IVPL

Chapter 5
Image Restoration

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 Image Restoration
• As in image enhancement, the ultimate
goal of restoration techniques is to
improve an image in some predefined
sense.

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5.1 A Model of the Image Degradation/Restoration
Process
• As Fig.5.1 show

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 Noise models
• Source of noise
– Image acquisition (digitization)
– Image transmission
• Spatial properties of noise
– Statistical behavior of the gray-level values of
pixels
– Noise parameters, correlation with the image
• Frequency properties of noise
– Fourier spectrum
– Ex. white noise (a constant Fourier spectrum)

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 5.2 Noise Models

• Noise may be considered random variables,

characterized by a probability density function (PDF).
– Gaussian noise
– Rayleigh noise
– Erlang (Gamma) noise
– Exponenital noise
– Uniform noise
– Impulse (salt-and-pepper) noise
• Periodic Noise

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Gaussian noise

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Rayleigh noise

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Erlang (Gamma) noise

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Exponenital noise

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Uniform noise

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Impulse (salt-and-pepper) noise

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Periodic Noise

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Estimation of Noise Parameters

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 5.3 Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only-
Spatial Filtering
• Spatial filtering is the method of choice in situations
when only additive
– Mean filters

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 Chapter 5
Image Restoration

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5.3 Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only-
Spatial Filtering

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5.3 Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only-
Spatial Filtering

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 Chapter 5
Image Restoration

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 5.3 Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only-
Spatial Filtering

• Order-statistics filters

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 Chapter 5
Image Restoration

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 5.3 Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only-
Spatial Filtering
• Adaptive filters

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 5.3 Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only-
Spatial Filtering
• Adaptive filters

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5.4 Periodic Noise Reduction by Freauency
Domain Filtering

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Bandreject Filters

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 Bandpass filters
• for extracting noise removal

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Notch filters

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Optimum notch filters

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Optimum notch filters

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Optimum notch filters

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Optimum notch filters

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Optimum notch filters

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 5.6 Estimating the Degradation Function

– Estimation by Image Observation

– Estimation by Experimentation
• Fig. 5.24
– Estimation by Modeling
• Fig. 5.25

– Example 5.10
• Image blurring due to motion
• Fig. 5.26

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Estimation by Image Observation

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Estimation by Experimentation

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Estimation by Modeling

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Estimation by Modeling

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5.7 Inverse Filtering

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Inverse Filtering

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 Minimum mean square error (Wiener) filtering

• Handle the additive noise

• Minimize the MSE

• Result: Wiener(1942) filter

e = E [( f − f ) ]
2 ˆ 2
Noisy
image

⎡ 1 H (u , v )
2
⎤
Fˆ (u , v) = ⎢ ⎥G (u , v)
⎢⎣ H (u , v) H (u , v) + Sη (u , v) / S f (u , v) ⎥⎦
2

K
Estimated Power spectrum Power spectrum
Degradation filter of additive noise of original (?) 46
 Wiener filter: example 1

Full inverse Inverse filter Wiener filter

filtering cut outside 70% K(? manual)

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 noisy Inverse filter Wiener filter

Gaussian
μ=0
σ2=650

Less var.

Less less
Var.
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Constrained Least Squares Filtering

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Constrained Least Squares Filtering

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Constrained Least Squares Filtering

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Geometric Mean Filter

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Spatial transformations

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 Gray-level interpolation

•Nearest neighbor
•Bilinear interpolation-Use 4 nearest neighbors
•Cubic convolution interpolation-Fit a surface over a large number
of neighbors

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 Chapter 5
Image Restoration

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