#%.-;1. The hourly producti&ity le&els, as well as a&erage hourly wages in Norway, are among the highest in the world.-1).-15. The egalitarian &alues of Norwegian society ha&e !ept the wage difference between the lowest paid wor!er and the #E/ of most companies as much less than in comparable western economies.-1>. This is also e&ident in NorwayJs low Eini coefficient. The state has large ownership positions in !ey industrial sectors, such as the strategic petroleum sector (9tatoil and $!er 9olutions), hydroelectric energy production (9tat!raft), aluminium production (Nors! Aydro), the largest Norwegian ban! (%n N/8), and telecommunication pro&ider (Telenor). Through these big companies, the go&ernment controls approNimately =)< of the stoc! &alues at the /slo 9toc! ENchange. Ghen non@listed companies are included, the state has e&en higher share in ownership (mainly from direct oil license ownership). Norway is a maKor shipping nation and has the worldJs 3th largest merchant fleet, with 5,65> Norwegian@owned merchant &essels.

ryggen in ergen is on the list of 'NE9#/ Gorld Aeritage 9ites

y referendums in 51D> and 5116, Norwegians reKected proposals to Koin the European 'nion (E'). Aowe&er, Norway, together with Iceland and +iechtenstein, participates in the European 'nionJs single mar!et through the European Economic $rea (EE$) agreement. The EE$ Treaty between the European 'nion countries and the EFT$ countries, transposed into Norwegian law &ia "EX9@lo&en"-1=., describes the procedures for implementing European 'nion rules in Norway and the other EFT$ countries. Norway is a highly integrated member of most sectors of the E' internal mar!et. 9ome sectors, such as agriculture, oil and fish, are not wholly co&ered

by the EE$ Treaty. Norway has also acceded to the 9chengen $greement and se&eral other intergo&ernmental agreements among the E' member states.

$griculture is a significant sector, in spite of the mountainous landscape (Fla!stad)

The country is richly endowed with natural resources including petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals. +arge reser&es of petroleum and natural gas were disco&ered in the 513)s, which led to a boom in the economy. Norway has obtained one of the highest standards of li&ing in the world in part by ha&ing a large amount of natural resources compared to the siOe of the population. In >)55, >;< of state re&enues were generated from the petroleum industry.-16.

Reso!r es
ENport re&enues from oil and gas ha&e risen to almost 0)< of total eNports and constitute more than >)< of the E%C.-10. Norway is the fifth@largest oil eNporter and third@largest gas eNporter in the world, but it is not a member of /CE#. In 5110 the Norwegian go&ernment established the so&ereign wealth fund ("Eo&ernment Cension Fund U Elobal"), which would be funded with oil re&enues, including taNes, di&idends, sales re&enues and licensing fees. This was intended to reduce o&erheating in the economy from oil re&enues, minimise uncertainty from &olatility in oil price, and pro&ide a cushion to compensate for eNpenses associated with the ageing of the population.

/il production has been central to the Norwegian economy since the 51D)s, with a dominating

state ownership (9tatfKord oil field)

The go&ernment controls its petroleum resources through a combination of state ownership in maKor operators in the oil fields (with approNimately 3>< ownership in 9tatoil in >))D) and the fully state@owned Cetoro, which has a mar!et &alue of about twice 9tatoil, and 9%FI. Finally, the go&ernment controls licensing of eNploration and production of fields. The fund in&ests in de&eloped financial mar!ets outside Norway. The budgetary rule (-andlingsregelen) is to spend no more than 6< of the fund each year (assumed to be the normal yield from the fund). In (arch >)55, the Eo&ernment Cension Fund controlled assets were &alued at approNimately '9H0D) billion (eFual to '9H556,))) per capita) which is about 56)< of NorwayJs current E%C. It is the second@largest state@owned so&ereign wealth fund, second only to the $bu %habi In&estment $uthority. #onser&ati&e estimates proKect that the fund may reach '9H;)),1)) billion by >)5D. CroKections indicate that the Norwegian pension fund may become the largest capital fund in the world. The fund controls about 5.=< of all listed shares in Europe and more than 5< of all the publicly traded shares in the world. The Norwegian #entral an! operates in&estment offices in +ondon, New Ror! and 9hanghai. Euidelines implemented in >))D allow the fund to in&est up to 3)< of the capital in shares (maNimum of 6)< prior), while the rest may be placed in bonds and real@estate. $s the stoc! mar!ets tumbled in 9eptember >));, the fund was able to buy more shares at low prices. In this way, the losses incurred by the mar!et turmoil was recuperated by No&ember >))1.

9toc!fish has been eNported from +ofoten in Norway for at least 5,))) years

/ther nations with economies based on natural resources, such as 8ussia, are trying to learn from Norway by establishing similar funds. The in&estment choices of the Norwegian fund are directed by ethical guidelinesL for eNample, the fund is not allowed to in&est in companies that produce parts for nuclear weapons. NorwayJs highly transparent in&estment scheme is lauded by the international community. The future siOe of the fund is closely lin!ed to the price of oil and to de&elopments in international financial mar!ets. The Norwegian trade surplus for >)); reached approNimately '9H;) billion. Gith an enormous amount of cash in&ested in

international financial mar!ets, Norway had the financial muscle to a&ert many of the worst effects of the financial crisis that hit most countries in the fall of >));. $s most western countries struggle with burgeoning foreign debt, Norway remains a nation of stowed@away wealth, financial stability, and economic power. In spite of the crisis, Norway in >))1 still had a 1< state budget surplus, and was the only western country to run a surplus as of ?uly of that year. In >))), the go&ernment sold one@third of the state@owned oil company 9tatoil in an IC/. The neNt year, the main telecom supplier, Telenor, was listed on /slo 9toc! ENchange. The state also owns significant shares of NorwayJs largest ban!, %n N/8 and the airline 9$9. 9ince >))), economic growth has been rapid, pushing unemployment down to le&els not seen since the early 51;)s (unemployment in >))D* 5.=<). The international financial crisis has primarily affected the industrial sector, but unemployment has remained low and was at =.=< (;3 ))) people) in $ugust >)55. In contrast to Norway, 9weden had substantially higher actual and proKected unemployment numbers as a result of the recession. In the 5st Fuarter of >))1, the ENC of Norway surpassed 9wedenJs for the first time in history, although its population is half the siOe. Norway is also the worldJs >nd@largest eNporter of fish (in &alue, after #hina).-13. It is the 3th@largest arms eNporter in the world.-1D.-1;. Aydroelectric plants generate roughly 1;,11< of NorwayJs electric power, more than any other country in the world.-11.

Oil fields
From 5133 to >)5=, Norway companies ha&e drilled 0);0 oil wells, mostly in the North 9ea.-5)). =3D> are utviklings/r3nner (regular production)L-5)). 565= are lete/r3nner (eNploration)L and 56)0 of these ha&e been terminated (avsluttet).-5)). /il fields not yet in production phase include* Gisting #entralUcalculated siOe in >)5=, 30@503 million barrels of oil and 5)@6) billion cubic feet, (utvinn/ar) of gas.-5)5. and the #astberg /il Field ($ast/erg"feltet-5)5.)Ucalculated siOe 06) million barrels of oil, and >@D billion cubic meters (utvinn/ar) of gas.-5)>. oth oil fields are located in the arents 9ea.

*ransport
(ain articles* Transport in Norway, 8ail transport in Norway, and +ist of airports in Norway

%ue to the low population density, narrow shape and long coastlines of Norway, its public transport is less de&eloped than in many European countries, especially outside the maKor cities. The country has longstanding water transport traditions, but the Norwegian (inistry of Transport and #ommunications has in recent years implemented rail, road and air transport through numerous subsidiaries to de&elop the

countryJs infrastructure.-5)=. 'nder discussion is de&elopment of a new high@speed rail system between the nationJs largest cities.-5)6.-5)0.

N9 type D= at /slo #entral 9tation, the largest railway station in the country

NorwayJs main railway networ! consists of 6,556 !ilometres (>,003 mi) of standard gauge lines, of which >6> !ilometres (50) mi) is double trac! and 36 !ilometres (6) mi) high@speed rail (>5) !m7h) while 3>< is electrified at 50 !B 53[ AO $#. The railways transported 03,;>D,))) passengers >,103 million passenger !ilometres and >6,D;=,))) tonnes of cargo =,656 million tonne !ilometres.-5)3. The entire networ! is owned by the Norwegian National 8ail $dministration.-5)D. $ll domestic passenger trains eNcept the $irport ENpress Train are operated by Norges 9tatsbaner (N9 ).-5);. 9e&eral companies operate freight trains.-5)1. In&estment in new infrastructure and maintenance is financed through the state budget,-5)D. and subsidies are pro&ided for passenger train operations.-55). N9 operates long@haul trains, including night trains, regional ser&ices and four commuter train systems, around /slo, Trondheim, ergen and 9ta&anger.-555.

9candina&ian $irlines and GiderSe aircraft at odS $irport

Norway has approNimately 1>,163 !ilometres (0D,D06 mi) of road networ!, of which D>,)== !ilometres (66,D01 mi) are pa&ed and 336 !ilometres (65= mi) are motorway. ->. The four tiers of road routes are national, county, municipal and pri&ate, with only the national roads numbered en route. The most important national routes are part of the European route scheme. The two most prominent are the E3 going north@south through the entire country, and the E=1, which follows the Gest #oast. National and county roads are managed by the Norwegian Cublic 8oads $dministration.-55>.

