Civil & Environmental Engineering Department California State University, Fullerton CA 92834

To: Dr. From: Date: December13, 2013 Subject: Analysis of Hydraulic Jump Introduction In the nature study of the hydraulic has solved many phenomena and this has been useful for generating useful free energy. Therefore in this laboratory work it was intended to study the water characteristic under hydraulic jump. This includes the form of the channel which in this case is an open channel and finding the the ratio of the different depths and energy los within the channel. Results By observation and analyzing the data through calculation. it has been found that the depth of the waster at point zero as shown in the figure decrease and the velocity at point 1 increasing gradually. From the calculation it has been found that flow is supercritical at point 1 because the Froude number during the measurements of the depth y1 was higher than 1, therefore the flow is super critical. The max value for velocity was found at lowest depth of the water flow in point 1 and as well this point (point one) has the highest Froude number.

Discussion From the observation it can be confirmed that the hydraulic jump is transition of the water from super critical state to the subcritical state. As it can be seen from the figure 1, the flow between point 1 and point 2 caries this transition. To represent these concept through measurement and calculation, table 1 indicates how water flow property has changed depending to the depth and change in the energy with the fluid. In table in can be indicated that there is direct correlation between depth at point zero and velocity of the water at point 1. The higher the depth of the water reservoirs at point 0, the higher the velocity at point 1becomes. And since the Froude number is function of the velocity, therefore the Froude number will examine if the flow is critical or subcritical. So under the column of the Froude number, the value of the Fr is greater than one, therefore the flow at point 1 was subcritical over during the all measurements. Also another concept in this experiment can be convey by equation (2) which indicate that Froude number will increase if the depth of the flow in point 1 decrease, in another word the decrease in the depth will is equivalent to decrees in the cross section area at point 1, therefore this experiment explain how these formula works in practical field of fluid mechanics. Analyzing these finding through graph, as shown in the figure 2, states that Froude number and ration of the Y2/Y1 has direct relationship and also the energy loss has direct correlation with the velocity. And it is significant that when velocity increase the flow turbulent also increase and this causing the flow to interact with the wet perimeter and interaction within its molecules which causing the friction. Over all looking at the graph, the graph happen to be not a straight line , therefore it could related to errors in the

Civil & Environmental Engineering Department California State University, Fullerton CA 92834

measurements, however the concept can be explained which has been already discussed

The hydraulic jump occurs when a rapid change in ow depth occurs from a small depth to a large depth such that there is an abrupt rise in water surface. A hydraulic jump occurs wherever super- critical ow changes to subcritical own. Hydraulic jumps can occur in canals downstream of regulating sluices, at the foot of spillways, or where a steep channel slope suddenly becomes at. Figure 1 illustrates a hydraulic jump along with the speci_c energy and speci_c force curves. Conclusion As brief, analyzing the hydraulic jumps plays an important concept in nature and in and designing of the hydraulic structures, therefore in this laboratory it has been analyzed that Froude number is function of the potential and mechanical energy and the value of the fround indicate that flow was above 11 which indicate that water was super critical and has generated strong jump.

Appendices Your calculations, tables, and figures should be included in your appendices.

Equations that has been used in the calculation: The tope equation represent the continuity of the flow and from there, equation (2) has been derived.

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Civil & Environmental Engineering Department California State University, Fullerton CA 92834

Figure 1: showing the hydraulic jump from side for a rectangular channel.

References Please cite all references that you have used for completing this task.