Cac He CSTT

Bi c Dng Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
Cc h c s tri thc
KBS
CSTT
2

Ni dung
H hc
4
Tng quan 1
Biu din v suy din tri thc
2
H MYCIN
3
H m
5
Chng 1

TNG QUAN
KBS
CSTT
4

4
1. Gii thiu
H c s tri thc (KBS - Knowledge Based Systems):
Chng trnh my tnh c thit k m hnh ha
kh nng gii quyt vn ca chuyn gia con ngi.
H c s tri thc l h thng da trn tri thc, cho php
m hnh ha cc tri thc ca chuyn gia, dng tri thc
ny gii quyt vn phc tp cng lnh vc.
Khc bit gia cc h CSTT & CT truyn thng: cu trc
H c s tri thc n gin:

C s tri thc ng c suy din
Symbol - KBS
KBS
CSTT
5

5
2. C s tri thc
C s tri thc: Cha cc tri thc chuyn su
C nhiu dng (cch biu din)
i tng Thuc tnh Gi tr
Lut dn
Mng ng ngha
Frames
Logic
C th khng chc chn, mp m
KBS
CSTT
6

3. ng c suy din
ng c suy din thay i theo phc tp ca CSTT
Cc kiu suy din c bn:
Suy din tin
Suy din li
Cc cch iu khin hot ng ca H CSTT:
Data driven
Target driven
S kin, tri thc
bn ngoi
S kin, tri thc
bn trong

ng c
suy din
Tri trc
mi
KBS
CSTT
7

L h CSTT chuyn bit, c thit k cho mt lnh vc
ng dng c th.
V d: Chn on bnh Y khoa, chn on hng hc my tnh...
K s tri thc (Knowledge Engineer): thit k, xy dng
v th nghim H chuyn gia
Cc thnh phn c bn:
B giao tip ngn ng t nhin
ng c suy din
C s tri thc
C ch gii thch WHY-HOW
B nh lm vic
Tip nhn tri thc
4. H chuyn gia
KBS
CSTT
8

ng c suy din
Tm kim
iu khin
B x l NNTN
Gii thch
C s tri thc
S kin
Lut
Vng nh
lm vic
Tip nhn
tri thc

Chuyn gia
4. H chuyn gia
KBS
CSTT
9

ng c suy din
Tm kim
iu khin
B x l NNTN
Gii thch
C s tri thc
S kin
Lut
Vng nh
lm vic
Tip nhn
tri thc

Chuyn gia
Nm trong TP giao din ngi my: Nhn thng tin v a ra
tr li
4. H chuyn gia
KBS
CSTT
10

ng c suy din
Tm kim
iu khin
B x l NNTN
Gii thch
C s tri thc
S kin
Lut
Vng nh
lm vic
Tip nhn
tri thc

Chuyn gia
TP ny gii thch cc hot ng khi c yu cu
4. H chuyn gia
KBS
CSTT
11

ng c suy din
Tm kim
iu khin
B x l NNTN
Gii thch
C s tri thc
S kin
Lut
Vng nh
lm vic
Tip nhn
tri thc

Chuyn gia
Khp s kin trong vng nh vi CSTT rt ra kt lun
4. H chuyn gia
KBS
CSTT
12

ng c suy din
Tm kim
iu khin
B x l NNTN
Gii thch
C s tri thc
S kin
Lut
Vng nh
lm vic
Tip nhn
tri thc

Chuyn gia
Thu nhn tri thc t chuyn gia, k s v user, lu tr vo
CSTT
4. H chuyn gia
KBS
CSTT
13

ng c suy din
Tm kim
iu khin
B x l NNTN
Gii thch
C s tri thc
S kin
Lut
Vng nh
lm vic
Tip nhn
tri thc

Chuyn gia
Lu tr, biu din tri thc; CSTT gm s kin v lut
4. H chuyn gia
KBS
CSTT
14

4. H chuyn gia
ng c suy din
Tm kim
iu khin
B x l NNTN
Gii thch
C s tri thc
S kin
Lut
Vng nh
lm vic
Tip nhn
tri thc

Chuyn gia
Cha cc s kin ca vn ang xt
KBS
CSTT
15

5. H h tr ra quyt nh (DSS)
DSS : Decision Support System
Chc nng: H tr ra quyt nh
Hot ng: Tng tc vi User
Tnh cht:
User khi ng v kim sot
Hng n quyt nh ca nh qun l
Tr li cu hi tnh hung
Uyn chuyn, linh hot
Lm vic vi cc bi ton c cu trc yu

KBS
CSTT
16

16
6. H hc
Mt s trng hp khng c sn tri thc
K s tri thc cn thu nhn t chuyn gia lnh vc:
Cn bit lut m t thuc lnh vc
Bi ton khng c biu din tng minh theo lut, s kin hay
quan h.
Hai cch tip cn cho h thng hc
Hc t k hiu: Hnh thc ha cc lut, s kin hay quan h
Hc t d liu s
S dng trong h thng m hnh ha dng s
Mng Neural nhn to, thut gii di truyn, bi ton ti u
Khng to ra CSTT tng minh
KBS
CSTT
17

7. H iu khin m
M ha: Chuyn i gi tr r thnh cc vector m
Xc nh cc lut hp thnh v thut ton xc nh gi tr
m
Gii m: Phng php im trng tm
KBS
CSTT
18

8. Cc lnh vc ng dng H CSTT
Din gii: M t tnh hung cc d liu thu thp c
D bo: xut cc tri thc v d bo mt tnh hung
Thit k: La chn cu trc ph hp
Chn on: Da vo d liu quan st, chn on vn
Vch k hoch: xut cc phng n
Dn dt: So snh d liu & kt qu t c
G ri: M t cc phng php khc phc ca h thng
Hng dn: Sa cha li ca hc vin
iu khin: Dn dt cu trc tng th ca h thng

Chng 2
BIU DIN &
SUY DIN TRI THC
KBS
CSTT
20

1. Gii thiu
Mc tiu biu din tri thc trong my tnh:
Phc v cho vic thu nhn tri thc
Truy xut tri thc
Thc hin cc php suy lun
Mt s yu t c bn:
Tnh t nhin, ng b v d hiu ca biu din tri thc.
Mc tru tng ca tri thc: tri thc c khai bo c
th hay nhng vo h thng di dng cc m th tc?
Tnh n th v linh ng ca c s tri thc (c cho php
d dng b sung tri thc, mc ph thuc gia cc tri
thc, ...)
Tnh hiu qu trong vic truy xut tri thc v sc mnh
ca cc php suy lun (theo kiu heuristic) .
KBS
CSTT
21

Cc loi tri thc
Tri thc th tc
M t cch thc gii quyt mt vn
xut cc gii php thc hin cng vic
Tiu biu l cc lut, chin lc, lch trnh & th tc
Tri thc khai bo
M t vn trc quan
Tiu biu l cc pht biu n gin (True/False); danh
sch cc khng nh
Siu tri thc (meta knowledge)
M t tri thc v tri thc
Gip la chn ti u tri thc
1. Gii thiu
KBS
CSTT
22

Tri thc heuristic
M t cc mo dn dt tin trnh lp lun
Khng m bo ti u v kt qu (chnh xc di 100%)
Chuyn cc lut, s kin thnh tri thc heuristic thun
tin trong x l
Tri thc c cu trc
M t tri thc theo cu trc
M t m hnh tng quan h thng theo quan im ca
chuyn gia: khi nim, khi nim con & cc i tng
Din t chc nng v mi lin h gia cc tri thc da theo
cu trc xc nh.
1. Gii thiu
KBS
CSTT
23

2. Cc PP biu din tri thc
B ba i tng Thuc tnh Gi tr
Qu cam mu vng
Trong cc s kin O A V:
Mt i tng c th c nhiu thuc tnh
Mt thuc tnh c mt (n tr/single - valued) hay nhiu
gi tr (a tr/multi - valued): Cho php biu din tri thc
linh hot
Xc nh tin cy: Nhn t chc chn CF (certainly
factor)
O A V: Object-Attribute-Value
V d: Qu cam mu vng
KBS
CSTT
24