/f the 1D airports in Norway,->. 0> are public,-55=. and 63 are operated by the state@ owned $&inor.-556. 9e&en airports ha&e more than one million passengers annually.-55=. 65,);1,3D0 passengers passed through Norwegian airports in >))D, of which 5=,=1D,60; were international.-55=. The central gateway by air to Norway is /slo $irport, Eardermoen,-55=. located about 0) !ilometres (=5 mi) north of /slo with departures to most European countries and some intercontinental destinations.-550.-553. It is hub for the two maKor Norwegian airlines 9candina&ian $irlines 9ystem-55D. and Norwegian $ir 9huttle,-55;. and for regional aircraft from Gestern Norway.-551.

"emographi s
(ain article* %emographics of Norway

%emographics in Norway

'istori al pop!lation
8ear
1<== 1..< 1>-< 18=1 18<< 1?== 1?<= @===

&op9
56),))) 66),))) 353,5)1 ;;=,3)= 5,61),)6D >,>6),)=> =,>D;,063 6,6D;,61D

:;
U I>56.=< I6).)< I6=.6< I3;.3< I0).=< I63.6< I=3.3<

@=1= @=1@=.=A

6,;0;,511 0,13D,=)) D,)=>,3;D

I;.0< I>>.;< I5D.1<

,o!r e* 9tatistics Norway.-5>).-5>5.

NorwayJs population was 0,)13,=)) people in /ctober >)5=. Norwegians are an ethnic North Eermanic people. 9ince the late >)th century, Norway has attracted numerous immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, the (ideast, $frica and $sia to wor! in its strong economy. $ll of these groups spea! many different languages and come from different cultures and religions. $s of >)5=, an official study shows that ;3<-5>>. of the total population ha&e at least one parent who is born in Norway. (ore than D5),))) indi&iduals (56<)-5>=. are immigrants and their descendantsL there are 55D,))) second@generation immigrants who were born in Norway. /f these D5),))) immigrants and their descendants*

=>=,))) (=1<)-5>=. ha&e a Gestern bac!ground ($ustralia, North $merica, elsewhere in Europe) 0)0,))) (35<)-5>=. ha&e a non@Gestern bac!ground ((orocco, IraF, 9omalia, Ca!istan, Iran).

In >)5=, the Norwegian go&ernment said that 56< of the Norwegian population were immigrants or children of two immigrant parents. $bout 3< of the immigrant population come from E', North $merica and $ustralia, and about ;.5< come from $sia, $frica and +atin $merica.-5>6. In >)5>, of the total 33),))) with immigrant bac!ground, 6)D,>3> had Norwegian citiOenship (3>.> percent).-5>0. Immigrants ha&e settled in all Norwegian municipalities. The cities or municipalities with the highest share of immigrants in >)5> were /slo (=5 percent) and %rammen (>) percent).-5>3. The share in 9ta&anger was 53<.-5>3. $ccording to 8euters, /slo is the "fastest growing city in Europe because of increased immigration".-5>D. In recent years, immigration has accounted for most of NorwayJs population growth. In >)55 53< of newborn children were of immigrant bac!ground.

The 9ami people are indigenous to the Far North and ha&e traditionally inhabited central and northern parts of Norway and 9weden, as well as areas in northern Finland and in 8ussia on the :ola Ceninsula. $nother national minority are the :&en people, descendants of Finnish@spea!ing people who migrated to northern Norway from the 5;th up to the >)th century. From the 51th century up to the 51D)s, the Norwegian go&ernment tried to assimilate both the 9ami and the :&en, encouraging them to adopt the maKority language, culture and religion.-5>;. ecause of this "NorwegianiOation process", many families of 9ami or :&en ancestry now identify as ethnic Norwegian.-5>1.

Migration

Norman orlaug, a Norwegian $merican scientist, has been called the "father of the Ereen 8e&olution."

Emigration
(ain article* Norwegian $merican

Carticularly in the 51th century, when economic conditions were difficult in Norway, tens of thousands of people migrated to the 'nited 9tates and #anada, where they could wor! and buy land in frontier areas. (any went to the (idwest and Cacific Northwest. $ccording to the >))3 '9 census, almost 6.D million persons identify as Norwegian $mericans.-5=). The number of $mericans of Norwegian descent (full or partial) li&ing in the '9 today is roughly eFual to the current population of Norway. In the >))3 #anadian census, 6=>,050 #anadian citiOens identified as ha&ing Norwegian ancestry.-5=5.

(mmigration
(ain article* Immigration to Norway

/n 5 ?anuary >)5= the number of immigrants or children of two immigrants residing in Norway was D5),630, or 56.5< of the total population,-5>6. up from 5;=,))) in 511>. Rearly immigration has increased rapidly since >))0. Ghile yearly net

immigration in >))5,0 was on a&erage 5=,35=, it increased to =D,065 between >))3 and >)5), and in >)55 net immigration reached 6D,)=>.-5=>. This is mostly because of increased immigration by residents of the E', in particular from Coland.-5==. In >)5>, the immigrant community (which includes immigrants and Norwegian@born children of immigrant parents) grew by 00,=)), a record high.-5>6. Net immigration from abroad reached 6D,=)) (=)) higher than in >)55), while immigration accounted for D>< of NorwayJs population growth.-5=6. 5D< of newborn children were born to immigrant parents.-5>6. #hildren of Ca!istani, 9omali and Bietnamese parents made up the largest groups of all Norwegians born to immigrant parents.-5=0. Ca!istani Norwegians are the largest non@European minority group in Norway. (ost of their =>,D)) members li&e in and around /slo. The IraFi and 9omali immigrant populations ha&e increased significantly in recent years. $fter the enlargement of the E' in >))6, a wa&e of immigrants has arri&ed from #entral and Eastern Europe, particularly Coland. The fastest growing immigrant groups in >)55 in absolute numbers were from Coland, +ithuania and 9weden.-5=3. The policies of immigration and integration ha&e been the subKect of much debate in Norway, as the nation has tried to deal with people of many languages and cultures, without gi&ing up its own &alues. +argest immigrant groups (5st and >nd generation)*-5=D.
National Ba 1gro!nd &op!lation Coland 9weden Ca!istan 9omalia +ithuania IraF ;>,3)5 =D,63D ==,3=6 ==,55D =),06) >1,356

Religion
(ain article* 8eligion in Norway

Nidaros #athedral in Trondheim

(ost Norwegians are registered at baptism as members of the #hurch of Norway. (any remain in the state church to participate in the community and practices such as baptism, confirmation, marriage and burial, rites which ha&e strong cultural standing in Norway. $bout DD< of Norwegians were members of the #hurch of Norway on 5 ?anuary >)5>. In >)55, about 33< of all newborns were baptised and about 30< of all 50@year@old persons were confirmed in the church.-5=;. ut, only >)< of Norwegians say that religion occupies an important place in their life (according to a Eallup poll in >))1), the fourth@lowest such percentage in the world (only Estonia, 9weden and %enmar! are lower).-5=1. In the early 511)s, studies estimated that between 6.D< and 0.=< of Norwegians attended church on a wee!ly basis.-56). This figure has dropped to about >< , the lowest such percentage in Europe , according to data from >))1 and >)5)-565.-56>.

Aeddal sta&e church, Notodden, the largest sta&e church in Norway

In >)5), 5)< of the population was religiously unaffiliated, while another 1< (6=5 ))) people), were members of religious communities outside the #hurch of Norway. -56=. /ther #hristian denominations total about 6.1<-56=. of the population, the largest of which is the #atholic #hurch, with ;=,))) members, according to >))1

go&ernment statistics.-566. $n article in the newspaper (ften.osten in /ctober >)5>, noted there were about 550,>=6 registered #atholics in Norway. The reporter estimated that the total number of people with #atholic bac!ground may be 5D),))), >)),))) or higher.-560. /thers include Centecostals (=1,3))),-566. the E&angelical +utheran Free #hurch of Norway (51,3))),-566. (ethodists (55,)))),-566. aptists (1,1))),-566. /rthodoN (1,1))), -566. runstad #hristian #hurch (3,;))),-566. $d&entists (0,5))),-566. $ssyrians and #haldeans, and others. The 9wedish, Finnish and Icelandic +utheran congregations in Norway ha&e about >D,0)) members in total.-566. /ther religions comprise less than 5< each, including 6,))) members in the #hurch of ?esus #hrist of +atter@day 9aints, and 5>,))) ?eho&ahJs Gitnesses.-566. $mong non@#hristian religions, Islam is the largest, with a population of 5)3,D=0.-563. It is practised mainly by 9omali, $rab, osnia!, $lbanian and Tur!ish immigrants, as well as Norwegians of Ca!istani descent. /ther religions comprise less than 5< each, including ;51 adherents of ?udaism.-56D. Indian immigrants introduced Ainduism to Norway, which in >)55 has slightly more than 0,1)) adherents, or 5< of non@+utheran Norwegians.-56D. 9i!hism has approNimately =,))) adherents, with most li&ing in /slo, which has two gurdwaras. 9i!hs first came to Norway in the early 51D)s. The troubles in CunKab after /peration lue 9tar and riots committed against 9i!hs in India after the assassination of Indira Eandhi led to an increase in 9i!h refugees mo&ing to Norway. %rammen also has a siOeable population of 9i!hsL the largest gurdwara in north Europe was built in +ier. There are ele&en uddhist organisations, grouped under the uddhistforbundet organisation, with slightly o&er 56,))) members,-56D. which ma!e up ).>< of the population. The ahaJi religion has slightly more than 5,))) adherents.-56D. $round 5.D< (;6,0))) of Norwegians belong to the secular Norwegian Aumanist $ssociation. From >))3 to >)55, the fastest@growing religious faith in Norway was Eastern /rthodoN #hristianity, which grew in membership by ;)<L howe&er, its share of the total population remains small, at ).><. It is associated with the huge immigration from Eritrea and Ethiopia and to a lesser eNtent from Eastern European and (iddle Eastern countries. /ther fast@growing religions were the 8oman #atholic #hurch (D;.D<), Ainduism (01.3<), Islam (6;.5<), and uddhism (63.D<).-56;. $s in other 9candina&ian countries, the ancient Norse followed a form of nati&e Eermanic paganism !nown as Norse paganism. y the end of the 55th century, when Norway had been #hristianiOed, the indigenous Norse religion and practices were prohibited. 8emnants of the nati&e religion and beliefs of Norway sur&i&e today in the form of names, referential names of cities and locations, the days of the wee!, and other parts of e&eryday language. (odern interest in the old ways has led to a re&i&al of pagan religious practices in the form of (satru4 The Norwegian 5satrufellesska.et

