Calculus II

Preface
Here are my online notes for my Calculus II course that I teach here at Lamar University. Despite the fact that these are my class notes, they should be accessible to anyone wanting to learn Calculus II or needing a refresher in some of the topics from the class. These notes do assume that the reader has a good working knowledge of Calculus I topics including limits, derivatives and basic integration and integration by substitution. Calculus II tends to be a very difficult course for many students. There are many reasons for this. The first reason is that this course does require that you have a very good working knowledge of Calculus I. The Calculus I portion of many of the problems tends to be skipped and left to the student to verify or fill in the details. If you dont have good Calculus I skills, and you are constantly getting stuck on the Calculus I portion of the problem, you will find this course very difficult to complete. The second, and probably larger, reason many students have difficulty with Calculus II is that you will be asked to truly think in this class. That is not meant to insult anyone; it is simply an acknowledgment that you cant just memorize a bunch of formulas and expect to pass the course as you can do in many math classes. There are formulas in this class that you will need to know, but they tend to be fairly general. You will need to understand them, how they work, and more importantly whether they can be used or not. As an example, the first topic we will look at is Integration by Parts. The integration by parts formula is very easy to remember. However, just because youve got it memorized doesnt mean that you can use it. Youll need to be able to look at an integral and realize that integration by parts can be used (which isnt always obvious) and then decide which portions of the integral correspond to the parts in the formula (again, not always obvious). Finally, many of the problems in this course will have multiple solution techniques and so youll need to be able to identify all the possible techniques and then decide which will be the easiest technique to use. So, with all that out of the way let me also get a couple of warnings out of the way to my students who may be here to get a copy of what happened on a day that you missed. 1. Because I wanted to make this a fairly complete set of notes for anyone wanting to learn calculus I have included some material that I do not usually have time to cover in class and because this changes from semester to semester it is not noted here. You will need to find one of your fellow class mates to see if there is something in these notes that wasnt covered in class. 2. In general I try to work problems in class that are different from my notes. However, with Calculus II many of the problems are difficult to make up on the spur of the moment and so in this class my class work will follow these notes fairly close as far as worked problems go. With that being said I will, on occasion, work problems off the top of my head when I can to provide more examples than just those in my notes. Also, I often
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Calculus II

dont have time in class to work all of the problems in the notes and so you will find that some sections contain problems that werent worked in class due to time restrictions. 3. Sometimes questions in class will lead down paths that are not covered here. I try to anticipate as many of the questions as possible in writing these up, but the reality is that I cant anticipate all the questions. Sometimes a very good question gets asked in class that leads to insights that Ive not included here. You should always talk to someone who was in class on the day you missed and compare these notes to their notes and see what the differences are. 4. This is somewhat related to the previous three items, but is important enough to merit its own item. THESE NOTES ARE NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR ATTENDING CLASS!! Using these notes as a substitute for class is liable to get you in trouble. As already noted not everything in these notes is covered in class and often material or insights not in these notes is covered in class.

2007 Paul Dawkins

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Calculus II

Surface Area
In this section we are going to look once again at solids of revolution. We first looked at them back in Calculus I when we found the volume of the solid of revolution. In this section we want to find the surface area of this region. So, for the purposes of the derivation of the formula, lets look at rotating the continuous function y = f ( x ) in the interval [ a, b ] about the x-axis. Below is a sketch of a function and the solid of revolution we get by rotating the function about the x-axis.

We can derive a formula for the surface area much as we derived the formula for arc length. Well start by dividing the integral into n equal subintervals of width Dx . On each subinterval we will approximate the function with a straight line that agrees with the function at the endpoints of the each interval. Here is a sketch of that for our representative function using n = 4 .

Now, rotate the approximations about the x-axis and we get the following solid.

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Calculus II

The approximation on each interval gives a distinct portion of the solid and to make this clear each portion is colored differently. Each of these portions are called frustums and we know how to find the surface area of frustums. The surface area of a frustum is given by, where,

A = 2p rl

r=

1 ( r1 + r2 ) 2

r1 = radius of right end r2 = radius of left end

and l is the length of the slant of the frustum. For the frustum on the interval [ xi -1 , xi ] we have,

r1 = f ( xi ) r2 = f ( xi -1 ) l = Pi -1 Pi

( length of the line segment connecting Pi

2

and Pi -1 )

and we know from the previous section that,

* Pi -1 Pi = 1 + f ( xi )

Dx where xi* is some point in [ xi -1 , xi ]

Before writing down the formula for the surface area we are going to assume that Dx is small and since f ( x ) is continuous we can then assume that,

f ( xi ) f ( xi* )

and

f ( xi -1 ) f ( xi* )

So, the surface area of the frustum on the interval [ xi -1 , xi ] is approximately,

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Calculus II

f ( xi ) + f ( xi -1 ) Ai = 2p Pi -1 Pi 2 f ( xi* ) 2p f ( xi* ) 1 +
The surface area of the whole solid is then approximately,
n 2

Dx

S 2p f ( xi* ) 1 + f ( xi* ) i =1
n

Dx
2

and we can get the exact surface area by taking the limit as n goes to infinity.