L cu trc tri thc dng lin kt thng tin bit vi
thng tin khc gip a ra cc suy lun, kt lun
7 dng lut c bn
Quan h
IF Khng ci t HH
THEN My tnh s khng khi ng c
Li khuyn
IF My tnh khng khi ng c
THEN X l d liu bng tay
Hng dn
IF My tnh khng khi ng AND Phn cng tt
THEN Kim tra h iu hnh
Cc lut dn
KBS
CSTT
25

Chin lc
IF My tnh khng khi ng c
THEN u tin kim tra c in khng, sau n phn cng
v phn mm
Din gii
IF My tnh khi ng c
THEN H iu hnh bnh thng
Chn on
IF Phn cng tt AND chy chm AND hay shutdown t ngt
THEN B virus
Thit k:
IF L nam gii AND lm ngnh CNTT
THEN Nn mua my Dell OR my ASUS
KBS
CSTT
26

Lut c bin
p dng cn thc hin cng mt php ton trn mt tp hay
cc i tng.
V d: IF X l vin chc AND X l nam AND Tui X>60
THEN X c th ngh hu
Lut khng chc chn
S kin c th khng chp chc chn: Mnh pht biu (lut)
a thm h s chc chn CF.
V d: IF Gi vng tng THEN Gi t tng, CF=0.9
Siu lut (meta-rules)
Lut m t cch thc dng cc lut khc (Khng c thng tin
mi)
V d: IF My khng khi ng AND Phn cng tt
THEN S dng cc lut lin quan n HH
M rng cho cc lut
KBS
CSTT
27

L phng php biu din tri thc dng th: Nt biu
din i tng; cung biu din quan h.
S Chim
Bay
Cnh
L
C
Di chuyn
M rng mng ng ngha: Thm cc nt (i tng b
sung) v ni vo th bng cc cung:
Thm mt i tng tng t
Thm i tng c bit hn
Thm mt i tng tng qut hn
Mng ng ngha
KBS
CSTT
28

V d
S Chim
Bay
Cnh
L
C
Di chuyn
Con
vt
Kh.
kh
L
Th
Cnh
ct
L
Di chuyn
Chn
KBS
CSTT
29

C hnh thc nh bng mu, t khai.
Cu trc c bn:
Tn frame
Lp
Cc thuc tnh: Biu din nh O A - V

Frames
PHIU IM
H tn
MSSV
Mn im
CTDL 10
TTNT 7
CSTT 9
Tn frame
Lp
Thuc Tnh Gi tr
TT1 GT1
TT2 GT2
... ...
Thuc tnh
KBS
CSTT
30

Logic
S dng k hiu th hin tri thc & ton t

Php
ton
NOT AND OR Ko
theo
Tng
ng
K hiu , ~ ., , & v, , + , ,
Logic mnh
Logic v t

KBS
CSTT
31

Logic mnh
Mnh : Pht biu/khng nh ng/sai
Cc php ton logic
X Y X X . Y X v Y X Y X Y
T T F T T T T
T F F F T F F
F T T F T T F
F F T F F T T
V d:
IF Phn cng hng (A) OR Cha ci t HH (B)
THEN My tnh khng khi ng c (C)
C th biu din l: A v B C
KBS
CSTT
32

Logic v t

Php ton mnh suy din t ng nhng cha khi cn
phi truy cp vo thnh phn nh trong cu, dng bin s trong cu.
V d:
Mi sinh vin trng HNT u c bng t ti. Lan khng c bng
t ti. Do vy, Lan khng l sinh vin trng HNT
Lan l mt i tng c th ca SV trng HNT khng th
c t c quan h ny trong mnh c m ch c th l:
LAN l sinh vin trng HNT th Lan c bng t ti. Lan khng c
bng t ti. Do vy, Lan khng l sinh vin trng HNT
Mnh phi gii quyt bng cch lit k tt c cc trng hp
Khng kh thi
Do , chng ta cn mt Logic khc hn l php ton mnh
KBS
CSTT
33

V t l mt pht biu ni ln quan h gia mt i tng
vi cc thuc tnh ca n hay quan h gia cc i tng
vi nhau.
V t c biu din bi mt tn c gi l tn v t, theo
sau n l mt danh sch cc thng s.
V d:
Pht biu: Nam l sinh vin trng HNT
Biu din: sv_NT(Nam)
ngha: i tng tn l Nam c thuc tnh l sinh
vin trng HNT.
KBS
CSTT
34

Biu thc V t: l s kt hp ca cc v t bi cc
php ton v t.
Cc php ton:
Ph nh - mt ngi.
X Vi mi - mt ngi
-X Tn ti - mt ngi
^ Hi - hai ngi.
v Tuyn - hai ngi.
=> Suy ra - hai ngi.
= Tng ng - hai ngi.
KBS
CSTT
35

V d:
Chuyn cc cu sau sang biu thc v t:
Mi sinh vin trng HNT u c bng t ti.
Lan khng c bng t ti.
Do vy, Lan khng l sinh vin trng HNT
Vi sv_NT(X) cho bit: X l sinh vin trng DHNT
tu_tai(X) cho bit: X c bng t ti
Cc cu trn c chuyn qua v t l:
X(sv_NT(X) => tu_tai(X)).
tu_tai(Lan).
Do vy, sv_NT(Lan).
KBS
CSTT
36

Hin nay vn cha c mt kiu biu din tri thc no ph hp
vi mi tnh hung.
Khi phi lm vic vi nhiu ngun tri thc khc nhau (khc
loi, khc tnh cht), nhiu lc phi hy sinh tnh ng b bng
cch s dng cng lc nhiu kiu biu din tri thc, mi kiu
biu din ng vi mt nhim v con.
Dch" mt tri thc t kiu biu din ny sang kiu biu din
khc. Tuy th nhng mt s h chng trnh tr tu gn y
vn dng cng lc nhiu kiu biu din d liu khc nhau.
Mt trong nhng v d kt hp nhiu kiu biu din tri thc
m chng ta tng lm quen l kiu kt hp gia frame v
mng ng ngha trong vic tr gip gii bi ton hnh hc.
KBS
CSTT
37

Mt trong nhng s phi hp tng i thnh cng l s
kt hp gia lut sinh v frame.
Lut sinh khng hiu qu trong nhiu ng dng, c bit
l trong cc tc v nh ngha, m t cc i tng hoc
nhng mi lin kt tnh gia cc i tng. Nhng nhng
yu im ny li chnh l u im ca frame.
Ngy nay, c rt nhiu h thng to ra mt kiu biu
din lai gia lut sinh v frame c c u im ca hai
cch biu din. S thnh cng ca cc h thng ni ting
nh KEE, Level5 Object v Nexpert Object minh chng
cho iu ny.
KBS
CSTT
38

V d kt hp biu din tri thc bng lut sinh v frame trong bi
ton iu ch cht ha hc
Vn : Cho trc mt s cht ha hc. Hy xy dng chui cc
phn ng ha hc iu ch mt s cht ha hc khc.
y l mt ng dng ht sc t nhin ca tri thc biu din di
dng lut v bn thn cc phn ng ha hc tiu chun u c
th hin di dng lut. Chng hn ta c cc phn ng sau :
Na + Cl2 NaCl
Fe + Cl2 FeCl2
Cu + Cl2 CuCl2
Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO
MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2+ H2O
HCl + KMnO4 KCl + MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2
NaCl + H2O Cl2 + H2+ NaOH
...
KBS
CSTT
39

