PRELIM HSC SENIOR SCIENCE

STUDY NOTES
Topic 5: Local Environment

1.

The di tri!"tion , diver it# and n"m!er o$ plant and animal $o"nd are determined !# a!iotic and !iotic $actor . Environment: %n or&ani m "rro"ndin&. %!iotic: Non-livin& thin& $o"nd in an environment. 'iotic: Livin& thin& $o"nd in an environment. Ha!itat: (here an or&ani m live . Eco # tem: I an# environment (here livin& or&ani m interact (ith each other. De cri!e the di$$erence !et(een a!iotic and !iotic $eat"re o$ an environment . %!iotic $eat"re in an environment are the non-livin& thin& impact on the livin& or&ani m . The e ma# incl"de tree , the (eather and even the di$$erent t#pe o$ oil. 'iotic $eat"re in an environment are the livin& thin& /or&ani m . The e ma# incl"de $i h, din&o and even h"man . Compare the a!iotic characteri tic terre trial environment . %)"atic environment ,ater ha a hi&h vi co it# rate. Thi ma-e it di$$ic"lt $or or&ani m to move thro"&h. There i .% o/#&en in (ater. Thi ma-e it impo i!le $or h"man to !reathe "nder(ater. o$ a)"atic and

*eat"re +i co it#- Mea "re o$ re i tance.

%vaila!ilit# o$ &a e .

Terre trial environment The terre trial environment con i t o$ air, (hich ha a ver# lo( vi co it# rate. There i 01% o/#&en and 1.12% car!on dio/ide in the air.

%vaila!ilit# o$ (ater.

,ater i not an i "e in a)"atic environment . Ho(ever (hether it i alt or $re h (ater impact i&ni$icantl# on the !iotic $eat"re . Ma# re trict animal e peciall# tho e (hich are territorial. E.&. har- and tin& ra# .

%vaila!ilit# o$ pace.

,ater lo ma# !e a pro!lem $or or&ani m e peciall# tho e in arid environment . ,ater (ill impact i&ni$icantl# on the !iotic $eat"re o$ an arid environment. Ma# re trict n"m!er on land $or !oth plant and animal , partic"larl# tho e (hich are territorial.

Identi$# the $actor determinin& the di tri!"tion and a!"ndance o$ a pecie .

Di tri!"tion: Di tri!"tion o$ a pecie decide (here it i $o"nd %!"ndance: %!"ndance o$ a pecie determine ho( man# o$ the pecie there i , in an Environment. *actor determinin& the di tri!"tion and a!"ndance o$ a pecie : %!iotic *eat"re : %mo"nt o$ li&ht 'iotic *eat"re : N"m!er o$ competitor %mo"nt o$ rain $all N"m!er o$ mate availa!le. Temperat"re and ea onal N"m!er o$ predator variation E$$ect o$ topo&raph# %mo"nt o$ $ood availa!le %vaila!ilit# o$ helter. $or animal and plant . O/#&en De cri!e and e/plain the hort and lon& term con e)"ence on the eco - # tem o$ the ame pecie competin& $or the ame re o"rce .

Short term con e)"ence : ,ithin the hort term, an individ"al pecie " "all# ho( re&"lar $l"ct"ation in n"m!er , !eca" e o$ the chan&in& availa!ilit# in $ood.

Lon& term con e)"ence : In the lon& term the di tri!"tion and a!"ndance (ill reach a !alance. In other (ord , the n"m!er o$ or&ani m $o"nd there (ill !e the n"m!er that can !e "pported !# the re o"rce availa!le. E/plain the need to " e amplin& techni)"e to ma-e pop"lation e timate (hen total co"nt cannot !e made .