6ifrost formed in 5113L in >)55, the fellowship had about =)) members. 1oreningen 1orn Sed was formed in 5111 and has been recognised by the Norwegian go&ernment as a religious organisation. The 9ami minority retained their shamanistic religion well into the 5;th century, when most con&erted to #hristianity under the influence of %ano@Norwegian missionaries. 9ome retained their ancient religion.-561. Today there is a renewed appreciation for the 9ami traditional way of life, which has led to a re&i&al of Noaidevuohta (9ami 9hamanism).-50). 9ome Norwegian and 9ami celebrities are reported to &isit shamans for guidance.-505.-50>. $ccording to the Eurobarometer Coll >))0, =>< of Norwegian citiOens responded that "they belie&e there is a god".-50=. $ study conducted three years pre&iously by Eustafsson and Cettersson (>))>), similarly found that D>< of Norwegians did not belie&e in a Jpersonal Eod.J-506.

ait@un@Nasr mosFue on the outs!irts of /slo, the largest mosFue in 9candina&ia

8egions of Norway Religion 5in @=1-6C14.DC1<<D Christianity +utheranism MemBers &er ent #rowth 5@==?E@=1-6 4F1.1F@@= 8@94; 19?; =,1)>,)=5 DD.>< ).><

7o,an $atholicis, &entecostalis, 8rthodo) $hristianity Jehovah's 9itnesses #ethodis, 6a.tists S,ith's friends 8ther $hristianity Non4Christian religions (slam /!ddhism 'ind!ism ,i1hism /ahGHI %aith 7!daism Other religions '!manism *otal

5>5,5=) =1,65> 5>,101 5>,)61 5),D50 5),>5= D,>01 6),355 1<=F414 5>),;;> 53,))5 3,D1D =,=>= 5,5>> D;; 5,0)5 ;3,)35

>.6< ).;< ).=< ).>< ).>< ).>< ).5< ).5< ).;< -9=; >.6< ).=< ).5< ).5< ).)< ).)< ).)< 5.D<

555.>< \).6< 31.5< \51.0< \>.6< 5)< D.5< \6.;< D.5< -=9.; =).=< =).3< >1.;< >>.0< 1.D< \5.1< 56>.1< 3.5<

Seventh"day (dventist $hurch 6,;65

Non4religio!s and !n1nown >-?F.41

149.; @-9@;

<F1-1F-== 1==9=; <9-;

$argest ities of Norway

v t e

$argest ities or towns of Norway

$ccording to 9tatistics Norway Ran1 5 > = /slo 6 0 3 D ; Oslo /ergen ,tavangerK,andnes *rondheim "rammen &orsgr!nnK,1ien Kristiansand Name Co!nty /slo Aordaland 8ogaland &op9 Ran1 Name Co!nty &op9 1>0,>6> 55 Jles!nd >=;,)1; 5> 'a!ges!nd >)5,=0= 5= Moss 5)0,060 50 /odM 5)5,110 53 Arendal ;;,;3) 5D 'amar D),>)6 5; $arvi1 (Sre og 6;,63) 8omsdal 8ogaland Xstfold Bestfold Nordland Aedmar! Bestfold 66,0>6 6=,00= 6>,>5> =;,=>3 =),1>5 >6,6>>

9Sr@TrSndelag 53D,01; 56 ,andefLord us!erud Telemar! Best@$gder

%redri1stadK,arpsBorg Xstfold

$ust@$gder ==,DD;

*romsM

Troms Bestfold

0D,)50 51 'alden

Xstfold

>=,;1D >),;0D

5) *MnsBerg

61,)1= >) $illehammer /ppland

ergen

Ed! ation
(ain article* Education in Norway

The main building of the Norwegian 'ni&ersity of 9cience and Technology in Trondheim

Aigher education in Norway is offered by a range of se&en uni&ersities, fi&e specialised colleges, >0 uni&ersity colleges as well as a range of pri&ate colleges. Education follows the ologna Crocess in&ol&ing achelor (= years), (aster (> years) and Ch% (= years) degrees.-503. $cceptance is offered after finishing upper secondary school with general study competence. Cublic education is &irtually free, regardless of nationality.-50D. The academic year has two semesters, from $ugust to %ecember and from ?anuary to ?une. The ultimate responsibility for the education lies with the Norwegian (inistry of Education and 8esearch.

$ang!ages
(ain article* +anguages of Norway 9ee also* Norwegian language and 9ami languages

%istribution of Norwegian dialect groups* North Norwegian (yellow), TrSndelag Norwegian (na&y blue), Gest Norwegian (orange) and East Norwegian (pale blue).

The North Eermanic Norwegian language has two official written forms, 6ok,:l and Nynorsk. oth of them are recognised as official languages, and are both used in public administration, in schools, churches, and media. o!m"l is the written language used by the &ast maKority of about ;),;0<. The alternati&e, 8i!sm"l, is more similar to %anish. $round 10< of the population spea! Norwegian as their first or nati&e language, although many spea! dialects that may differ significantly from the written language. $ll Norwegian dialects are mutually intelligible, although listeners with limited eNposure to dialects other than their own may struggle to understand certain phrases and pronunciations in some other dialects. 9e&eral 'ralic 9ami languages are spo!en and written throughout the country, especially in the north, by some members of the 9ami people. (Estimates suggest about one third of Norwegian 9ami spea! a 9ami language.-50;.) 9pea!ers ha&e a right to get education in 9ami language no matter where they are li&ing and to recei&e communication from the go&ernment in &arious 9ami languages. The :&en minority historically spo!e the 'ralic :&en language (considered a separate language in Norway, but generally percei&ed as a Finnish dialect in Finland). Today the maKority of ethnic :&en ha&e little or no !nowledge of the language. $ccording to the :ainun institutti, "The typical modern :&en is a Norwegian@spea!ing Norwegian who !nows his genealogy."-501. 9ome supporters ha&e ad&ocated ma!ing Norwegian 9ign +anguage an official language of the country. In the 51th and >)th centuries, the Norwegian language was subKect to strong political and cultural contro&ersies. This led to the de&elopment of Nynors! in the 51th century and to the formation of alternati&e spelling standards in the >)th century. The 8i!sm"l standard is more conser&ati&e (that is, more similar to %anish) than o!m"l.

Norwegian is similar to the other languages in 9candina&ia* 9wedish and %anish. $ll three languages are mutually intelligible and can be, and commonly are, employed in communication among inhabitants of the 9candina&ian countries. $s a result of the co@operation within the Nordic #ouncil, inhabitants of all Nordic countries, including Iceland and Finland, ha&e the right to communicate with the Norwegian authorities in their own language. 9tudents who are children of immigrant parents are encouraged to learn the Norwegian language. The Norwegian go&ernment offers language instructional courses for immigrants wishing to obtain Norwegian citiOenship. Gith increasing concern about assimilating immigrants, since 5 9eptember >));, the go&ernment has reFuired that an applicant for Norwegian citiOenship gi&e e&idence of proficiency in either the Norwegian or 9ami language, or gi&e proof of ha&ing attended classes in Norwegian for =)) hours, or meet the language reFuirements for uni&ersity studies in Norway (which is met by being proficient in one of the 9candina&ian languages). The main foreign language taught in Norwegian elementary school is English, considered an international language since the post@GGII era. The maKority of the population are fluent in English, especially those born after Gorld Gar II. Eerman, French and 9panish are also commonly taught as a second or, more often, third languages. 8ussian, ?apanese, Italian, +atin, and rarely #hinese ((andarin) are offered in some schools, mostly in the cities. Traditionally, English, Eerman and French were considered the main foreign languages in Norway. These languages, for instance, had been used on Norwegian passports until the 511)s, and uni&ersity students ha&e a general right to use these languages when submitting their theses.