Nh vy, nu xem mt cht ha hc l mt s kin v mt phng
trnh phn ng nh l mt lut dn th bi ton iu ch cht ha
hc, mt cch rt t nhin, tr thnh bi ton suy lun tin trong
c s tri thc dng lut dn.
Tuy nhin, s lng cc phn ng l rt ln, nn ta khng th s
dng cc lut da trn cc phn ng c th nh vy m phi s
dng cc phn ng tng qut hn nh :
Axit + Baz Mui + Nc
Kim + Nc Xt + H2
(trong ha hc cng c nhiu phn ng rt c bit khng th tng
qut c, trong trng hp ny, ta s xem phn ng nh l
mt lut ring!).
m t c cc phn ng tng qut nh trn, ta s s dng
cc frame.
KBS
CSTT
40

Modus ponens
1. E1
2. E1 E2

Modus tollens
1. E2
2. E1 E2

3. Suy din tri thc
Suy din l qu trnh rt ra tri thc mi t cc tri thc c.
E1
E2
KBS
CSTT
41

Suy din tin
Thm thng tin vo
b nh lm vic

Xt lut u tin
Kt lun vo
b nh lm vic

Xt lut tip theo

Dng suy din
Gi thit khp
vi b nh
Cn lut
True
False
False
True
3. Suy din tri thc
KBS
CSTT
42

Suy din tin vi logic mnh
Input: Tp lut Rule= {r
1
, r
2
, ..., r
m
}; GT; KL.
Output: Return True nu GTKL
Ngc li, return False.
Method:
T=GT;
T= Filter(Rule, T);
while (KL . T) and (T = C) do
{
r = Get(T);
T=T{q}; // r: leftq
Rule = Rule \ {r};
T= Filter(Rule, T);
}
if (KL c T) then return True
else return False
3. Suy din tri thc
KBS
CSTT
43

Suy din li
Th tc bt u tm kim t d liu ch ca bi ton.
Chn tt c cc lut ng vi v kt lun hp vi d liu ch,
thit lp d liu v iu kin pht sinh ra ch lm d liu ch
mi.
Ti mi im d liu ch mi, chn tt c cc lut ng vi v kt
lun hp vi ch mi, thit lp d liu iu kin lm d liu
ch mi hn.
Th tc ny lp li cho tt c cc ch mi cho n khi no d
liu ban u ca bi ton c tm thy.
3. Suy din tri thc
KBS
CSTT
44

Thm thng tin vo
b nh lm vic
Kim tra b nh lm
vic
ch khp vi
gi thit
Cn lut Quay lui
True
False
True
Kt lun vo ch
True
Tm ch mi
Dng
False
False
3. Suy din tri thc
KBS
CSTT
45

Suy din li vi logic mnh
Input: Tp lut Rule= {r
1
, r
2
, ..., r
m
}; GT; KL.
Output: Return True nu GTKL
Ngc li, return False.

Method:
If (KL _ GT) then return True
Else
{
T=C; Vt = C; First=1; QuayLui= False;
}
For (Each qeKL) do T=T{(q,0)};
Repeat
{
first ++;
(f,i)=Get(T);
3. Suy din tri thc
KBS
CSTT
46

If (feGT) then
{
j=TmLut(f,i,Rule); // r
j
: Left
j
f
If (Tm c r
j
) THEN
{
Vt = Vt {(f,j)};
For (Each te (Left
j
\GT)) do T = T {(t,0)};
}
else
{
QuayLui=True;
While ((feKL) and Quaylui) do
{
Repeat
{
(g,k)=Get(Vt);
T = T \ Left
k
;
}
Until (feLeft
k
);
3. Suy din tri thc
KBS
CSTT
47

l=Tmluat(g,k,Rule);
If (Tm c r
l
) Then
{
T = T \ Left
k
;
For (Each te(Left
l
\GT)) do
T= T{(t,0)};
Vt = Vt {(g,l)};
Quaylui = False;
} //end if3
else f=g;
} //end while
} //end if2
} //end if1
Until (T = C) or ((f eKL) and (First>2));
If (f eKL) then Return False
else Return True;
3. Suy din tri thc
KBS
CSTT
48

V d: Cho c s tri thc:
1. Cat(X)^Mother(X,Y)^Beauty(Y) Good(X).
2. Cat(mimi).
3. Cat(lili).
4. Cat(kiki).
5. Mother(mimi,kiki).
6. Mother(kiki,titi).
7. Beauty(titi).
8. Beauty(kiki).
p dng thut ton suy li vo c s tri thc trn
chng minh: Good(kiki).
3. Suy din tri thc
KBS
CSTT
49

Gii:
+ Gi thit ban u; Good(kiki) hp nht vi kt lun ca
lut 1 bi php th:
= [X | kiki] => tp gi thit mi:
Cat(kiki)^Mother(kiki,Y)^Beauty(Y) (9)
+ Hp nht: Unify(9, 4, = [] ) => tp gi thit mi:
Mother(kiki,Y)^Beauty(Y) (10)
+ Hp nht: Unify(10,6, = [Y | titi] => tp gi thit mi:
Beauty(titi) trng vi s kin 7 trong tp cc s kin cho.
+ Vy Good(kiki) l ng.
3. Suy din tri thc
KBS
CSTT
50

So snh u im
Suy din li
Ph hp vi bi ton a ra gi
thuyt ri kim chng gi thuyt
ng hay khng.
Tp trung vo ch cho. To
ra mt lot cu hi lin quan n
vn , hon cnh ang xt.
Ch tm trn mt khng gian con
CSTT lin quan n bi ton
ang xt.
Suy din tin
Lm vic tt i vi bi ton
thu thp thng tin ri tm ra
iu cn suy din.
Cho khi lng ln cc
thng tin (mi) t mt s
thng tin ban u.
L tng cho cc bi ton
lp k hoch, iu hnh,
iu khin v din dch.
3. Suy din tri thc
KBS
CSTT
51

So snh nhc im
Suy din li
Thng phi tip dng suy
din: Khng dng ng lc.
Suy din tin
Khng cm nhn c: Ch
mt s thng tin l quan
trng. H thng c th hi
cu khng lin quan v cu
tr li c th khng quan
trng.
3. Suy din tri thc
KBS
CSTT
52

Gii thiu v SWI-Prolog
3. Suy din tri thc
KBS
CSTT
53

4. Chng minh mnh
Bi ton chng minh mnh
Cho gi thit:
VT = GT1, GT2, , GTn
V kt lun:
VP = KL1, KL2, KLm
Chng t: VT VP
V d:
[(p q) . (p s) . q] q v s
KBS
CSTT
54

4. Chng minh mnh
Thut gii Vng Ho
Bc 1: Pht biu li gi thit v kt lun ca vn di
dng chun nh sau:
GT1, GT2, , GTn KL1, KL2, KLm
Trong cc GTi v KLj c xy dng t cc bin mnh
v cc php ton ., v, .
V d:
[(p q) . (p s) . q] [q v s]
(p v q) . (p v s) . q q v s
Bc 2: Thay du . trong GTi v du v trong KLj bng
du , (phy).
V d:
(p v q) . (p v s) . q q v s
(p v q), (p v s), q q , s
KBS
CSTT
55

4. Chng minh mnh
Thut gii Vng Ho
Bc 3: Chuyn v cc GTi v KLj c dng ph nh.
V d:
(p v q), (p v s), q q , s
p v q, p v s, q, s q
Bc 4: Nu GTi cn du v v KLj cn du . th dng
c tch thnh hai dng con.
V d:
p v q, p v s, q, s q
1. p , p v s, q, s q
2. q, p v s, q, s q
T bc 2 n bc 4 khng cn lm theo th t.
KBS
CSTT
56

Bc 5: Dng tn ti chung mt mnh c 2 v th coi
nh ng (c CM).
V d:
p, q v s p: mnh ng
Bc 6:
+ Nu mt dng khng cn du lin kt tuyn v hi m c
hai v u khng c chung bin mnh no th dng sai.
V d:
p, q, s q: mnh sai
+ Mt vn c gii quyt mt cch trn vn nu mi
dng dn xut u ng.
4. Chng minh mnh
KBS
CSTT
57