Plant %!"ndance: ,hen an or&ani m i totall# cattered over a h"&e area, it i )"ic-er and ea ier to randoml# choo e mall repre entative area o$ ve&etation called )"adrate and co"nt or e timate the n"m!er in them. %nimal %!"ndance: ,hil t determinin& animal a!"ndance it i ea ier to " e the capt"re/recapt"re method. Thi techni)"e con i t o$ capt"rin& an animal, ta&&in& the animal and relea in& the animal. *ir t hand inve ti&ation o$ capt"re /recapt"re method . %im: To model the capt"re/recapt"re method. Method: 1. Collect t(o et o$ ten, colored !ead . 0. Place 01 !ead in one container 2. Pic- o"t 11 o$ the 01 !ead . 3. Record the n"m!er o$ each colored !ead into t(o col"mn , 'lac- !ead and !l"e !ead . 5. Repeat thi e/periment 11 time to en "re relia!ilit#. Re "lt : Total o$ 34 !l"e !ead and 50 !lac- !ead . Concl" ion: thi i a ver# acc"rate $orm o$ determinin& the a!"ndance o$ pecie .

Identi$# data o"rce , &ather and proce in$ormation $rom $ir t - hand and econdar# o"rce to con tr"ct $ood (e! and $ood chain to ill" trate the $lo( o$ matter ener&# and " e the evidence availa!le to di c" the relation hip !et(een di$$erent or&ani m in the eco # tem .

De cri!e the $lo( o$ matter thro"&h a nat"ral eco # tem " in& the (ater , car!on /o/#&en and nitro&en c#cle .

The (ater c#cle: 1. ,ater $rom the earth atmo phere $all onto the $all. 0. ,ater $allin& (ill !e ca"&ht/depo ited in catchment area . 2. ,ater (ill al o $lo( to la-e , river or dam . 3. Livin& or&ani m (ill ta-e in the (ater, or ome o$ the (ater (ill tran pire !ac- into the atmo phere. 5. ,ater in ocean , la-e (ill evaporate, and !e rained do(n a&ain in the $"t"re. Co0, o/#&en c#cle: 1. Co0 i a! or!ed !# plant $or photo #nthe i . 0. Car!on compo"nd move thro"&h $ood chain and $ood (e! . 2. livin& or&ani m " e o/#&en and ret"rn co0 3. ,hen thin& die, their !odie are !ro-en do(n and more co0 i prod"ced. 5. ,hen !"rnin& $o il $"el , Co0 i relea ed, and ta-en in !# plant , and the proce repeat . Nitro&en C#cle: 1. 'acteria and C#no!acteri"m convert nitro&en into " ea!le $orm o$ ener&# "ch a nitrate in the oil. Plant incorporate nitro&en into their ti "e a protein . It i ret"rned to the oil (hen the plant die . Denitri$#in& in the oil complete the proce !# ret"rnin& nitro&en into the air. Identi$# " e o$ ener&# in or&ani m :

U e o$ ener&# incl"de: 1. U e ener&# in order to &ro(. 0. Repair and maintain an# dama&ed cell . 2. %ctive tran port o$ material acro all cell mem!rane . 3. *"nctionin& o$ pecial cell . Food Chain De cri!e the $lo( o$ ener&# thro"&h a nat"ral eco # tem .

The $lo( o$ ener&# $rom one livin& thin& t another can !e een !# the $ollo(in&: 5reen plant Plant eater %nimal eater (!e&in (ith a prod"cer, end (ith carnivore) Food Web To ho( more comple/ $eedin& pattern and $lo( o$ ener&#, a $ood (e! i ho(n.

2. Proce econdar# in$ormation to identi$# OH &S i "e to identi$# potential o"rce o$ ph# ical , chemical and !iolo&ical ri - , !e$ore "nderta-in& an inve ti&ation o$ a local terre trial or a)"atic environment .

Plan , choo e e)"ipment and per$orm a $ield t"d# o$ a local terre trial or a)"atic environment to : 1 . Mea "re a!iotic varia!le in the eco # tem !ein& t"died " in& appropriate in tr"ment and (here po i!le com!ine (ith recorded val"e and relate thi to the di tri!"tion o$ or&ani m . 0 . E timate the i6e o$ a plant and an animal pop"lation in the eco # tem " in& tran ect and or random )"adrate techni)"e . 2 . 5ather data to de cri!e the di tri!"tion o$ the plant and animal pecie (ho e a!"ndance ha !een e timated .

