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Separation
Separation
Slide 1
Outline
Determination of the General Structure of the Separation System Synthesis of Vapour Recovery System Synthesis of Liquid Separation System
Slide 2
Slide 3
Feed streams
Reactor System
Slide 4
Feeds
Reactor System
Liquid
Liquid recycle
Slide 5
Liquid
Liquid recycle
Slide 6
Feeds
Products
Slide 7
Phase split
Phase split is the cheapest method of separation
use cooling water pressurise the reactor system use both high pressure and a refrigeration partial condenser send the reactor effluent stream directly to a vapour recovery system
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Gas recycle
Purge
None
Slide 12
Absorption
Used to remove a solute from a gas mixture The solute is removed from
Water Air
the gas mixture by treatment with a liquid. The solute is absorbed from the gas phase into the liquid phase in absorption.
Process Simulation and Design
Air+ammonia
Adsorption
Used to remove a
A
component from a gas or a liquid stream The component is adsorbed by a solid adsorbent. The remaining components can not be adsorbed
Process Simulation and Design
Solid adsorbent
A fluid (A+B)
Slide 14
Membrane Separation
Used to separate a solute from a fluid using a semipermeable membrane barrier The solute can pass through the membrane barrier, the remaining components can not.
Process Simulation and Design
A fluid (A+B)
Membrane barrier
Slide 15
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Slide 17
Light Ends
.
Gas recycle Vapour recovery system Vapour Reactor system Vapour Phase split Liquid Liquid recycle Liquid separation system
Purge
Light ends
Feeds
Liquid
Products
Slide 18
Top Product
Light ends
Vapour recovery system Vapour Feeds Reactor system Vapour Phase split Liquid Liquid recycle Liquid separation system Liquid
Waste treatment
Vent
Flare system
Products
Slide 20
A large reflux ratio A large column diameter A large condenser and a large reboiler Large steam and cooling water costs
Slide 21
Lump
A B C D E
E Slide 22
A B C
A B C
C Option 1
C Option 2
Slide 23
Work Session1
How many simple columns are required to separate a fourcomponent feed? How many possible column sequences are there to separate a four-component feed?
Slide 24
A B C D
B C D
C D D A A
A B C D B
B C D D
B C C A A
A B C D
A B
C D B D
A B C D D
Process Simulation and Design
A B C
B C C
A B C D D
A B C C
A B B
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Number of alternatives
2 1 1
3 2 2
4 3 5
5 4 14
6 5 42
Slide 27
It will be a major task to decide which distillation column sequence to select for a particular process! Methods are required!
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General Heuristics
Remove corrosive components as soon as possible
The special construction material is much more expensive than carbon steel if the corrosive components are present
Reactive components will change the separation problem Vacuum columns are required to separate monomers
Slide 30
More heuristics refer to Tedder Rudd, AIChE J., 24: 303 (1978) Nishida, Stephanopoulos, and Westerberg, AIChE J., 29: 326 (1981) Malone, Glinos, Marquez, and Douglas, AIChE J., 31: 683 (1985)
Process Simulation and Design
Slide 31
Working Session 2
Use heuristics to determine a good sequence of simple distillation columns to separate the five hydrocarbons with 98% recoveries.
C3 98% recovery
iC4/nC4 nC4/iC5
iC5/nC5
Solution
iC4
C3 iC4 nC4 nC4 C3 iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5 iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5 iC5 nC5 nC5
Process Simulation and Design
iC5
Slide 33
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Column 2
volatility 3.2 1.7 1.3
Lump
A B C
Column 1
Concentration of B
Lump
A B C
B+C
This alternative has same number of columns + energy consumption is likely to be similar to the base configuration
Dividing wall
Lump A B C volatility 3.2 1.7 1.3 B
Pre-fractionation section
This alternative has one less column (but additional internals) + lower energy consumption (due to heat integration)
Lower energy consumption due to heat integration ~ 30% lower energy costs
Slide 41
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Extraction
Used to remove a solute from a liquid solution The solute is removed by contacting with another liquid solvent which is relatively immiscible (cannot be mixed) with the solution The solute is more soluble to the liquid solvent than the solution
Process Simulation and Design
solvent
Solution
Weaker solution
Extraction
Slide 44
Extraction process
5
B
3
() B+S
2
Extraction
6 C(+B)
Distillation
Distillation
7
In extraction process, other distillation columns are needed for the recovery of solvent
Distillation
B+C
B+C
C+S(+B) S
Slide 45
Crystallisation process
Crystalliser
Centrifuge
Dryer
B Crystals
Slide 46
Adsorption process
A Heater
Slide 47