V d:
(p v q ) . (s v q) . (r vs) . (p) r v u
Gii:
(p v q ) . (s v q) . (r vs) . (p) r v u
p v q , s v q, r vs , p r, u
p v q , s v q, r vs r , u, p
Tch php v: (p v q) thnh 2 dng con
1: p, s v q, r vs r , u, p (cm v c p hai pha)
2: q , s v q, r vs r , u, p
s v q, r vs r , u, p, q
4. Chng minh mnh
KBS
CSTT
58

Tch php v : (s v q) thnh 2 dng con
2.1: q, r vs r , u, p, q (cm v c q hai pha)
2.2: s , r vs r , u, p, q
r vs r , u, p, q, s
Tch php v: (r v s) thnh 2 dng con
2.2.1: r r , u, p, q, s (cm v c r c hai pha)
2.2.2: s r , u, p, q, s (cm v c s c hai pha)
Cc dng dn xut t dng chun ban u u c chng
minh, vy vn c chng minh.
4. Chng minh mnh
KBS
CSTT
59

Thut gii Robinson
Thut gii Robinson hnh ng da trn phng php chng minh
bng phn chng.
Bc 1: a vn v dng chun nh sau:
GT1, GT2, ...,GTn KL1, KL2,...,KLm
Trong cc GTi v KLj c xy dng t cc bin mnh v
cc php logic: .,v, .
Bc 2: Nu GTi c php . th thay bng du",". Nu KLj c php
v th thay bng du ",".
Bc 3: Bin i dng chun Bc 1 v dng sau:
GT1, GT2, ...,GTn , KL1, KL2,..., KLm
Bc 4: Nu trong danh sch mnh Bc 3 c mnh i
ngu (p v p) th mnh c chng minh. Ngc li th chuyn
sang Bc 5.
4. Chng minh mnh
KBS
CSTT
60

Bc 5: Xy dng mt mnh mi bng cch tuyn mt cp
mnh trong danh sch mnh . Nu mnh mi c cc bin
mnh i ngu th loi b cc bin . Thay th hai mnh
va tuyn trong danh sch mnh bng mnh mi, p dng
php hp gii:
i) p . ( p v q) q
ii) ( p v q) . ( p v r) q v r
Bc 6: Nu khng xy dng c thm mt mnh mi no v
trong danh sch mnh khng c hai mnh no i ngu nhau
th vn khng c chng minh. Nu danh sch mnh khng
cn mnh no (danh sch rng), vn c chng minh.
4. Chng minh mnh
KBS
CSTT
61

V d:
p v q , (s v q) . (r v s) , p . u r, u
Gii:
p v q , (s v q) . (r v s) , p . u r, u
p v q , s v q, r v s , p , u r, u
p v q , s v q, r v s , p , u, r, u
PCM
4. Chng minh mnh
KBS
CSTT
62

V d:
p v q , (s v q) . (r v s) , p r, u
Gii:
p v q , (s v q) . (r v s) , p r, u
p v q , s v q, r v s , p r, u
p v q , s v q, r v s , p, r, u
(p v q , s v q), r v s , p, r, u
(p v s, r v s) , p , r, u
(p v r , p) , r, u
r , r, u
PCM
4. Chng minh mnh
Chng 3
H MYCIN
KBS
CSTT
64

64
1. Gii thiu
L h chuyn gia lp lun y hc, v lnh vc chun on
bnh nhim trng mu
1970-1973, Standford University, M.
c vit trn ngn ng INTERLISP, mt nhnh ca
LISP
Dng c ch lp lun gn ng x l lut: S dng CF.
EMYCIN (empty MYCIN): Ci tin MYCIN, b phn
CSTT ca n c mt h thng dng pht trin cc
ES khc.
KBS
CSTT
65

65
Cc c im chnh
S dng k thut suy lun li.
C kh nng phn tch tri thc v iu khin.
C tch hp meta-rules.
C th dng khi thiu thng tin hay thng tin khng
chnh xc.
C kh nng nh c cc thng tin trong mt phin
lm vic vi ngi bnh c th.
D s dng giao tip vi bc s qua ting Anh.
Cung cp cc chc nng gii thch: WHY, HOW.
1. Gii thiu
KBS
CSTT
66

66
2. o chc chn
Cc nguyn nhn ca s khng chc chn:
D liu/thng tin/tri thc c th: khng , khng ng tin
cy, khng ng, khng chnh xc
Cc php suy lun c th khng hp logic: suy lun
ngc t kt lun v iu kin (abduction reasoning)
X l trng hp khng chc chn:
Tip cn thng k: quan tm n mc tin tng
(belief) ca mt khng nh.
L thuyt xc sut Bayesian (Bayesian Probability Theory)
i s chc chn Stanford (The Stanford Certainty Algebra)
Suy lun theo Logic m (Fuzzy Logic) quan tm n mc
tht (truth) ca mt khng nh.
KBS
CSTT
67

Cc chuyn gia o s t tin trong cc kt lun ca h v
cc bc suy lun bng t khng c l, gn nh chc
chn, c kh nng cao, c th. y khng phi l xc
sut m l heuristic c t kinh nghim.
Khng phi l xc sut, m l o s t tin.
L thuyt chc chn l mt c gng hnh thc ha tip
cn heuristic vo suy lun vi s khng chc chn
2. o chc chn
KBS
CSTT
68

MB(H | E): tin tng ca gi thuyt H, cho trc E
MD(H | E): khng tin tng
0 < MB(H | E) < 1 trong khi MD(H | E) = 0
0 < MD(H | E) < 1 trong khi MB(H | E) = 0
CF (H | E) = MB(H | E) MD(H | E)
CF(fact) e[-1,1] : d liu cho, d liu suy lun c, gi thuyt.
CF tin v 1 cho thy s tin tng d kin l ng
CF tin v -1 cho thy s tin tng d kin l khng ng
CF gn 0 cho thy tn ti rt t bng chng cho vic ng h hay
chng li d kin ( xut gii hn?).
CF(rule) e[-1,1] : th hin s tin tng ca cc chuyn gia vo
tin cy ca lut.
2. o chc chn
KBS
CSTT
69

Truyn CF trn cc lut
Lut n gin: If (e) then (c)
Trong :
CF(e): tin tng ca chng c
CF(r): tin tng ca lut
CF(c): tin tng ca kt lun
V d:
CF(bnh nhn b st) = 0.8
CF(If bnh nhn b st Then bnh nhn b cm) = 0.5
CF(bnh nhn b cm) = 0.8*0.5= 0.4
CF (c) = CF(e) * CF(r)
2. o chc chn
KBS
CSTT
70

Lut phc tp (dng 1):
If (e
1
AND e
2
) then (c)
CF (e
1
AND e
2
) = min { CF(e
1
), CF(e
2
) }
Lut phc tp (dng 2):
If (e
1
OR e
2
) then (c)
CF (e
1
OR e
2
) = max { CF(e
1
), CF(e
2
) }
Lut phc tp (dng 3):
If ((e
1
AND e
2
) OR e
3
) then (c)
CF ((e
1
AND e
2
) OR e
3
) = max {min{CF(e
1
), CF(e
2
)}, CF(e
3
)}
2. o chc chn
KBS
CSTT
71

Ton t NOT:
CF(NOT e) = - CF(e)
CF t nhiu lut:
If e
1
then c : CF
1
(c)
If e
2
then c : CF
2
(c)

CF(c) = CF
1
(c) + CF
2
(c) CF
1
(c) * CF
2
(c), khi CF
1
(c), CF
2
(c) >0
CF(c) = CF
1
(c) + CF
2
(c) + CF
1
(c) * CF
2
(c), khi CF
1
(c), CF
2
(c) <0
CF
1
(c) + CF
2
(c)
1- min ( |CF
1
(c)|, |CF
2
(c)| )
CF(c) =
trng hp khc
2. o chc chn
KBS
CSTT
72