3 . U e availa!le evidence to de cri!e o! erved trophic interaction !et(een t(o plant and t(o animal pecie $o"nd in the area .

Proce $ield

and anal#6e in$ormation to prepare a report on the t"d# "nderta-en " in& an appropriate t#lin& report .

E/amine trend in pop"lation i6e $or ome plat and animal pecie (ith an eco # tem . Trend in pop"lation i6e , their ri e and $all can !e directl# o! erved (hen t"d#in& eco # tem over a period o$ time. 5enerall#, trend in pop"lation ma# !e !eca" e o$, n"m!er o$ predator , n"m!er o$ prod"ce , n"m!er o$ ho t and a!iotic $eat"re . O"tline $actor that e$$ect n"m!er in predator and pre# pop"lation . ,hen there are lar&e n"m!er o$ pre# availa!le, the n"m!er o$ predator (ill "ndo"!tedl# increa e. Ho(ever (hen the $ood !ecome carce, the n"m!er o$ predator (ill decrea e. Thi i -no(n a the predator-pre# c#cle. Importance o$ decompo er .

Decompo er have an important role to pla# in the local environment !eca" e the# ma-e the material (nitrate ) provided !# decompo ition availa!le to plant $or " e o$ ener&#. The# all rec#cle dead animal , and re-e ta!li h the $ood c#cle. Trophic interaction !et(een or&ani m in the local eco # tem " in& $ood chain , $ood (e! and p#ramid o$ !ioma and ener&# (here appropriate . Ener&# p#ramid: rd " order Carnivores 2nd order Carnivores 1st order Carnivore The amount of energy can be shown by an energy pyramid. It is evident that after each consumer the amount of energy passed to the ne!t consumer decreases.

Herbivore Producers

'ioma

P#ramid: Carnivore

Herbivore

Producer

The biomass pyramid shows the amount of matter in an organism at each trophic #eve#.

Identi$# and de cri!e adaptation o$ plant and animal the local eco # tem : %daptation: an adaptation ma# !e !ehavioral, ph# iolo&ical and tr"ct"ral.

$rom

Plant adaptation : $ Small root hair . ( tr"ct"ral) $ ,a/# c"ticle. (Str"ct"ral) $ Leave (hich han& "pri&ht in "mmer. (!ehavioral) $ Leave (ith mall "r$ace area. (Str"ct"ral) %nimal adaptation : $ '"rro(in& "nder&ro"nd in e/treme temperat"re . (!ehavioral) $ L#in& in hade in hot temp (!ehavioral) $ Red"ce/minimi6e activit# level (!ehavioral) De cri!e the e$$ect o$ h"man impact on the environment :

E$$ect o$ h"man impact on the environment incl"de; $ Land Clearin& $ Ur!ani6ation: Removin& tree to place !"ildin& . $ Poll"tion, thi ma# !e land, air or ea. $ D"mpin& (a te $ E"trophication: ,hen mineral n"trient enter the inland (ater(a# "ch a river , la-e and dam the e$$ect i the increa ed level o$ nitro&en. Thi increa e plant &ro(th. Increa ed plant &ro(th, promote plant (hich need the ame re o"rce to compete a&ain t each other. Di$$erent vie( in ociet# : In ociet#, di$$erent people have di$$erent per pective . E.&. i$ an area o$ !" h land (ere to !e cleared, con ervationi t (o"ld (ant to -eep the area $ree $rom occ"pation, developer (o"ld (ant to !"ild a tr"ct"re i.e. mall, and $armer (o"ld (ant to &ro( crop on it. Some criteria $rom the local &overnment concernin& 6onin& o$ the land and " e o$ the land e .& . dome tic ho" in& , "nit , chool and p"!lic tran port .

In %" tralia, the " e o$ land i re&"lated !# the la(. The# come "nder the environmental plannin& and a e ment act 1787. People m" t "!mit a plan to the local co"ncil (hen the# (i h to develop the land $or vario" p"rpo e . Each co"ncil a a local environment plan and development control plan, (hich re&"late the notion o$ 6onin&. Development tandard are re)"irement that m" t !e met in peci$ic t#pe o$ land development.