Alaska SAR Facility RADARSAT Modified Antarctic Mapping Mission (MAMM)

Alaska SAR Facility
RADARSAT Modified Antarctic Mapping Mission

(MAMM)
Calibration Report
Version 1.0
February 23, 2002

ASF-02-CAL-125
JML
SIGNATURE PAGE
Approved by:
__________________________________
Dr. Roger Smith
ASF Director
Concurrence:
Alaska SAR Facility Byrd Polar Research Center
_________________________ ____________________________
Nettie LaBelle -Hamer Ken Jezek
Science Center Manager Director, Byrd Polar Research Center
__________________________
Jeff Lipscomb
ASF Data Quality Lead

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SIGNATURE PAGE.....................................................................................................................................................2
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................................3
MAMM CALIBRATION REP ORT ........................................................................................................................4
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................4
1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CALIBRATION ...................................................................... 4

1.2 CONVERSION TO SIGMA NAUGHT .......................................................................................... 5
2 CALIBRATION PROCESS ..............................................................................................................................5
2.1 CALIBRATION DATA COLLECTION .......................................................................................... 5

2.1.1 Amazon Rainforest Data.....................................................................................................................5
2.1.2 Delta Junction Calibration Array.....................................................................................................6
2.1.3 Noise Data..............................................................................................................................................6
2.1.4 Calibration Data Set............................................................................................................................7
2.2 CALIBRATION TOOL SET ............................................................................................................... 7
2.2.1 SPROCKET & PTINFO.....................................................................................................................8
3 CALIBRATION RESULTS ..............................................................................................................................8
3.1 POINT TARGET ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................ 8

3.1.1 Geolocation Accuracy .........................................................................................................................8
3.1.2 Image Quality Analysis.....................................................................................................................13
3.1.2.1 Resolution........................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.2.2 PSLR................................................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.2.3 ISLR.................................................................................................................................................... 16
4 DISTRIBUTED TARGET ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................17
4.1 RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION ................................................................................................... 17

5 ISSUES AND RESOLUTIONS ......................................................................................................................23
5.1 GAIN............................................................................................................................................................ 23
5.2 PHASE......................................................................................................................................................... 24
5.3 DETERMINATION OF THE NOISE FLOOR ............................................................................ 26
5.4 DOPPLER PROCESSING BANDWIDTH.................................................................................. 29
5.5 CLUTTERLOCK..................................................................................................................................... 30
5.6 ELECTRONIC DELAY....................................................................................................................... 32
6 SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................................................33
APPENDIX A: RELATED DOCUMENTS .........................................................................................................34
APPENDIX B: EXAMPLE PROCESSING PARAMETERS FILE............................................................35
APPENDIX C: EXAMPLE PAP FILE .................................................................................................................53

MAMM Calibration Report
1 Introduction
This report provides details of the calibration of the FOCUS Processor for the RADARSAT
Modified Antarctic Mapping Mission (MAMM). It is intended to be a reference and support
document for the MAMM project, as well as for future calibration activities, regardless of their
relationship to MAMM. As the FOCUS processor, provided by VEXCEL Corporation, was new
to ASF, considerable time was spent learning and improvingthe processor as we went through the
calibration process. While the radiometric calibration process produces a changed (calibrated)
antenna pattern of gain values to be applied to the signal data, “calibration” is somewhat a
misnomer for geolocation and image quality. In these areas, the calibration effort itself does not
produce changes, as we actually just analyze results to see that they are within specification. The
geolocation and image quality analysis did, however, identify several systemic issues that resulted
in changes to the processor or to the process to implement corrections. After each iteration of
changes, image quality and geolocation analysis were repeated to ensure we had solved the
identified problem without creating others.
1.1 General Description of Calibration
Many people are familiar with calibration in the context of weight scales; you have a set of
calibratio n weights, which are each placed on the scale, and the scale is modified until it shows
the correct value for each calibration weight. By comparison, ASF’s SAR data show how much
radar energy was reflected back from objects on the Earth. Our "calibration weights" in this case
are corner reflectors Amazon rainforest. We know how much radar energy these devices should
reflect back to the SAR. If the processed SAR data show different values than what we expected,
we tweak the processor until it produces the expected results.
There are two main calibration categories: radiometric and geometric calibration. The data are
radiometrically calibrated when the processor outputs the expected radar cross-section (RCS)
values for known targets. There are always slight errors in the radiometric results, however, and
the acceptable limits for these errors are specified by the scientists who use SAR data. Causes for
these errors include inaccurate satellite attitude determination and less-than-perfect calibration
devices. Errors can be reduced when attitude determination methods and calibration devices are
made more sophisticated, but this also results in increased program costs. Trade-offs must be
specified.
There are also two kinds of radiometric calibration: absolute and relative. Absolute calibration
refers to the accuracy of the RCS estimate when compared to the theoretical value. Relative
calibration refers to the accuracy of radiometric variations within one image – for example if one
device is known to be 1dB lower than another, regardless of their absolute values. For the
Modified Antarctic Mapping Mission (MAMM), the data were required to have an absolute
accuracy of 2 dB and a relative calibration accuracy of 1 dB
Geometric calibration deals with the accuracy of an object’s associated latitude and longitude
coordinates. MAMM specifications stated that the latitude and longitude values output from the
FOCUS Processor should be within 100m of the actual values.
1.2 Conversion to Sigma Naught
2 CALIBRATION PROCESS
2.1 Calibration data collection