Mng suy din
Mt s dng c bn
If (e) then (c), CF(r)=0.7
Suy din n gin
c
e
0.7
If (e
1
AND e
2
) then (c), CF(r)=0.8
Suy din c AND
c
0.8
e
1
e
2
3. Chui lp lun
KBS
CSTT
73

If (e
1
OR e
2
) then (c), CF(r)=0.9
Suy din c OR
c
0.9
e
1
e
2
If ((NOT e
1
)OR e
2
) then (c), CF(r)=0.8
Suy din c NOT
c
0.8
e
1
e
2
3. Chui lp lun
KBS
CSTT
74

If (e
1
AND e
2
) then (c), CF(r)=0.7
If (e
3
) then (c), CF(r)=0.9

Nhiu lut c cng kt lun
If (NOT e
1
) then (c
1
), CF(r
1
)=0.8
If (e
1
AND e
2
) then (c
2
), CF(r
2
)=0.7

Mt chng c c dng trong 2 lut
0.9
e
1
e
2
e
3
0.7
c
e
1
e
2
c
1
0.7
c
2
0.8
3. Chui lp lun
KBS
CSTT
75

V d: Th hin mng ng ngha cho 7 lut sau
r
1
: If (e
1
) then (c
1
) CF(r
1
)=0.8
r
2
: If (e
2
) then (c
2
) CF(r
2
)=0.9
r
3
: If (e
3
) then (c
2
) CF(r
3
)=0.7
r
4
: If (e
4
) then (c
3
) CF(r
4
)=0.6
r
5
: If (NOT e
5
) then (c
3
) CF(r
5
)=0.5
r
6
: If (c
2
AND c
3
) then (c
4
) CF(r
6
)=0.9
r
7
: If (c
1
OR c
4
) then (c
5
) CF(r
7
)=0.8

3. Chui lp lun
KBS
CSTT
76

Mng suy din vi c
5
l gi thit hng n

c
1
0.8
e
1
c
3
e
2
e
3
e
4
0.5
e
5
0.6
0.9
0.7
0.9
0.8
c
5
r
1
: If (e
1
) then (c
1
) CF(r
1
)=0.8
r
2
: If (e
2
) then (c
2
) CF(r
2
)=0.9
r
3
: If (e
3
) then (c
2
) CF(r
3
)=0.7
r
4
: If (e
4
) then (c
3
) CF(r
4
)=0.6
r
5
: If (NOT e
5
) then (c
3
) CF(r
5
)=0.5
r
6
: If (c
2
AND c
3
) then (c
4
) CF(r
6
)=0.9
r
7
: If (c
1
OR c
4
) then (c
5
) CF(r
7
)=0.8
c
2
c
4
3. Chui lp lun
KBS
CSTT
77

c
1
c
2
c
4
0.8
e
1
c
3
e
2
e
3
e
4
0.5
e
5
0.6
0.9
0.7
0.9
0.8
c
5
3. Chui lp lun
KBS
CSTT
78

Lp lun trn mng suy din
Gi s ta c cc o chc chn nh sau:

CF(e
1
)= 0.9,
CF(e
2
)= 0.9,
CF(e
3
)= -0.3,
CF(e
4
)= 0.4,
CF(e
5
)= -0.3. Hy tnh CF(c
5
)?

Cc lp lun t cc CF
Da vo lut r
1
tnh c CF(c
1
)

CF(c
1
) = CF(e
1
) *CF(r
1
) = 0.9 * 0.8 =0.72
3. Chui lp lun
KBS
CSTT
79

Da vo lut r
2
, r
3
tnh c CF(c
2
)

Vi r
2
: CF(c
2
) = CF(e
2
) *CF(r
2
) = 0.9* 0.9 =0.81
Vi r
3
: CF(c
2
) = CF(e
3
) *CF(r
3
) = -0.3* 0.7 = -0.21
Do CF(c
2
) ca r
2
tri du CF(c
2
) ca r
3
ta c:
CF(c
2
) = [0.81+(-0.21)] / [1- min(0.81, 0.21)] = 0.74
Da vo lut r
4
, r
5
tnh c CF(c
3
)

Vi r
4
: CF(c
3
) = CF(e
4
) *CF(r
4
) = 0.4* 0.6 =0.24
Vi r
5
: CF(c
3
) = CF(NOT e
5
) *CF(r
5
) = -(-0.3)* 0.5 = 0.15
Do CF(c
3
) ca r
4
v CF(c
3
) ca r
5
cng dng, ta c:
CF(c
3
) = 0.24 + 0.15 0.24 * 0.15 = 0.324
3. Chui lp lun
KBS
CSTT
80

80
Da vo lut r
6
tnh c CF(c
4
)

CF(c
4
) = min (CF(c
2
) , CF(c
3
)) * CF(r
6
) = min (0.74, 0.324) * 0.9
= 0.324* 0.9 =0.292
Da vo lut r
7
tnh c CF(c
5
)

CF(c
5
) = max (CF(c
1
) , CF(c
4
)) * CF(r
7
) = max (0.72, 0.292) * 0.8
= 0.72* 0.8 =0.58
Vy, chc chn ca gi thit c
5
l 0.58
3. Chui lp lun
KBS
CSTT
81
81
c
2
c
3
c
5
0.88
c
4
e
4
e
5
e
6
0.8
e
7
0.6 0.7
0.9
c
6
V d.
c
1
e
2
e
3
0.91
0.7
e
1
0.9
0.87 0.95 0.79 0.82
0.94
0.9
0.8
0.8
1. Tp lut tng ng?
2. Suy lun tnh CF(c
6
)?
3. Chui lp lun
KBS
CSTT
82

4. Mt phin lm vic vi h MYCIN
Mc ch:
Gip cc bc s trong vic chn on v iu tr cc bnh
truyn nhim
Nhn dng cc c quan b nhim bnh
Chn cc loi thuc khng ch cc c quan ny
Giao din ngi dng:
i thoi vi bc s thu thp d liu
D liu tng qut v bnh nhn
Cc kt qu xt nghim
Cc triu chng ca bnh nhn
EMYCIN = MYCIN Tri thc Y hc
= Sn h chuyn gia (ES shell)
KBS
CSTT
83

V d 1.
Mt vi thng tin v bnh nhn
1. MYCIN: H tn ?
USER: Jack Durkin.
2. MYCIN: Tui ?
USER: 24
3. MYCIN: Gii tnh ?
USER: Nam
4. MYCIN: Chng tc?
USER: CAUCASIAN
KBS
CSTT
84

MYCIN c gng xc nh bn cht ly nhim
5. MYCIN: C bt k php cy vi khun cho Jack Durkin lin qua
n bnh hin ti?
USER: C
6. MYCIN: Mu vt ly t u?
USER: CSF
7. MYCIN: Ngy, gi thc hin cy?
USER: 7- July-7:00
.
MYCIN: Gn y Jack Durkin c cc triu chng nh: chong
vng, hn m khng?
USER: C.
.
KBS
CSTT
85

V d 2.
1. System: What is the patient's name?
User: George Washington
2. System: What is the patient's age?
User: 252 years
3. System: Is the patient male or female?
User: Male
4. System: What are the symptoms?
User: Headache, dizziness, upset, stomach, high fever
KBS
CSTT
86

5. System: When did these symptoms first appear?
User: December 13,1799
6. System: I conclude that the patient has a viral infection,
my recommendation is that he should take two aspirin,
drink plenty of fluid, get lots of rest and call me in the
morning.
George Washington died the next day of a viral infection no
antibiotics
Chng 4