C!lt!re
(ain article* #ulture of Norway

The Norwegian farm culture continues to play a role in contemporary Norwegian culture. In the 5;th century, it inspired a strong romantic nationalistic mo&ement, which is still &isible in the Norwegian language and media. In the 51th century, Norwegian culture blossomed with nationalist efforts to achie&e an independent identity in the areas of literature, art and music. This continues today in the performing arts and as a result of go&ernment support for eNhibitions, cultural proKects and artwor!.-53).

Traditional Norwegian farmerJs costumes, !nown as folkedrakt, and modern costumes inspired by those costumes, !nown as /unad, are widely used on special occasions.

Norway has been a progressi&e country, which has adopted legislation and policies to support womenJs rights, minority rights, and +E T rights. $s early as 5;;6, 5D5 of the leading figures, among them fi&e Crime (inisters for the +iberal Carty and the #onser&ati&e Carty, co@founded the Norwegian $ssociation for GomenJs 8ights.-535. They successfully campaigned for womenJs right to education, womenJs suffrage, the right to wor! and other gender eFuality policies. From the 51D)s, gender eFuality also came high on the state agenda with the establishment of a public body to promote gender eFuality, which e&ol&ed into the Eender EFuality and $nti@%iscrimination /mbud. #i&il society organiOations also continue to play an important role, and the womenJs rights organiOations are today organiOed in the Norwegian GomenJs +obby umbrella organiOation. In 511) Norway was the first country to recognise the I+/@con&ention 531 on indigenous people recommended by the 'N. In regard to +E T rights, Norway was the first country in the world to enact an anti@discrimination law protecting the rights of gays and lesbians. In 511= Norway became the second country to legalise ci&il union partnerships for same@seN couples, and on 5 ?anuary >))1 Norway became the siNth country to grant full marriage eFuality to same@seN couples. In 511) the Norwegian constitution was amended to grant absolute primogeniture to the Norwegian throne, meaning that the eldest child, regardless of gender, ta!es precedence in the line of succession. $s it was not retroacti&e, the current successor to the throne the eldest son of the :ing, rather than his eldest child. The Norwegian constitution $rticle 3 states that "For those born before the year 511) it shall...be the case that a male shall ta!e precedence o&er a female."-53>.

$s a promoter of human rights, Norway has held the annual /slo Freedom Forum conference, a gathering described by The ;cono,ist as "on its way to becoming a human@rights eFui&alent of the %a&os economic forum."-53=. 9eparation of church and state happened significantly later in Norway than in most of Europe and is not yet complete. In >)5>, the Norwegian parliament &oted to grant the #hurch of Norway greater autonomy,-536. a decision which was confirmed in a constitutional amendment on >5 (ay >)5>. 'ntil >)5> parliamentary officials were reFuired to be members of the +utheran #hurch and at least half of all ministers had to be a member of the #hristian 9tate #hurch. $s the #hurch of Norway is the state church, its clergy are state employees, and the central and regional church administrations are part of the state administration. The members of the 8oyal family are reFuired to be members of the +utheran church.

Cinema
(ain article* #inema of Norway

The Norwegian cinema has recei&ed more international recognition since the late >)th century. The documentary film Kon"Tiki (510)) of the eNpedition won an $merican /scar $cademy $ward. In 5101, $rne 9!ouenJs Nine *ives was nominated, but failed to win. $nother notable film is 1l:kly.a <rand &ri) (English* &inchcliffe <rand &ri)), an animated feature film directed by I&o #aprino. The film was released in 51D0 and is based on characters from Norwegian cartoonist :Kell $u!rust. It is the most widely seen Norwegian film of all time. Nils EaupJs &athfinder (51;D), the story of the 9ami, was nominated for an /scar. erit NesheimJs The 8ther Side of Sunday was nominated for an /scar in 511D. 9ince the 511)s, the film industry has thri&ed with up to >) feature films each year. Carticular successes were Kristin *avransdatter, based on a no&el by a Nobel CriOe winnerL The Telegra.hist and <urin with the 1o)tail. :nut Eri! ?ensen was among the more successful new directors, together with Eri! 9!KoldbKTrg, who is remembered for =nso,nia.-530. In late >));, the film #a) #anus opened at Norwegian theatres. The film was a Gorld Gar II drama, telling the story of (aN (anus, a Norwegian resistance hero who led many successful sabotage operations against the Eerman occupation. The film became the highest@grossing Norwegian film e&er. /ther notable successful Norwegian films include 8rion's 6elt, $old &rey and The Troll -unter. The country has also been used as filming location for se&eral Aollywood and other international productions, including Star 9ars ;.isode >' The ;,.ire Strikes 6ack (51;)), for which the producers used AardangerKS!ulen glacier as a filming location

for scenes of the ice planet Aoth. It included a memorable battle in the snow. The films %ie (nother %ay, The <olden $o,.ass, S.ies *ike ?s and -eroes of Tele,ark, as well as the TB series *ilyha,,er and >ikings also had scenes set in Norway.-533.

M!si
(ain article* (usic of Norway

Ed&ard Erieg, composer and pianist

The classical music of the romantic composers Ed&ard Erieg, 8i!ard Nordraa! and ?ohan 9&endsen is internationally !nown as is the modern music of $rne Nordheim. Norwegian blac! metal has been an influence in world music since the late >)th century. NorwayJs classical performers include +eif /&e $ndsnes, one of the worldJs more famous pianistsL Truls (Sr!, an outstanding cellistL and the great Gagnerian soprano :irsten Flagstad. 9ince the 511)s, NorwayJs biggest cultural eNport has been blac! metal. This lo@fi, dar! and raw form of hea&y metal eNploded in Norway during the 511)s, de&eloped by such bands as %ar!throne, (ayhem, urOum, Emperor, Eorgoroth and Immortal, as well as later bands such as %immu orgir. This de&elopment has since become an important part of eNtreme metal. #ontro&ersial e&ents associated with the blac! metal mo&ement in the early 511)s included se&eral church burnings and two prominent murder cases. The KaOO scene in Norway is thri&ing. ?an Earbare!, TerKe 8ypdal, (ari oine, $rild $ndersen, and ugge Gesseltoft are internationally recognised while Caal Nilssen@ +o&e, 9upersilent, ?aga ?aOOist and Gibutee are becoming world@class artists of the younger generation.-53D.

Aardingfele, a fiddle from Norway

Norway has a strong fol! music tradition which remains popular to this day.-53;. $mong the most prominent fol! musicians are Aardanger fiddlers $ndrea Een, /la& ?Srgen Aegge and $nnbKSrg +ien, and the &ocalists $gnes uen Earn"s, :irsten r"ten erg and /dd Nordstoga.-531. /ther internationally recognised bands are $@ha and 8]y!sopp. $@ha initially rose to global fame during the mid@51;)s. In the 511)s and >)))s the group maintained its popularity domestically, and had some success outside Norway, mainly in Eermany and 9witOerland. In recent years, &arious Norwegian songwriters and production teams ha&e contributed to the music of other international artists. (ost notably the Norwegian production team 9targate (production team) has produced songs for 8ihanna, eyonc^ :nowles, 9ha!ira, ?ennifer +opeO and +ionel 8ichie among others. Espen +ind has written and produced songs for eyonc^ :nowles, +ionel 8ichie, Ne@Ro, #hris rown, ?essica 9impson and +eona +ewis. +ene (arlin has written songs for 8ihanna and +o&ebugs Norway enKoys many music festi&als throughout the year, all o&er the country. Norway is the host of one of the worldJs biggest eNtreme sport festi&als with music, E!stremsport&e!o , a festi&al held annually in Boss. /slo is the host of many festi&als, such as Xyafesti&alen and by*+arm. /slo used to ha&e a summer parade similar to the Eerman +o&e Carade. In 511> the city of /slo wanted to adopt the French music festi&al 1@te de la #usiAue. Fredri! #arl 9tSrmer established the

festi&al. E&en in its first year, "(usi!!ens %ag" gathered thousands of people and artists in the streets of /slo. "(usi!!ens %ag" is now renamed #usikkfest 8slo.

$iterat!re
(ain article* Norwegian literature 9ee also* +ist of Norwegian writers

:nut Aamsun, author

The history of Norwegian literature starts with the pagan Eddaic poems and s!aldic &erse of the 1th and 5)th centuries, with poets such as ragi oddason and Ey&indr s!Pldaspillir. The arri&al of #hristianity around the year 5))) brought Norway into contact with European mediae&al learning, hagiography and history writing. (erged with nati&e oral tradition and Icelandic influence, this influenced the literature written in the late 5>th and early 5=th centuries. (aKor wor!s of that period include -istoria NorwegiB, Cirekssaga and Konungs skuggs2D. +ittle Norwegian literature came out of the period of the 9candina&ian 'nion and the subseFuent %ano@Norwegian union (5=;D,5;56), with some notable eNceptions such as Cetter %ass and +ud&ig Aolberg. In his play &eer <ynt, Ibsen characterised this period as "Twice two hundred years of dar!ness7brooded oJer the race of mon!eys." The first line of this couplet is freFuently Fuoted. %uring the union with %enmar!, the go&ernment imposed using only written %anish, which decreased the writing of Norwegian literature.

