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Chapter - 2 Energy Basics
Chapter - 2 Energy Basics
Relation between Energy and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Energy and Human Development Index Energy Consumption Energy Trends Demand and Supply of Energy in world and Nepal Global Warming and CDM Conventional and Non-conventional/ Renewable Energy Resources Conventional Energy Sources
Air: clean technology Food: clean technology, proper cooking time Drink: water purifier technology, water pumping for drinking water Warmth, sex, shelter, sleep: heating systems, (what more??) Financial: employment opportunity Health: ??? Love belonging:?? Esteem:?? Self Actualization:??
Assignment 1
A society in rural area of Nepal has basic needs of food, transportation, proper hygiene. List some other needs that may be the important requirement of the society. The government, instead of implementing the projects related to food, road construction or health, choose to implement energy project in the region. Is the step taken by government right? Justify your answer relating to Maslows hierarchy of needs.
HDI
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices to rank countries into four tiers of human development. The four tiers are : 1. Very High Human development 2.High Human Development 3. Medium Human Development 4. Low Human Development It was created by economist Mahbub ul Haq, followed by economist Amartya Sen in 1990, and published by the United Nations Development Programme.
Human Development
HDI combines three dimensions: a. Life Expectancy : A long and a healthy life b. Education Index: Mean and Expected years of schooling c. Income Index: A decent standard of living (GNI per capita)
Besides that : Sustainable development: locally, nationally and globally Should be empowering Better life for poor Environment sustainability Promote sustainability
Energy Consumption
Assignment 2
What is your energy consumption per day and for what purposes? How do the energy that you consume contribute to maintain your quality of life? Relate with importance of energy in achieving human development.
Assignment 3
Collect necessary data to show the energy consumption pattern in the world (no old than 2007). List the sources of the energy consumed along with their contribution. What problems do you think the present trend of energy consumption can lead to? Discuss about the solutions to the problems.
Global Warming
Since late 19th and early 20th century Causes GHG (water vapour, CO2, CH4, N2O, O3) Negative impacts Positive impacts
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Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and Temperature Change Carbon dioxide (ppmv) 150 100 50 0
Climate Change
Climate change is caused by both natural events (like volcanic eruptions) and human activities
Human Health: Weather related mortality Infectious disease Air quality - respiratory illness
Water Resources: Changes in water supply and water quality Competition/Trans-border Issues
Forests: Change in Ecologies, Geographic range of species, and Health and productivity
Industry and Energy: Changes in Energy demand Product demand & Supply
3D modeling and visualization tools are used for vulnerability assessment, exact location and quantification of areas which are susceptible to floods due to rise in sea level. Study area: Northern part of Navotas, Metro Manila
Commitments by the Parties to the Convention Parties have common but differentiated responsibilities.
Annex II
Australia / Austria / Belgium / Canada / Denmark / EC / Finland / France / Germany / Greece /Iceland / Ireland / Italy / Japan / Luxembourg / Netherlands / New Zealand / Norway / Portugal / Spain / Sweden / Switzerland / Turkey / United Kingdom / USA
Belarus / Bulgaria / Croatia / Czech Republic / Estonia / Hungary / Latvia / Liechtenstein / Lithuania / Monaco / Poland / Romania / Russian Federation / Slovakia / Slovenia / Ukraine
Kyoto Protocol
The overall emission reduction target for Annex I Parties as a group is at least 5 percent below 1990 levels, to be achieved by the commitment period 2008 to 2012 (an average over the five years). The Protocol covers six greenhouse gases (Annex A) CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 The negotiated targets for individual Annex I Parties are included in Annex B of the Protocol.
Economies in Transition Bulgaria Baltics Croatia Czech Republic Hungary Poland Romania Russia Ukraine 92 92 95 92 94 94 92 100 100
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at COP-3 in December, 1997, in accordance with Berlin Mandate of COP-1. The Protocol will enter into force when not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, accounting for at least 55 percent of the 1990 total CO2 emissions of the Annex 1 Parties, have ratified the Protocol. US: 34%; Russia: 16%; Japan: 8% ;EU: 23%; Other Annex 1 Parties 19%
Emission Trading
1990 level
Joint Implementation
- 5%
Domestic Actions
Assigned Amounts
Present day
2012 (BaU)
2012 with KP
Renewable energy
Solar power Hydro power Wind power Geothermal Biomass Tidal / Wave power
Renewable energy
Renewable energy for the grid For electricity generation by households or commercial users
E.g., Solar home systems, solar water pumps, photovoltaics, wind battery chargers
Renewable energy
Thermal energy for households or commercial users
E.g., solar thermal water heaters and dryers, solar cookers, energy derived from biomass for water heating, space heating or drying
Fuel switching
For industrial facilities
From steam or compressed air to electricity
For buildings
From oil to gas
For vehicles
From diesel to LPG or to CNG
Agriculture
Reducing emissions from agricultural soils
Use of ammonium sulfate instead of urea Use of phosphogypsum in combination with urea instead of urea
Reducing methane emissions from livestock Conservation agricultural tillage Agricultural land management practices
Use of composted rice straw instead of fresh rice straw
Industrial processes
Methane (CH4) recovery and avoidance from landfills, coal mines, agro-industries, waste water treatment facilities
Cement production (CO2) Electric equipment manufacturing (SF6) PFC emissions from aluminum production
CH4 has global warming intensity 21-times that of CO2
PFC and SF6 emissions from semiconductor manufacturing Nitrous Oxide (N2O) emissions from adipic acid and nitric acid manufacturing
N2O has global warming intensity of 310-times that of CO2
PCF gases have global warming intensity over 6000-times that of CO2
Sink projects
Afforestation
Planting trees on agricultural land
Reforestation
Planting trees on denuded forest land
CDM Project
Achieves Sustainable Development objectives for the host developing country Reduces GHG Emissions
Years
A potential CDM Project is a project which has an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)
Contents of CDM-PDD
A. General description of project activity B. Baseline methodology C. Duration of the project activity/ Crediting period D. Monitoring methodology and plan E. Calculations of GHG emissions by sources F. Environmental impacts G. Stakeholders comments
National Approval
Approval is by the Designated National Authority (DNA) for CDM Main Criteria for Approval: Does project contribute to the sustainable development objectives of the Nepal? Sustainable development indicators Project type priorities
Positive list Negative list
Validation
Designated Operational Entity External Auditor Validates the PDD
Including the Baseline Study and the Monitoring Plan
Registration
Registration is done by the CDM Executive Board (presently based in Bonn, Germany) CDM Project Registry
Issuance of CERs
Based on the certification by the Operational Entity, the CDM Executive Board issues the Certificate of Emission Reductions Official registry of CERs CERs are a tradable asset (like stocks or bonds)