H HC
KBS
CSTT
88

1. Gii thiu
Trong nhiu trng hp, ta khng c sn tri thc
K s tri thc cn thu nhn tri thc t cc chuyn gia
Cn bit cc lut m t lnh vc c th
Bi ton khng c biu din tng minh theo lut,
s kin hay quan h.
Hai hng tip cn cho h thng hc:
Hc t k hiu
Hc t d liu s
KBS
CSTT
89

2. Cc hnh thc hc
Hc vt
Hc bng cch ch dn
Hc bng quy np
Hc bng tng t
Hc da trn gii thch
Hc da trn tnh hung
Hc khng gim st (Khm ph)
KBS
CSTT
90

3. Cy nh danh
Xy dng cy nh danh da trn s phn hoch ca
cc thuc tnh
Phn hoch:
Nt cha l thuc tnh c phn hoch
Cc nt con: Cc gi tr phn bit ng vi thuc tnh c phn
hoch.
L cng c ph bin trong mt s ng dng
KBS
CSTT
91

3. Cy nh danh
V d 1:
Bng quan st ngi i tm bin c/khng b rm nng
TT Tn Mu tc Chiu cao Cn nng Dng thuc Kt qu
1 Hoa en TB Nh Khng B rm
2 Lan en Cao Va C Khng
3 Xun Rm Thp Va C Khng
4 H en Thp Va Khng B rm
5 Thu Bc TB Nng Khng B rm
6 ng Rm Cao Nng Khng Khng
7 M Rm TB Nng Khng Khng
8 o en Thp Nh C Khng
KBS
CSTT
92

3. Cy nh danh
Rm en
Bc
Dng thuc
Mu tc
Khng C
Hoa, H
Thu ng, Xun, M
Lan, o
Mt cy nh danh tng ng
KBS
CSTT
93

3. Cy nh danh
Chuyn tri thc hc t dng cy sang lut:
i t nt gc n nt l;
Ly nt trong lm gi thit;
Ly nt l lm kt lut .
Vi cy nh danh V d 1, ta c lut:
If (Mu tc = en) and (Dng thuc = Khng) then (B rm)
KBS
CSTT
94

4. Thut ton Quinlan
Xy dng cc vector c trng
V
A
(j) = (T(j, r
1
), T(j, r
2
), T(j, r
n
))
Trong :
A: Thuc tnh dn xut; r
1
, r
2
, r
n
: Cc thuc tnh mc tiu
T(j, r
i
) = T
Aij
/T
Aj

T
Aij
: tng s phn t trong phn hoch c thuc tnh A l j v thuc
tnh mc tiu l r
i
.
T
Aj
: tng s phn t trong phn hoch c thuc tnh A l j.
Lu : T(j, r
1
)+ T(j, r
2
)+ +T(j, r
n
) = 1
Vector n v: C 1 thnh phn bng 1; cn li bng 0.

Thuc tnh c chn phn hoch l thuc tnh c
nhiu vector n v nht
KBS
CSTT
95

4. Thut ton Quinlan
V d 2. Da trn bng cho trong V d 1
Thuc tnh Mu tc (3 gi tr)
V
mu tc
(en) = (T(en/B rm), T(en/Khng b rm))
= (2/4, 2/4) = (0.5, 0.5)
V
mu tc
(Rm) = (T(Rm/B rm), T(Rm/Khng b rm))
= (0/3, 3/3) = (0.0, 1.0)
V
mu tc
(Bc) = (T(Bc/B rm), T(Bc/Khng b rm))
= (1/1, 0/1) = (1.0, 0.0)
S vector n v: 02

KBS
CSTT
96

4. Thut ton Quinlan
Thuc tnh Chiu cao (3 gi tr)
V
Chiu cao
(Cao) = (0/2, 2/2) = (0.0, 1.0)
V
Chiu cao
(TB) = (2/3, 1/3)
V
Chiu cao
(Thp) = (1/3, 2/3)
S vector n v: 01
Thuc tnh Cn nng (3 gi tr)
V
Cn

nng
(Nng) = (1/3, 2/3)
V
Cn

nng
(Va) = (1/3, 2/3)
V
Cn

nng
(Nh) = (1/2, 1/2)
S vector n v: 0

KBS
CSTT
97

4. Thut ton Quinlan
Thuc tnh Dng thuc (2 gi tr)
V
Dng

thuc
(C) = (0/3, 3/3) = (0.0, 1.0)
V
Dng

thuc
(Khng) = (3/5, 2/5)
S vector n v: 01
Vy, ta chn thuc tnh mu tc phn hoch!
Rm en
Bc
Mu tc
Thu ng, Xun, M
Hoa, H, Lan, o
KBS
CSTT
98

4. Thut ton Quinlan
Mu tc TT Tn
Chiu
cao
Cn
nng
Dng
thuc
Kt qu
en 1 Hoa TB Nh Khng B rm
en 2 Lan Cao Va C Khng
en 3 H Thp Va Khng B rm
en 4 o Thp Nh C Khng
Thuc tnh Chiu cao (3 gi tr)
V
Chiu cao
(Cao) = (0/1,1/1) = (0.0, 1.0)
V
Chiu cao
(TB) = (1/1, 0/1) = (1.0, 0.0)
V
Chiu cao
(Thp) = (1/2, 1/2)
S vector n v: 02

KBS
CSTT
99

4. Thut ton Quinlan
Thuc tnh Cn nng (2 gi tr)
V
Cn

nng
(Va) = (1/2, 1/2)
V
Cn

nng
(Nh) = (1/2, 1/2)
S vector n v: 0
Thuc tnh Dng thuc (2 gi tr)
V
Dng

thuc
(C) = (0/2, 2/2) = (0.0, 1.0)
V
Dng

thuc
(Khng) = (2/2, 0/2) = (1.0, 0.0)
S vector n v: 02
C 2 thuc tnh cng c 2 vector n v:
Chiu cao: T l 2/3
Dng thuc: T l 2/2
Chn thuc tnh Dng thuc phn hoch

KBS
CSTT
100

4. Thut ton Quinlan
Rm en
Bc
Dng thuc
Mu tc
Khng C
Hoa, H
Thu ng, Xun, M
Lan, o
Cy nh danh kt qu
KBS
CSTT
101

4. Thut ton Quinlan
Rm en
Bc
Dng thuc
Mu tc
Khng C
Hoa, H
Thu ng, Xun, M
Lan, o
Kt qu hc:
If (Mu tc = Rm) then (B rm = Khng)
If (Mu tc = Bc) then (B rm = C)
If (Mu tc = en) AND (Dng thuc = Khng) then (B rm = C)
If (Mu tc = en) AND (Dng thuc = C) then (B rm = Khng)
KBS
CSTT
102

5. Hc theo bt nh
bt nh (entropy) ca thuc tnh X
Thut ton
b
bc
c
b
bc
b
t
b
n
n
n
n
n
n
X E
2
log ) (

=
Trong :
n
b
: s mu nhnh b; n
t
: tng s mu; n
bc
: s mu trong nhnh b
ca lp c;

Repeat
- Tnh bt nh cho mi thuc tnh
- Chn thuc tnh c bt nh nh nht phn hoch
Until (Ht thuc tnh phn hoch)
KBS
CSTT
103

5. Hc theo bt nh
V d 3. Da trn bng cho trong V d 1
Thuc tnh Mu tc (3 gi tr)
Tp tc en: 2/4 ngi b rm; 2/4 ngi khng b rm
Tp tc bc: 1/1 ngi b rm; 0/1 ngi khng b rm
Tp tc rm: 0/3 ngi b rm; 3/3 ngi khng b rm
E(Mu tc) = 4/8(-2/4log
2
2/4-2/4log2/4)
+ 1/8(-1/1log
2
1/1-0/1log0/1)
+3/8(-0/3log
2
0/3-3/3log3/3)
= 0.5 + 0 + 0 =0.5.
Tng t ta c:
E(Chiu cao)= 0.69; E(Cn nng)=0.94; E(Dng thuc)=0.61.
Vy, ta chn Mu tc lm thuc tnh phn hoch