The MAMM calibration of the FOCUS processor was planned and executed using RADARSAT
1 data in beam modes Fine 1(FN1), Standard 1(ST1), Standard 2(ST2), Standard 5(ST5),
Standard 6(ST6), Standard 7(ST7), and Extended Low 1(EL1). Calibration sites for this project
were the Amazon rainforest and ASF’s Delta Junction, Alaska corner reflector array. LZP 4 was
used for all calibration data.
2.1.1 Amazon Rainforest Data

The Amazon rainforest is a very homogeneous and stable radar target. In contrast to most other
natural targets, it backscatters nearly the same amount of incoming radar regardless of incidence
angle or time of year. In fact, the total variation of the Amazon’s radar cross section (RCS) is
believed to be only .4 dB. Therefore, data of the Amazon rainforest can be used to derive and
refine a SAR’s antenna pattern. With an accepted gamma0 value of –6.5dB, the Amazon RCS
lies near the center of the expected natural RCS range – another characteristic which makes it a
good calibration target.
We need at least one good ascending and descending pass over a homogeneous section of the
Amazon rainforest to accurately calibrate a SAR beam. Because of averaging. the more Amazon
data we have, the smaller the errors in our antenna pattern estimation, resulting in a more accurate
calibration.
Amazon calibration data from three sites designated by CSA within an area bounded by the
coordinates as shown in Figure 2 was ordered and used where possible.
Figure 1. Example Amazon Image (FN1)

Latitude Longitude
-6.026834 -68.24822
-6.045403 -67.114346
-7.909545 -67.112351
-7.860296 -68.275257
Figure 2. Amazon calibration data area
2.1.2 Delta Junction Calibration Array
ASF currently maintains 10 trihedral corner reflectors in the small farming community of Delta
Junction, located approximately 90 miles southeast of Fairbanks. The radar response of these
reflectors, much brighter and more consistent than most natural objects, is used for point target
analysis. From the reflected impulse response we can determine geolocation accuracy, Peak to
Side Lobe Ratio (PSLR), and resolution. Additionally, the ground truth locations of the corner
reflectors are known (Differential GPS survey) and therefore serve as excellent geolocation
checkpoints. The calibration technician is responsible to orient the calibration array for the
requisite acquisitions
ASF collected repeat cycle data pairs over Delta Junction for ST1, ST2, ST6, ST5 and Extended
Low prior to the acquisition. Three repeat cycle acquisitions were acquired for Fine 1.
Additional Fine 1 acquisitions were acquired during each of the three cycles in the first
acquisition of the mission. In addition, enough data were acquired to yield three ascending and
three descending passes for Extended Low and Fine 1.
2.1.3 Noise Data
Measured noise floor determination requires data with low-backscatter targets, typically calm
lakes or ocean. Three sites, used in the past for calibration of ASF’s Precision Processor, were
planned for use during MAMM: the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, the lake region north of
Glennallen, and the Cook Inlet – Prince William Sound region, all in Alaska. While plenty of
Standard beam images existed over these regions, there was no Fine beam or Extended Low beam
images in our archive, so we ordered acquisitions to fill the void. Unfortunately, the quality of
the new images, due mostly to wind, was so poor they were unusable. We did not have time to
acquire new data before the start of calibration, and Fine 1 was the first beam to be calibrated, so
we chose a theoretical method of noise floor calculation, described in detail in paragraph 5.3.
2.1.4 Calibration Data Set
Table 1. Summary of MAMM calibration data.