Aenri! Ibsen

Two maKor e&ents precipitated a maKor resurgence in Norwegian literature* in 5;55 a Norwegian uni&ersity was established in #hristiania. 9econdly, seiOed by the spirit of re&olution following the $merican and French re&olutions, the Norwegians created their first #onstitution in 5;56. 9trong authors were inspired who became recognised first in 9candina&ia, and then worldwideL among them were Aenri! Gergeland, Ceter #hristen $sbKSrnsen, ?Srgen (oe and #amilla #ollett. y the late 51th century, in the Eolden $ge of Norwegian literature, the so@called "Ereat Four" emerged* Aenri! Ibsen, KSrnstKerne KSrnson, $leNander :ielland, and ?onas +ie. KSrnsonJs "peasant no&els", such as ;n glad gutt ($ Aappy oy) and Synn3ve Sol/akken, are typical of the Norwegian romantic nationalism of their day. :iellandJs no&els and short stories are mostly naturalistic. $lthough an important contributor to early romantic nationalism, (especially &eer <ynt), Aenri! Ibsen is better !nown for his pioneering realistic dramas such as The 9ild %uck and ( %oll's -ouse4 They caused an uproar because of his candid portrayals of the middle classes, complete with infidelity, unhappy marriages, and corrupt businessmen. In the >)th century, three Norwegian no&elists were awarded the Nobel CriOe in +iterature* KSrnstKerne KSrnson in 51)=, :nut Aamsun for the boo! #arkens gr3de ("Erowth of the 9oil") in 51>), and 9igrid 'ndset (!nown for Kristinlavransdatter) in 51>;. Griters such as the following also made important contributions* %ag 9olstad, ?on Fosse, #ora 9andel, /la& %uun, /la& A. Aauge, Eun&or Aofmo, 9tein (ehren, :Kell $s!ildsen, Aans AerbKSrnsrud, $!sel 9andemose, erglKot AobT! Aaff, ?ostein Eaarder, Eri! Fosnes Aansen, ?ens KSrneboe, :Kartan FlSgstad, +ars 9aabye #hristensen, ?ohan orgen, AerbKSrg Gassmo, ?an Eri! Bold, 8olf ?acobsen, /laf ull, ?an :KTrstad, Eeorg ?ohannesen, TarKei Besaas, 9igurd Aoel, $rnulf X&erland and ?ohan Fal!berget.

Resear h

Internationally recognised Norwegian scientists include the mathematicians Niels Aenri! $bel, 9ophus +ie and $tle 9elberg, physical chemist +ars /nsager, physicist I&ar Eiae&er, chemists /dd Aassel, Ceter Gaage, and #ato (aNimilian Euldberg. In the >)th century, Norwegian academics ha&e been pioneering in many social sciences, including criminology, sociology and peace and conflict studies. Crominent academics include $rne NTss, a philosopher and founder of deep ecologyL ?ohan Ealtung, the founder of peace studiesL Nils #hristie and Thomas (athiesen, criminologistsL Fredri! arth, a social anthropologistL Bilhelm $ubert, Aarriet Aolter and Eri! ErSnseth, sociologistsL To&e 9tang %ahl, a pioneer of womenJs lawL 9tein 8o!!an, a political scientistL and economists 8agnar Frisch, Tryg&e Aaa&elmo, and Finn E. :ydland.

Ar hite t!re
(ain article* $rchitecture of Norway

'rnes 9ta&e #hurch has been listed by 'NE9#/ as a Gorld Aeritage 9ite

Gith eNpansi&e forests, Norway has had a tradition of building in wood. (any of todayJs most interesting new buildings are made of wood, reflecting the strong appeal that this material continues to hold for Norwegian designers and builders.-5D). Gith NorwayJs con&ersion to #hristianity some 5,))) years ago, churches were constructed. 9tonewor! architecture was introduced from Europe for the most important structures, beginning with the construction of Nidaros #athedral in Trondheim in . In the early (iddle $ges, wooden sta&e churches were constructed throughout Norway. (any of them ha&e sur&i&ed and represent NorwayJs most uniFue contribution to architectural history. $ fine eNample is 'rnes 9ta&e #hurch, which is now on 'NE9#/Js Gorld Aeritage +ist. $nother notable eNample of wooden architecture are buildings at the ryggen Gharf in ergen, consisting of a row of narrow wooden structures along the Fuayside.

The 5Dth@century town of 8Sros has narrow streets and wooden houses of the period.

In the 5Dth century, under the %anish monarchy, cities and &illages such as :ongsberg and 8Sros were established. The city had a church built in the aroFue style. Traditional wooden buildings were constructed in 8Sros which ha&e sur&i&ed changes since then. $fter NorwayJs union with %enmar! was dissol&ed in 5;56, /slo became the capital. The architect #hristian A. Erosch designed the earliest parts of the 'ni&ersity of /slo, the /slo 9toc! ENchange, and many other buildings and churches constructed in that early national period. $t the beginning of the >)th century, the city of Zlesund was rebuilt in the $rt Nou&eau style, influenced by styles of France. The 51=)s, when functionalism dominated, became a strong period for Norwegian architecture. It is only since the late >)th century that Norwegian architects ha&e achie&ed international renown. /ne of the most stri!ing modern buildings in Norway is the 9ami Carliament in :PrP_Koh!a, designed by 9tein Aal&orson and #hristian 9undby. Its debating chamber is an abstract timber &ersion of a lavvo, the traditional tent used by the nomadic 9ami people.-5D5.

Art
(ain article* Norwegian art

For an eNtended period, the Norwegian art scene was dominated by artwor! from Eermany and Aolland as well as by the influence of #openhagen. It was in the 51th century that a truly Norwegian era began, first with portraits, later with e&en more impressi&e landscapes. ?ohan #hristian %ahl (5D;;,5;0D), originally from the %resden school, e&entually returned to paint the landscapes of western Norway, defining Norwegian painting for the first time."-5D>.

6rudeferd i -ardanger by $dolph Tidemand og Aans Eude, 5;6;

NorwayJs newly found independence from %enmar! encouraged painters to de&elop their Norwegian identity, especially with landscape painting by artists such as :itty :ielland, a female painter who studied under Aans EudeL Aarriet ac!er, 5;60,51=>, another pioneer among female artists, influenced by impressionism. Frits Thaulow, an impressionist, was influenced by the art scene in Caris as was #hristian :rohg, a realist painter, famous for his paintings of prostitutes.-5D=. /f particular note is Ed&ard (unch, a symbolist7eNpressionist painter who became world famous for The 9cream which is said to represent the anNiety of modern man. /ther artists of note include Aarald 9ohlberg, a neo@romantic painter remembered for his paintings of 8Sros, and /dd Nerdrum, a figurati&e painter who maintains that his wor! is not art but !itsch.

C!isine
(ain article* Norwegian cuisine

NorwayJs culinary traditions show the influence of long seafaring and farming traditions with salmon (fresh and cured), herring (pic!led or marinated), trout, codfish and other seafood balanced by cheeses, dairy products and breads (predominantly dar!7dar!er). +efse is a Norwegian potato flatbread, usually topped with large amounts of butter and sugar, most common around #hristmas. 9ome traditional Norwegian dishes include lutefis!, smalaho&e, pinne!KStt, raspeball and f"ri!"l.-5D6.

oNer #ecilia rT!hus.

,port
9ee also* Football in Norway

Norway first participated at the /lympic Eames in 51)), and has sent athletes to compete in e&ery Eames since then, eNcept for the sparsely attended 51)6 Eames and the 51;) 9ummer /lympics in (oscow when they participated in the $merican@led boycott. Norway has hosted the Eames on two occasions*

510> Ginter /lympics in /slo 5116 Ginter /lympics in +illehammer

Football is the most popular sport in Norway in terms of acti&e membership (by tele&ision &iewership football comes third, behind biathlon and cross@country s!iing-5D0.).

,ee also
Norway portal

/utline of Norway

Notes
5. 7!mp !p N The 9pitsbergen Treaty (also !nown as the 9&albard Treaty) of 1 February 51>) recognises the full and absolute so&ereignty of Norway o&er the arctic archipelago of 9pitsbergen (now called 9&albard). Ceter I Island is a dependent territory (Norwegian* /iland) of Norway but is not considered part of the :ingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of $ntarctica !nown as Vueen (aud +and.-1.