KBS
CSTT
104

5. Hc theo bt nh
bc tip theo, ta s tnh c:
E(Chiu cao)=0.5;
E(Cn nng)=1.0;
E(Dng thuc)=0.0;
Vy ta chn Dng thuc lm thuc tnh phn hoch v
c cy nh danh kt qu.
KBS
CSTT
105

6. Thut gii ILA
ILA: Inductive Learning Alogrithm
V d . Bng quan st ngi i tm bin c/khng b rm nng
TT Tn Mu tc Chiu cao Cn nng Dng thuc Kt qu
1 Hoa en TB Nh Khng B rm
2 Lan en Cao Va C Khng
3 Xun Rm Thp Va C Khng
4 H en Thp Va Khng B rm
5 Thu Bc TB Nng Khng B rm
6 ng Rm Cao Nng Khng Khng
7 M Rm TB Nng Khng Khng
8 o en Thp Nh C Khng
KBS
CSTT
106

Chia bng m mu thnh n
bng con theo tt quyt nh
i=1; //s bng con xt
R=C; //Tp lut

Xt bng con (i)
Chia cc tt theo cc t hp
phn bit j thuc tnh
6. Thut gii ILA
j=1; //s thuc tnh kt hp
j++
Tm t hp ln nht
T hp ln
nht = C
True False
nh du cc dng tha
t hp ln nht
Cc dng u
nh du
Thm lut mi vo R
i++
True
False
i>n
//Ht bng con
False
END
True
KBS
CSTT
107

6. Thut gii ILA
V d 5:
Bng quan st ngi i tm bin cho trong V d 1
TT Mu tc Chiu cao Cn nng Dng thuc Kt qu
1 en TB Nh Khng B rm
2 en Cao Va C Khng
3 Rm Thp Va C Khng
4 en Thp Va Khng B rm
5 Bc TB Nng Khng B rm
6 Rm Cao Nng Khng Khng
7 Rm TB Nng Khng Khng
8 en Thp Nh C Khng
KBS
CSTT
108

6. Thut gii ILA
Bc 1: Chia thnh 2 bng con
Bng TT Mu tc Chiu cao Cn nng Dng thuc Kt qu
1

2
1 en Cao Va C Khng
2 Rm Thp Va C Khng
5 en Thp Nh C Khng
KBS
CSTT
109

6. Thut gii ILA
Xt bng con i=1;
1
j=1 (1 thuc tnh):
C 4 t hp {Mu tc}, {Chiu cao}, {Cn nng} v {Dng thuc}
{Mu tc} {Chiu cao} {Cn nng} {Dng thuc}
Bc (1) C C C
T hp ln nht: {Mu tc}= Bc
KBS
CSTT
110

6. Thut gii ILA
1
T hp ln nht: C;
nh du dng c {Mu tc}= Bc
j=2 (2 thuc tnh):
{Mu tc, Chiu cao}, {Mu tc, Cn nng}; {Mu tc, Dng thuc}
{Chiu cao, Cn nng}, {Chiu cao, Dng thuc}; {Cn nng, Dng thuc}
R = R {IF Mu tc = Bc THEN Kt qu = B rm}
C C C C
KBS
CSTT
111

6. Thut gii ILA
{Mu tc, Chiu cao} {Mu tc, Cn nng} {Mu tc, Dng thuc}
en, TB (1) C en, Khng (2)
{Chiu cao, Cn nng} {Chiu cao, Dng thuc} {Cn nng, Dng thuc}
TB, Nh (1) TB, Khng (1) Nh, Khng (1)
Va, Khng (1)
T hp ln nht: {Mu tc, Dng thuc}= en, Khng
1
nh du dng c {Mu tc, Dng thuc}= en, Khng

R = R {IF Mu tc = en AND Dng thuc =Khng
THEN Kt qu = B rm}
KBS
CSTT
112

6. Thut gii ILA
Xt bng con i=2;

2
1 en Cao Va C Khng
2 Rm Thp Va C Khng
5 en Thp Nh C Khng
j=1 (1 thuc tnh):
Rm (3) Cao (2) C C (3)
T hp ln nht: {Mu tc}= Rm v {Dng thuc}=C
Chn t hp u tin: {Mu tc}= Rm
KBS
CSTT
113

6. Thut gii ILA

2
1 en Cao Va C Khng
2 Rm Thp Va C Khng
5 en Thp Nh C Khng
R = R {IF Mu tc = Rm THEN Kt qu =Khng}
nh du cc dng c : {Mu tc}= Rm
C Cao (1) C C (2)
T hp ln nht: {Dng thuc}=C
KBS
CSTT
114

6. Thut gii ILA

2
1 en Cao Va C Khng
2 Rm Thp Va C Khng
5 en Thp Nh C Khng
R = R {IF Dng thuc= C THEN Kt qu =Khng}
nh du cc dng c : {Dng thuc}= C
nh du ht dng
xt ht cc bng con
Kt thc
Chng 5

H M
KBS
CSTT
116

www.themegallery.com
Tp r (Crisp set - Cantor)
A l tp r, x l phn t c 2 kh nng: x e A hoc x e A
_ l hm c trng ca tp A: _(x)=1 nu x e A v _(x)=0 nu x
e A.
Tp m (Fuzzy set)
L khi nim m rng phn nh mc x l phn t thuc
tp hp m A.
Hm thnh vin
A
(x): phn nh mc x thuc v A.
Mt tp m A trong tp v tr U c xc nh bi hm:
A
: U [0,1]
1. Tp r tp m
KBS
CSTT
117

Hm c trng vs. Hm thnh vin
_
Tp r
1

Tp m
1
V d:
Tp r: Nhit .
Tp m: Lnh:
Nhit Nha Trang l 28
o
C: (Nha Trang)=0.2
Nhit H Ni l 16
o
C: (H Ni)=0.7
1. Tp r tp m
KBS
CSTT
118

Biu din tp m
Tp v tr U hu hn, ri rc
Tp v tr U lin tc
e
=
U x
A
x
x
A
) (
}
e
=
U x
A
x
x
A
) (
V d:

c b a
A
c b a U
6 . 0 7 . 0 3 . 0
} , , {
+ + =
=
V d: Cho tp m A = {S gn 7} , ta c th biu din

}
e

=
=
U x
x
x
A
x
e
A
e x
2
2
) 7 (
) 7 (
) (
1. Tp r tp m
KBS
CSTT
119

1. Tp r tp m
Bin ngn ng
L bin nhn cc t trong ngn ng t nhin
Bin ngn ng xc nh bi b 4 (x, T, U, M)
x: Tn bin. V d: Tc . Nhit , Chiu cao
T: Tp cc gi tr ngn ng m x c th nhn. V d: Vi x l
Tc th T={chm, va, nhanh}
U: L min gi tr ca x. V d: Vi x l Tc , U=[0..100]
M: Lut ng ngha, ng mi t teT vi mt tp m A
Gia t: Tng thm tnh m h
V d. Tp m gm nhng xe chy rt nhanh

Rt(A)
(x) = (
(A)
(x))
2

KBS
CSTT
120

s
< <
s <
s
= =
x khi
x khi x
x khi x
x khi
x S x
| o o
| o o o
o
| o
1
)) /( ) (( 2 1
)) /( ) (( 2
0
) , , , ( ) (
2
2
C 3 dng
Dng tng
Hm S tng

1
0.5
0
o
|

2. Cc dng hm thnh vin
KBS
CSTT
121

Dng gim
) , , , ( 1 ) ( | o x S x =
Hm S gim

1
0.5
0
o
|

KBS
CSTT
122

Dng chung
Hm dng chung
< + +
s
= H =
x khi x S
x khi x S
x x
| |
| |
|
) , 2 / , , (
) , 2 / , , (
) , , ( ) (