S = lim 2p f ( xi* ) 1 + f ( xi* ) n i =1 = 2p f ( x ) 1 + f ( x ) dx a

2 b

Dx

If we wanted to we could also derive a similar formula for rotating x = h ( y ) on [ c, d ] about the y-axis. This would give the following formula.

S = 2p h ( y ) 1 + h ( y ) dy c
2

These are not the standard formulas however. Notice that the roots in both of these formulas are nothing more than the two dss we used in the previous section. Also, we will replace f ( x ) with y and

h ( y ) with x. Doing this gives the following two formulas for the surface area.
Surface Area Formulas

S = 2p y ds
where,

rotation about x - axis rotation about y - axis

2

S = 2p x ds dy ds = 1 + dx dx dx ds = 1 + dy dy
2

if y = f ( x ) , a x b if x = h ( y ) , c y d

There are a couple of things to note about these formulas. First, notice that the variable in the integral itself is always the opposite variable from the one were rotating about. Second, we are allowed to use either ds in either formula. This means that there are, in some way, four formulas here. We will choose the ds based upon which is the most convenient for a given function and problem. Now lets work a couple of examples.

Example 1 Determine the surface area of the solid obtained by rotating y = 9 - x 2 , -2 x 2

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Calculus II

about the x-axis. Solution The formula that well be using here is, since we are rotating about the x-axis and well use the first ds in this case because our function is in the correct form for that ds and we wont gain anything by solving it for x. Lets first get the derivative and the root taken care of.
1 dy 1 2 -2 = ( 9 - x ) ( -2 x ) = dx 2 2

S = 2p y ds

(9 - x )

1 2 2

x2 9 3 dy 1+ = 1+ = = 2 2 9- x 9- x dx 9 - x2
Heres the integral for the surface area,
2

3 S = 2p y dx -2 9 - x2
There is a problem however. The dx means that we shouldnt have any ys in the integral. So, before evaluating the integral well need to substitute in for y as well. The surface area is then,
2

S = 2p 9 - x 2 -2 = 6p dx
-2 2

3 9 - x2

dx

= 24p
Previously we made the comment that we could use either ds in the surface area formulas. Lets work an example in which using either ds wont create integrals that are too difficult to evaluate and so we can check both dss.

Example 2 Determine the surface area of the solid obtained by rotating y = 3 x , 1 y 2 about the
y-axis. Use both dss to compute the surface area. Solution Note that weve been given the function set up for the first ds and limits that work for the second ds. Solution 1 This solution will use the first ds listed above. Well start with the derivative and root.

dy 1 - 2 = x 3 dx 3

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Calculus II

1 9x 3 +1 9x 3 +1 dy 1+ = 1+ 4 = = 4 2 dx 3 3 9x 9x 3x 3
Well also need to get new limits. That isnt too bad however. All we need to do is plug in the given ys into our equation and solve to get that the range of xs is 1 x 8 . The integral for the surface area is then,
4 3 x +1 9 S = 2p x dx 2 3x 3 1 4 2p 8 1 3 = x 9 x 3 + 1 dx 3 1 8

Note that this time we didnt need to substitute in for the x as we did in the previous example. In this case we picked up a dx from the ds and so we dont need to do a substitution for the x. In fact if we had substituted for x we would have put ys into the integral which would have caused problems. Using the substitution
4 1

u = 9x 3 +1
the integral becomes,

du = 12 x 3 dx

S=

p 145 u du 18 10
145

p 3 = u2 27 10
=

3 3 p 2 2 145 10 = 199.48 27

Solution 2 This time well use the second ds. So, well first need to solve the equation for x. Well also go ahead and get the derivative and root while were at it.

x = y3
2

dx = 3y2 dy dx 1+ = 1+ 9 y4 dy

The surface area is then,

S = 2p x 1 + 9 y 4 dy
1

We used the original y limits this time because we picked up a dy from the ds. Also note that the presence of the dy means that this time, unlike the first solution, well need to substitute in for the x. Doing that
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gives,

S = 2p y 3 1 + 9 y 4 dy
1

u = 1+ 9 y4

p 145 u du 18 10 3 3 p 2 2 = 145 - 10 = 199.48 27

=
Note that after the substitution the integral was identical to the first solution and so the work was skipped. As this example has shown we can use either ds to get the surface area. It is important to point out as well that with one ds we had to do a substitution for the x and with the other we didnt. This will always work out that way. Note as well that in the case of the last example it was just as easy to use either ds. That often wont be the case. In many examples only one of the ds will be convenient to work with so well always need to determine which ds is liable to be the easiest to work with before starting the problem.

2007 Paul Dawkins

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