Referen es
5. ` ?ump up to* a b "Copulation 5 ?anuary >)5) and >)55 and changes in >)5), by immigration category and country bac!ground. $bsolute numbers". 9tatistics Norway. 5 ?anuary >)5). 8etrie&ed >= ?uly >)55. ` ?ump up to* a b c d e f #entral Intelligence $gency. "Norway". The 9orld 1act/ook. 8etrie&ed >) ?une >)5=. ` ?ump up to* a b %ata is accessible by following "#reate tables and diagrams" lin! on the following site, and then using table )1>;) "$rea of land and fresh water (!ma) (()" for "The whole country" in year >)5= and summing up entries "+and area" and "Freshwater"* "$rea of land and fresh water, 5 ?anuary >)5=". 9tatistics Norway. >; (ay >)5=. 8etrie&ed >= No&ember >)5=. 7!mp !p N "Copulation on 5 /ctober >)5=". 9tatistics Norway. 8etrie&ed >)5=@ 55@>3. ` ?ump up to* a b c d "Norway". International (onetary Fund. 8etrie&ed >D /ctober >)5=. 7!mp !p N "Eini coefficient of eFui&alised disposable income (source* 9I+#)". Eurostat %ata ENplorer. 8etrie&ed 5= $ugust >)5=. ` ?ump up to* a b "The >)5= Auman %e&elopment 8eport , "The 8ise of the 9outh* Auman Crogress in a %i&erse Gorld"". A%8/ (Auman %e&elopment 8eport /ffice) 'nited Nations %e&elopment Crogramme. pp. 566,56D. 8etrie&ed >; No&ember >)5=. 7!mp !p N #entral Intelligence $gency. "$rea". The 9orld 1act/ook. 8etrie&ed >) ?une >)5=. 7!mp !p N National 8esearch #ouncil ('.9.). Colar 8esearch oard (51;3). (ntarctic treaty syste,' an assess,ent. National $cademies Cress. I9 N 1D;@)@=)1@ )=36)@0. 8etrie&ed >6 ?uly >)55. 7!mp !p N "Copulation". 9tatistics Norway. 51 (arch >)5>. 8etrie&ed 51 (arch >)5>. 7!mp !p N "Norway". 9tate.go&. 5; ?uly >)55. 8etrie&ed >= ?uly >)55. 7!mp !p N "'C%$TE 5@9tatistics Norway raises J)D E%C outloo!, cuts J);". '!.reuters.com. 3 9eptember >))D. 8etrie&ed ; (arch >))1. 7!mp !p N "#I$ , The Gorld Factboo! , #ountry #omparison ** /il , production". #ia.go&. 8etrie&ed D (arch >)55.-dead link. 7!mp !p N "#I$ , The Gorld Factboo! , #ountry #omparison ** Natural gas , production". #entral Intelligence $gency. 8etrie&ed D (arch >)55.-dead link. 7!mp !p N "Auman de&elopment indices >));". -u,an %evelo.,ent 7e.ort. hdr.undp.org. 5; %ecember >));. 8etrie&ed 5> (ay >))1. ` ?ump up to* a b "Auman %e&elopment IndeN >))1". -u,an %evelo.,ent 7e.ort. hdr.undp.org. 0 /ctober >))1. 8etrie&ed 0 /ctober >))1. 7!mp !p N "Auman %e&elopment 8eport >)55". 'nited Nations. 8etrie&ed > No&ember >)55.

>. =.

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5;. 51. >). >5. >>.

>=. >6.

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>D. >;. >1. =). =5. =>. ==. =6. =0. =3. =D. =;. =1. 6).

7!mp !p N Norway top country in human well@being. ?nited &ress =nternational, 50 (arch >)5=. 8etrie&ed >D $ugust >)5=. 7!mp !p N >)5= +egatum Crosperity IndeNb* Elobal prosperity rising while '9 and ': economies decline. *egatu, =nstitute, >1 /ctober >)5=. 7!mp !p N $ Family $ffair* Intergenerational 9ocial (obility across /E#% #ountries. 8;$%, >)5). 8etrie&ed >D $ugust >)5=. 7!mp !p N "/E#% etter +ife IndeN". 8;$%. 8etrie&ed $ugust >D, >)5=. 7!mp !p N #urtis (. Gong (56 %ecember >)5)). GorldJs Top %emocratic Eo&ernments* Economist Intelligence 'nitJs %emocracy IndeN >)5) (CA/T/9). The -uffington &ost4 8etrie&ed >D $ugust >)5=. 7!mp !p N %emocracy indeN >)55. ;cono,ist =ntelligence ?nit 8etrie&ed >D $ugust >)5=. 7!mp !p N :a&itha $. %a&idson (>5 (arch >)5=). %emocracy IndeN >)5=* Elobal %emocracy $t $ 9tandstill, The Economist Intelligence 'nitJs $nnual 8eport 9hows. The -uffington &ost4 8etrie&ed >D $ugust >)5=. 7!mp !p N /rning, Aans ?acob* En &estlands!ongec Klasseka,.en, 5; February >)5=. 7!mp !p N "%ifferent genetic components in the Norwegian population re&ealed by the analysis of mt%N$ and R chromosome polymorphisms". ;uro.ean Journal of -u,an <enetics. Nature Cublishing Eroup. >))>. 8etrie&ed 3 ?une >))1. 7!mp !p N :aren +arsen, ( -istory of Norway (Crinceton 'ni&ersity Cress* Crinceton, 516;) p. ;=. 7!mp !p N 8F Foster* "The /Nford Aistory of Ireland", /Nford 'ni&ersity Cress, 51;1 ` ?ump up to* a b c :aren +arsen, ( -istory of Norway p. 10. ` ?ump up to* a b c d e :aren +arsen, ( -istory of Norway (Crinceton 'ni&ersity Cress, Crinceton, New ?ersey, 516;) p. >)5. ` ?ump up to* a b c d :aren +arsen, ( -istory of Norway (Crinceton 'ni&ersity Cress, 516;) p. 51>. 7!mp !p N "The lac! %eath in Norway". Ncbi.nlm.nih.go&. = %ecember >));. 8etrie&ed ; (arch >))1. ` ?ump up to* a b c d e f g h i j " lac! %eath (pandemic)". ritannica.com. 8etrie&ed >= ?uly >)55. 7!mp !p N :aren +arsen, ( -istory of Norway p. >)=. 7!mp !p N pp. >)>,>)=. 7!mp !p N p. 510 7!mp !p N p. 51D 7!mp !p N "1inding the fa,ily in ,edieval and early ,odern Scotland". EliOabeth Ewan, ?anay Nugent (>));). $shgate Cublishing. p.50=. I9 N )@D063@3)61@6 7!mp !p N "The savage wars of .eace' ;ngland, Ja.an and the #althusian tra.". $lan (acfarlane (511D). p.3=. I9 N )@3=5@5;55D@> 7!mp !p N Treaty of :iel, 56 ?anuary 5;56.

65.

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61. 0). 05. 0>. 0=. 06. 00. 03. 0D. 0;. 01. 3). 35. 3>. 3=. 36. 30.

33.

7!mp !p N Nicolson, Aarold (5163). The $ongress of >iennaE a study in allied unity, FGFHIFGHH. #onstable M co. ltd. p. >10. "The ritish Eo&ernment sought to o&ercome this reluctance by assisting 8ussia in bloc!ading the coast of Norway" 7!mp !p N :aren +arsen, ( -istory of Norway p. 0D>. 7!mp !p N :aren +arsen, ( -istory of Norway p. 6>=. 7!mp !p N Fran!lin %. 9cott, Sweden' the Nation's -istory ('ni&ersity of (innesota Cress* (inneapolis, 51DD) p. =;). ` ?ump up to* a b c :aren +arsen, ( -istory of Norway p. 6=>. 7!mp !p N :aren +arsen, ( -istory of Norway, p. 6=5. 7!mp !p N :aren +arsen, ( -istory of Norway, p. 65>. ` ?ump up to* a b 9ee "The #i&il Gar in 9witOerland" by Frederic! Engels contained in (arN M Engels, $ollected 9orks' >olu,e J (International Cublishers, New Ror!, 51D3) p. =3;. ` ?ump up to* a b c d e f :aren +arsen, ( -istory of Norway p. 6==. ` ?ump up to* a b c :aren +arsen, ( -istory of Norway p. 05). 7!mp !p N "Norwegian &olunteers in the wehrmacht and 99". Nua&.net. 1 $pril 516). 8etrie&ed 0 $pril >)5). 7!mp !p N C( to light +ondon tree-dead link., (ften.osten. 7!mp !p N "Norwegian minister Espen Eide urges ': caution on Fuitting E'". 66$ 8nline. >= %ecember >)5>. 8etrie&ed >= %ecember >)5>. 7!mp !p N "(inifacts about Norway >))1* >. Eeography, climate and en&ironment". 9tatistics Norway. 8etrie&ed >0 /ctober >))1. 7!mp !p N "Norwegian 9helf ecosystem". Eoearth.org. 8etrie&ed =) (ay >)5). 7!mp !p N "N/' >))6". 8egKeringen.no. 8etrie&ed =) (ay >)5). ` ?ump up to* a b Norwegian 8ed +ist >)5)-dead link.. $rtsdataban!en 7!mp !p N Canda.org* Norway forest heritage 7!mp !p N ">0 8easons Norway Is The Ereatest Clace /n Earth". huffingtonpost.com. D ?anuary >)56. 7!mp !p N Aamashige, Aope. " est, Gorst Gorld Aeritage 9ites 8an!ed". National <eogra.hic News. 8etrie&ed >0 /ctober >))1. 7!mp !p N "The #onstitution , #omplete teNt". The Storting's =nfor,ation $orner. >)55. 8etrie&ed 1 9eptember >)55. 7!mp !p N "The :ingJs constitutional role". The 8oyal #ourt of Norway. 8etrie&ed >6 $pril >))1. ` ?ump up to* a b "The (onarchy". Norway.org. >6 ?une >)5). 8etrie&ed 5> %ecember >)55.-dead link. 7!mp !p N "The 9torting". Norway.org. 5) ?une >))1. 8etrie&ed >D ?anuary -dead link. >)5). 7!mp !p N Nordsiec!, Golfram (>)55). "Carties and Elections in Europe". .arties"and"elections4de. 8etrie&ed 5) 9eptember >)55. "9torting, 6@year term, 6< threshold (supplementary seats)"-dead link. 7!mp !p N "The Eo&ernment". Norway.org. 5) ?une >))1. 8etrie&ed >D ?anuary -dead link. >)5).

3D. 3;. 31. D). D5. D>. D=. D6. D0.