1
0.5
0
| +| -| +|/2 -|/2
KBS
CSTT
123

Hm thnh vin cho cc bin ri rc
Cho tp v tr E = Tc = {20, 50, 80, 100}, n v km/h
Xt tp m T
1
= Nhanh

Nhanh
(20) = 0: 20km/h l khng nhanh
Tng t:
Nhanh
(50) = 0.5,
Nhanh
(80) = 0.7,
Nhanh
(100) = 1
Nhanh
1
0.5
0
80 20 100 50
0.7
E

KBS
CSTT
124

Tng t vi tp m T
2
= Va v T
3
= Chm
1
0.5
0
80 20 100 50
0.2
E

Va
1
0
80 20 100 50
0.6
Chm
E

KBS
CSTT
125

Hm thnh vin cho cc bin lin tc
Cho tp v tr E = Tc , n v km/h
Xt tp m T
1
= Nhanh v T
2
= Va

2
) 100 / ( ) ( x x
Nhanh
=
s s
s s
s
=
100 50 50 / ) 100 (
50 20 30 / ) 20 (
20 0
) (
Vua
x if x
x if x
x if
x
KBS
CSTT
126

3. Cc php ton trn tp m
Cho 3 tp m A, B, C vi
A
(x),
B
(x),
C
(x)
C = A B:
C
(x) = min {
A
(x),
B
(x)}
C = A B:
C
(x) = max {
A
(x),
B
(x)}
C = A:
C
(x) = 1-
A
(x)
0.5
0
80 20 100 50
0.2
E

NhanhChm
NhanhChm
1
0.5
0
80 20 100 50
0.7
E

V d:
KBS
CSTT
127

4. Suy din m
Mnh m: Khng nh gi tr cho bin ngn ng
<Min xc nh X> is <tp m A>
V d: Chiu cao l va
Logic m s dng tp m trong cc mnh m
IF X is A THEN Y is B
V d: Chiu cao l va th trng lng l trung bnh
H chuyn gia lu tr lin kt (A,B) trong ma trn M.
Hai k thut suy din thng dng:
Suy din Max-Min
Suy din cc i
KBS
CSTT
128

5. Nguyn l x l cc bi ton m
B lp lun m
B m ha B gii m
Vo E
Ra U
B m ha: Chuyn i d liu thnh tr m
B lp lun m: a ra kt qu m
B gii m: Bin i tr m thnh tr r
KBS
CSTT
129

Bi ton 1
V d: Xt bi ton m xc nh bi cc lut sau
Lut 1: If x is A
1
and y is B
1
Then z is C
1
Lut 2: If x is A
2
or y is B
2
Then z is C
2
Vo: x
0
, y
0
Ra: z
0
D liu u vo l cc gi tr r
KBS
CSTT
130

Bi ton 1
Phng php gii quyt

ng vi tp m A
1
ta c hm thnh vin
A1
(x)
ng vi tp m A
2
ta c hm thnh vin
A2
(x)

ng vi tp m B
1
ta c hm thnh vin
B1
(x)

ng vi tp m B
2
ta c hm thnh vin
B2
(x)

ng vi tp m C
1
ta c hm thnh vin
C1
(x)

ng vi tp m C
2
ta c hm thnh vin
C2
(x)

KBS
CSTT
131

C
C
2
C
1
A2 A
2
A1
A
1
B1
B
1
C1
C
1
B2
B
2
C2
C
2
x
0
y
0
w
1
w
2
c
(z)= W
1
x
c1
+ W
2
x
c2
KBS
CSTT
132

Hm thnh vin cho kt lun

) ( ) (
1
z W z
n
i
KL i C
i
=
=

= =
=
n
i
i
n
i
i i
W z Defuzzy
1 1
/ ) . ( ) ( o o
Gii m

KBS
CSTT
133

V d
Gii bi ton bm nc ly t Ging vo H.

Ging
H
10
0
y
2
x
0
Vi bin ngn ng Ging c cc tp m nc cao (N.Cao),
nc va (N.Va) v nc thp (N.Thp).
Vi bin ngn ng H c cc tp m h y (H.y), h lng
(H.Lng) v h cn (H.Cn)
Vi bin ngn ng thi gian bm c cc tp m bm lu
(B.Lu), bm hi lu (B.Hi Lu) v bm va (B.Va)

KBS
CSTT
134

1

H.y

1

H.Lng
H.Cn

1

2

2

2

1

2 0 2 / s s = x if x H.y(x)
s s
s s
=
2 1 2
1 0
x if x
x if x
H.Lng(x)
2 0 2 / 1 s s = x if x
H.Cn(x)
Cc hm thnh vin ca H nc
KBS
CSTT
135

10 0 10 / s s = y if y N.Cao(y)
s s
s s
=
10 5 5 / ) 10 (
10 0 5 /
y if y
y if y
N.Va(y)
10 0 10 / 1 s s = x if y
N.Thp(y)
Cc hm thnh vin ca Ging
1

N.Cao

1

N.Va
N.Thp

1

10

10

10

5

KBS
CSTT
136

30 0 30 / s s = z if z B.Lu(z)
s s
s s
=
30 20 ) 20 ( 05 . 0 1
20 0 20 /
z if z
z if z
B.Hi Lu(z)
Cc hm thnh vin ca kt lun cho tng lut
s s
s s
=
30 15 15 / ) 30 (
15 0 15 /
z if z
z if z
B.Va(z)
1

B.Lu

1

B.Va

B.Hi Lu

1

30

30

15

20

30

0.5

KBS
CSTT
137

H.y H.Lng H.Cn
N.Cao 0 B.Va B.Lu
N.Va 0 B.Va B.Hi Lu
N.Thp 0 0 0
Cn c vo bng trn ta c 4 lut
Lut 1: If x is H.Lng and y is N.Cao Then z is B.Va
Lut 2: If x is H.Lng and y is N.Va Then z is B.Va

Lut 3: If x is H.Cn and y is N.Cao Then z is B.Lu

Lut 4: If x is H.Cn and y is N.Va Then z is B.Hi Lu

Bng m t

KBS
CSTT
138

Cho u vo: x
0
=1; y
0
=3

1

H.Lng

2

1

1

N.Cao

10

1

B.Va

30

15

1

H.Lng

2

1

1

B.Va

30

15

1

N.Va

10

5

H.Cn

1

2

1

N.Cao

10

1

B.Lu

30

H.Cn

1

2

1

N.Va

10

5

B.Hi Lu

1

20

30

0.5

KBS
CSTT
139

Cho u vo: x
0
=1; y
0
=3

H.Lng
N.Cao

B.Va

H.Lng

1

B.Va

N.Va

H.Cn

N.Cao

B.Lu

H.Cn

2

N.Va

10

B.Hi Lu

30

3

r
1
r
2
r
3
r
4
KBS
CSTT
140

Ta c

H.Lng
(x
0
)=1
N.Cao
(y
0
)=0.3
W
1
=min { 1; 0.3} = 0.3

H.Lng
(x
0
)=1
N.Va
(y
0
)=0.6
W
2
=min { 1; 0.6} = 0.6

H.Cn
(x
0
)=0.5
N.Cao
(y
0
)=0.3
W
3
=min {0.5; 0.3} = 0.3

H.Cn
(x
0
)=0.5
N.Va
(y
0
)=0.6
W
4
=min {0.5; 0.6} = 0.5

KBS
CSTT
141

Suy ra

) ( ) (
1
z W z
n
i
KL i C
i
=
=
= W
1
xB.Va(z)+ W
2
xB.Va(z)+W
3
xB.Lu(z)+ W
4
xB.Hi Lu(z)

= 0.3xB.Va(z)+ 0.6xB.Va(z)+0.3xB.Lu(z)+ 0.5xB.Hi Lu(z)

Gii m

(min) 66 . 16 ) z ( / ) z ( . z = ) z ( Defuzzy

30
0
C
30
0
C


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