7!mp !p N "Form of Eo&ernment". Norway.org. 5) 9eptember >))1. 8etrie&ed >D ?anuary >)5).-dead link. 7!mp !p N "Colitical 9ystem of Norway". 5>=independenceday.com. 8etrie&ed >D ?anuary >)5). 7!mp !p N "Colitical 9ystem". Norway.org. 5; No&ember >))1. 8etrie&ed >D ?anuary >)5).-dead link. 7!mp !p N +ars e&anger (>)5=@)1@5)). ""Norway election* Erna 9olberg to form new go&ernment"". bc.co.u!. 8etrie&ed >)56@)>@50. 7!mp !p N "+ocal Eo&ernment". Norway.org. 5) ?une >))1. 8etrie&ed >D ?anuary >)5).-dead link. ` ?ump up to* a b "The ?udiciary". Norway.org. 5) ?une >))1. 8etrie&ed >D ?anuary >)5).-dead link. 7!mp !p N Gorldwide Cress Freedom IndeN >))D, 8eporters Githout orders.

5English6
7!mp !p N "Elobal #orruption arometer >)5=@Norway". Trans.arency =nternational. Transparency International. 8etrie&ed 5D No&ember >)5=. 7!mp !p N "CA$9E = 8EC/8T /N I(C+E(ENTINE TAE /E#% $NTI@ 8I E8R #/NBENTI/N IN N/8G$R". The 8;$% (nti"6ri/ery 9orking <rou.. The /E#% $nti@ ribery Gor!ing Eroup. 8etrie&ed 5D No&ember >)5=. 7!mp !p N "9napshot of the Norway #ountry Crofile". 6usiness (nti" $orru.tion &ortal. E$N Integrity 9olutions. 8etrie&ed 5D No&ember >)5=. 7!mp !p N "+ist of Norwegian embassies at the website of the Norwegian ministry of foreign affairs". Geb.archi&e.org. >));@)>@)3. $rchi&ed from the original on >));@)>@)3. 8etrie&ed >)5=@5)@5>. 7!mp !p N "8efle!sKoner fra russel , Aospitering &ed 9Srlandets Europa!ontor , Best@$gder Fyl!es!ommune". Intportal.&af.no. 8etrie&ed >1 $ugust >)5).-dead link. 7!mp !p N "E'@programmer". Eu@norge.org. =) ?une >))1. 8etrie&ed >1 $ugust >)5). 7!mp !p N "N%F official numbers". N%F. 8etrie&ed >> $pril >))1. 7!mp !p N Ewladys Fouche and alaOs :oranyi (56 ?une >)5=)* "Norway becomes first N$T/ country to draft women into military", 8euters. 8etrie&ed 50 ?une >)5=. 7!mp !p N "Fors&arsnett* Norwegian forces abroad". www.mil.no. 8etrie&ed > 9eptember >));. 7!mp !p N altais, 9imon. "En&ironment $nd Economy* #an They #o@ENist In The "9mart 9tate"c," =ssues 15 (>)5))* >5,>6. ;ducation 7esearch $o,.lete4 Geb. 5; 9eptember >)5>. 7!mp !p N "N$B , Foreldrepenger &ed fSdsel". Na&.no. >)55. 8etrie&ed 5; $pril >)55. 7!mp !p N :ari Bartdal 8iiseL #ecilie +angum ec!er (=5 $ugust >)5>). "Norge i sTrstilling" (in Norwegian). %N.no. 8etrie&ed >> 9eptember >)5>. 7!mp !p N "+abour force sur&ey @ 99 ". 9sb.no. >)56@)5@>1. 8etrie&ed >)56@ )>@50.

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7!mp !p N "+abour force sur&ey @ $bout the statistics @ 99 ". 9sb.no. >)5=@5)@ =). 8etrie&ed >)56@)>@50. ;;. 7!mp !p N "9tatistical Rearboo! of Norway >)5=, Table 566* National Insurance. %isability pension, by county. =5 %ecember >)5>". 9sb.no. >)5>@5>@=5. 8etrie&ed >)56@)>@50. ;1. 7!mp !p N "%ette er Norge" (in Norwegian). 9tatistics Norway. 8etrie&ed > ?anuary >)5=. 1). 7!mp !p N ureau of +abor 9tatistics. "International #omparisons of E%C per #apita and per Aour, 513),>)5)". %ivision of =nternational *a/or $o,.arisons. 15. 7!mp !p N "Aourly #ompensation #osts, '.9. %ollars and '.9. d 5))." 'nited 9tates %epartment of +abor* ureau of +abor 9tatistics, >5 %ecember >)55. Geb. 5; 9eptember >)5>. 1>. 7!mp !p N #entral Intelligence $gency. "#ountry #omparison* %istribution of Family Income , EINI IndeN". The 9orld 1act/ook. 8etrie&ed >) ?une >)5=. 1=. 7!mp !p N "EX9@lo&en U EX9l. +o& om gKennomfSring i nors! rett a& ho&eddelen i a&tale om %et europeis!e S!onomis!e samarbeidsomr"de (EX9) m.&. (EX9@ lo&en)". +o&data.no. 8etrie&ed 56 February >))1. 16. 7!mp !p N "Norway," '.9. %epartment of 9tate 10. 7!mp !p N "9econdary Industries". This is Norway. 9tatistics Norway. 50 (arch >))1. p. 6). 8etrie&ed >6 (arch >)5=. 13. 7!mp !p N "F$/ Elobefish global trends >))3". 8etrie&ed ; (arch >))1.-dead link. 1D. 7!mp !p N "(ener Norge bSr satse p" &"pen n"r olKen tar slutt , nyheter". %agbladet.no. >; ?anuary >)55. 8etrie&ed D (arch >)55. 1;. 7!mp !p N "(ener Norge bSr satse p" &"pen n"r olKen tar slutt , BE Nett om 9toltenberg@regKeringen". Bg.no. 8etrie&ed D (arch >)55. 11. 7!mp !p N " inge and purge". The ;cono,ist. >> ?anuary >))1. 8etrie&ed =) ?anuary >))1. "1;,11< of NorwayJs electricity comes from hydroelectric plants." 5)). ` ?ump up to* a b c /le (athismoen (>)5=@);@)0). (ften.osten. p. 0. 5)5. ` ?ump up to* a b $nne +indeberg , T%N Finans. "Aer er Norges nye olKepro&ins". %n.no. 8etrie&ed >)5=@5)@5>. 5)>. 7!mp !p N "Eass@ og olKefunn nord for 9nSh&itfeltet i arentsha&et @ D>>)7;@5". Npd.no. >)55@)6@)5. 8etrie&ed >)5=@5)@5>. 5)=. 7!mp !p N Norwegian (inistry of Transport and #ommunication, >))=* = 5)6. 7!mp !p N Norway. "(aKority in Fa&or of Aigh@9peed Trains". Theforeigner.no. 8etrie&ed >= ?uly >)55. 5)0. 7!mp !p N "The &ast maKority said yes (high@speed trains), than!s to lyntog". Translate.google.com. 8etrie&ed >= ?uly >)55. 5)3. 7!mp !p N Norwegian National 8ail $dministration, >));* 6 5)D. ` ?ump up to* a b Norwegian National 8ail $dministration. "$bout". $rchi&ed from the original on 53 %ecember >))D. 8etrie&ed 50 ?uly >));. 5);. 7!mp !p N Norwegian National 8ail $dministration, >));* 5= 5)1. 7!mp !p N Norwegian National 8ail $dministration, >));* 53 55). 7!mp !p N Norwegian (inistry of Transport. ":olle!ti&transport" (in Norwegian). 8etrie&ed 50 ?uly >));.

555.

7!mp !p N Norges 9tatsbaner. "Train facts". $rchi&ed from the original on 5> ?une >));. 8etrie&ed 50 ?uly >));. 55>. 7!mp !p N Norwegian (inistry of Transport and #ommunications, >))=* 50 55=. ` ?ump up to* a b c d $&inor (>));). ">))D CassasKerer" (in Norwegian). 8etrie&ed 50 ?uly >));. 556. 7!mp !p N $&inor. "$bout $&inor". 8etrie&ed 50 ?uly >));. 550. 7!mp !p N /slo +uftha&n. "#ar". 8etrie&ed 50 ?uly >));. 553. 7!mp !p N /slo +uftha&n. "International scheduled routes from /slo". 8etrie&ed 50 ?uly >));. 55D. 7!mp !p N 9candina&ian $irlines 9ystem. "8ute!art". 8etrie&ed 50 ?uly >));. 55;. 7!mp !p N Norwegian $ir 9huttle. "8oute (ap". 8etrie&ed 50 ?uly >));.-dead link. 551. 7!mp !p N GiderSe. "B"re destinasKoner". 8etrie&ed 50 ?uly >));.-dead link. 5>). 7!mp !p N "Tabell ) Aele landet. Fol!emengde 5. Kanuar og endringer i "ret. 5105" (in Norwegian). 9tatistics Norway. 8etrie&ed >D ?anuary >)5)D. 5>5. 7!mp !p N "Copulation 5 ?anuary. 8egistered >)5). CroKected >)55,>)3) in fourteen &ariants. 5 )))". 9tatistics Norway. 8etrie&ed >D ?anuary >)5).-dead link. 5>>. 7!mp !p N -5.-dead link. 5>=. ` ?ump up to* a b c Vuestions about immigrant@related statistics (>)5=@)3@>)). ":ey figures Immigration and immigrants @ 99 ". 9sb.no. 8etrie&ed >)56@)>@50. 5>6. ` ?ump up to* a b c d 5> prosent a& befol!ningen er inn&andrere 9tatistics Norway 5Norwegian6 retrie&ed >3 $pril >)5= 5>0. 7!mp !p N "Three categories of immigration bac!ground, country of birth and citiOenship by country bac!ground and seN. 5 ?anuary >)5> "-dead link.. 9tatistics Norway. >3 $pril >)5>. $ccessed >D $pril >)5>. $rchi&ed D $ugust >)55. 5>3. ` ?ump up to* a b Inn&andrere og nors!fSdte med inn&andrerforeldre, >0 $pril >)5= 9tatistics Norway, retrie&ed =) %ecember >)5= 5>D. 7!mp !p N Aare, 9ophie. "FactboN , facts about Norway", 8euters. >> ?uly >)55. $ccessed >> ?uly >)55. 5>;. 7!mp !p N Ei&ind r"stad ?ensen. 5115. Fra fornors!ningspoliti!! mot !ulturelt mangfold. Nord!alott@Forlaget. 5>1. 7!mp !p N I. KSr!lund, T. rantenberg, A. Eidheim, ?.$. :alstad and %. 9torm. >))>. (ustralian =ndigenous *aw 7e.orter ($I+8) 5 D(5) 5=). 7!mp !p N $merican FactFinder, 'nited 9tates #ensus ureau. "#ensus >))3 $#9 $ncestry estimates". Factfinder.census.go&. 8etrie&ed =) (ay >)5).-dead link. 5=5. 7!mp !p N "Ethnic origins, >))3 counts, for #anada, pro&inces and territories , >)< sample data". Statistics $anada. >))3. 8etrie&ed 53 9eptember >))1. 5=>. 7!mp !p N "Netto inn&andring, etter land. 5133,>)55" (in Norwegian). 9tatistics Norway. 8etrie&ed > 9eptember >)5>.-dead link. 5==. 7!mp !p N +adegaard, Isac (D (ay >)5>). "Colish wor!ers get stuc! in stereotype". Science Nordic. 5=6. 7!mp !p N "Copulation and Fuarterly changes, V6 >)5>". 9tatistics Norway. >5 February >)5=. 8etrie&ed >6 (arch >)5=. 5=0. 7!mp !p N "Immigrants and Norwegian@born to immigrant parents, 5 ?anuary >)5>". 9tatistics Norway. >3 $pril >)5>. 8etrie&ed >6 (arch >)5=.

5=3. 7!mp !p N "Copulation 5 ?anuary >)55 and >)5> and changes in >)55, by immigration category and country bac!ground". 9tatistics Norway. >)5>. 8etrie&ed >6 (arch >)5=. 5=D. 7!mp !p N "Immigrants and Norwegian@born to immigrant parents, 5 ?anuary >)5=". 9tatistics Norway. >0 $pril >)5=. 8etrie&ed >; (ay >)5=. 9ee Table = "Copulation by immigrant category and country bac!ground", sum of columns "Immigrants" and "Norwegian@born to immigrant parents". 5=;. 7!mp !p N "Flere til gudstKeneste" (in Norwegian). 9tatistics Norway. 8etrie&ed D %ecember >)5>. 5=1. 7!mp !p N "Eallup Coll 8esults 8e&eal Estonia as the (ost $theistic #ountry in the Gorld " Boices from 8ussia". )>&ar&ara.wordpress.com. 8etrie&ed ; ?uly >))1. 56). 7!mp !p N "The Ceople In The #hurch". webcache.googleusercontent.com. 8etrie&ed ; ?uly >))1.-dead link. 565. 7!mp !p N ":/9T8$ ((unicipality@9tate@8eporting)* #hurch". 9tatistics Norway. 8etrie&ed >1 $ugust >)5). 56>. 7!mp !p N "#hurch of Norway. #hurch ser&ices and participants, by diocese. >))0,>))1 (#orrected >; ?une >)5))". 9tatistics Norway. >; ?une >)5). 8etrie&ed D (arch >)55. 56=. ` ?ump up to* a b "(ore members in religious and philosophical communities". 9tatistics Norway. 8etrie&ed ; (arch >))1. 566. ` ?ump up to* a b c d e f g h i j "(embers of #hristian communities outside the #hurch of Norway". 9tatistics Norway. 8etrie&ed >5 $ugust >)5). 560. 7!mp !p N $ndreas 9letteholm* "N" er det flere !atoli!!er enn muslimer i Norge", (ften.osten, = %ecember >)5> 563. ` ?ump up to* a b "#hurch of Norway and other religious and philosophical communities". 9tatistics Norway. 8etrie&ed 1 %ecember >)55. 56D. ` ?ump up to* a b c d "(embers of religious and life@stance communities outside the #hurch of Norway, by religion7life stance". 9tatistics Norway. 8etrie&ed >5 $ugust >)5). 56;. 7!mp !p N "8eligious communities and life stance communities". 9tatistics Norway. 8etrie&ed 1 %ecember >)55. 561. 7!mp !p N "9ami". New Gorld Encyclopedia. 8etrie&ed >> 9eptember >)5>. 50). 7!mp !p N "9hamanism $ppro&ed as a 8eligion in Norway". Tnp.no. >)5>@)=@ 50. 8etrie&ed >)5=@5)@5>. 505. 7!mp !p N "Eeir :&arme gi!! til sKaman for " f" balanse". :Kendis.no. 8etrie&ed >> 9eptember >)5>. 50>. 7!mp !p N $B* ellen !ongsnes. "9amis! sKaman s!apte olKefeber". $ftenbladet.no. 8etrie&ed >> 9eptember >)5>. 50=. 7!mp !p N "Eurobarometer on 9ocial Balues, 9cience and technology >))0" (C%F). p. 55. 8etrie&ed 0 (ay >))D. 506. 7!mp !p N Eustafsson, Eoran and Thorleif Cettersson. 1olkkyrk och religios .lurais, Kden nordiska religiosa ,odellen, 9toc!holm, 9weden* Berbum Forlag 500. 7!mp !p N #hurch of Norway statistics are from >)5>.

503. 7!mp !p N "Norway , Implementation of the elements of the ologna Crocess" (C%F). 8etrie&ed =) (ay >)5). 50D. 7!mp !p N "Tuition fees". 9tudyinnorway.no. >D $ugust >));. 8etrie&ed >= ?uly >)55. 50;. 7!mp !p N "Nordens spr"! med rStter og fStter,9amis!e spr"!". Eplads.norden.org. 8etrie&ed >3 (arch >)5=. 501. 7!mp !p N ":&ener , :ainun institutti , :&ens! institutt". :&ens!institutt.no. 8etrie&ed >3 (arch >)5=. 53). 7!mp !p N ""NorwayJs #ulture", JJEncartaJJ". Gebcitation.org. 8etrie&ed >)56@ )>@50. 535. 7!mp !p N $slaug (o!snes. *ikestilling eller sBrstillingK Norsk kvinnesaksforening FGGLIFMFN (p. =0), Eyldendal Nors! Forlag, 51;6, I9 N ;>@)0@ 50=03@3 53>. 7!mp !p N "The #onstitution , #omplete teNt". 9tortinget.no. 8etrie&ed >= ?uly >)55. 53=. 7!mp !p N "Auman rights* $ crowded field". The Economist. >D (ay >)5). 8etrie&ed >= ?uly >)55. 536. 7!mp !p N Fraser, 9ean (50 (ay >)5>). "Norway abolishes state@sponsored #hurch of Norway". %igital ?ournal. 8etrie&ed >) ?une >)5=. 530. 7!mp !p N "$ brief history of Norwegian film"-dead link., Norway /fficial Gebsite, 8etrie&ed ; February >)5). 533. 7!mp !p N "Norwegian Film #omission". Norwegianfilm.com. 8etrie&ed >> 9eptember >)5>. 53D. 7!mp !p N "#ulture". 9tudyinnorway.no. >3 (arch >))D. 8etrie&ed >= ?uly >)55. 53;. 7!mp !p N Fol! (usic from Norway-dead link.. The official site of Norway 531. 7!mp !p N "#ontemporary art from Norway the official site". Norway.org.u!. 8etrie&ed >= ?uly >)55. 5D). 7!mp !p N "The e&olution of Norwegian architecture". The official site of Norway. 8etrie&ed >) ?une >)5=.-dead link. 5D5. 7!mp !p N +eslie urgher. "Norwegian $rchitecture". +eslie urgher website. 8etrie&ed =) (ay >)5). 5D>. 7!mp !p N Frode Aa&er!amp (trans. ?oan Fuglesang). -ans 1redrik <ude' 1ro, National 7o,anticis, to 7ealis, in *andsca.e (in Norwegian). 5D=. 7!mp !p N "Norwegian $rtists". $rtcyclopedia.com. 8etrie&ed >= ?uly >)55. 5D6. 7!mp !p N "#ulture of Norway , history, people, clothing, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, family". E&eryculture.com. 6 9eptember >)5). 8etrie&ed >= ?uly >)55. 5D0. 7!mp !p N uib.no , 9C/8T98ETTIEAETE8 /E :8INE:$9TINE

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