F1 ST1 ST2 ST5 ST6 ST7 EL1
Point Target R1_23318_160 R1_27591_160 R1_17101_160 R1_14300_160 R1_13757_160 R1_24633_160 R1_22889_160
Ascending R1_24004_160 R1_29306_160 R1_20874_160 R1_20474_160 R1_17630_160 R1_28406_160 R1_24018_160
R1_24690_160 R1_25619_160 R1_22675_160 R1_24704_160

R1_25519_160
Point Target R1_23497_290 R1_10992_290 R1_20696_290 R1_14579_289 R1_13407_290 R1_21053_290 R1_22797_290

Descending R1_24183_290 R1_25055_290 R1_25155_290 R1_20410_290 R1_17866_290 R1_25512_290 R1_23483_290
R1_25898_290 R1_25298_290 R1_25498_290 R1_27613_290 R1_18895_290 R1_30657_290 R1_25541_290
R1_25641_290 R1_21296_290
R1_25312_290
R1_25655_290
Dist. Target R1_17455_885 R1_16626_885 R1_25244_884 R1_20442_885 R1_22743_885 R1_17655_884

Ascending R1_20885_885 R1_26230_885 R1_23086_885 R1_18684_884
R1_25344_885 R1_23772_885 R1_19713_884
R1_25587_885 R1_26173_885 R1_20056_884
Dist. Target R1_18534_466 R1_17648_466 R1_17748_457 R1_16476_466 R1_20349_466 R1_22750_466 R1_16519_466

Descending R1_20935_465 R1_19263_466 R1_18434_457 R1_18384_466 R1_25837_466 R1_22407_466 R1_17105_466
R1_23679_465 R1_26123_466 R1_23136_466 R1_22407_456 R1_23679_469 R1_25494_466 R1_19606_466
R1_23479_466 R1_25737_465 R1_18291_465 R1_20978_466
R1_25537_466
R1_25880_466
chirp # 3 2 2 1 1 1 2
2.2 Calibration Tool Set

The in-place tool, Product Verification System (PVS), at ASF was deemed not sufficient for
quality checking and calibration of the data being acquired and processed for MAMM. The
current calibration system was designed to solely support the JPL Precision Processor (PP).
Since the MAMM data is being processed on Vexcel’s FOCUS processor a new more adaptable
calibration tool was required.
2.2.1 SPROCKET & PTINFO
The Engineering Division of ASF designed a replacement tool for PVS called SPROCKET. This
new design, when fully implemented, will allow us to analyze generic data types. We will then
be able to analyze COTS products as well as the current in-house products. SPROCKET is being
built in phases. The first phase, in use now for MAMM, is used to produce the calibration
images. PTINFO, a Vexcel product, is then used to perform point target and image quality
analysis.
3 Calibration Results
3.1 Point Target Analysis
3.1.1 Geolocation Accuracy
Geolocation accuracy was determined using the Point Target array listed in section 2.2. These
reflector locations are known using differential GPS measurements and provide for excellent
reference points within an image. Absolute geolocation error is the number of meters that the
image differs from the ground truth locations in the range and azimuth directions. Relative
geolocation error is the standard deviation of the absolute geolocation errors about the mean.
Geolocation accuracy is determined by comparing the measured locations of the features in the
SAR images and the known locations of corner reflectors deployed in Delta Junction. The Delta
Junction image is processed to the elevation for a given corner reflector. This elevation
parameter is verified by first visually identifying it in the command line execution of the program.
Additionally the elevation correction is tested by inputting different elevation values for a single
reflector and measuring the effect this has on the geolocation of that reflector.
The image must then be displayed so that one may determine the exact x and y (pixel)
coordinates of each reflector. The Sprocket system, designed and developed at ASF, is used for
this process. Once the x and y coordinates are known, Vexcel’s PTINFO tool is used to measure
the reflector’s elevation. PTINFO produces the measured latitude and longitude coordinates
from the SAR image for a given reflector.
We used the following formula to determine the geolocation error:

Haversine Formula
? lat=measured lat - ground truth lat
? long=measured long - ground truth long
a=sin 2(? lat/2)+cos(lat1)*cos(lat2)*sin 2(? long/2)
c=2*arcsin(sqrt(a))
Great circle difference = R * c
R (radius of the Earth) = 6360924.0 meters
R was obtained by taking the average of 10 Delta Junction Precision Processor scenes
These steps must be repeated for each corner reflector measured.

Distortion within an image was measured by comparing the positional relationships among
measured corner reflectors and comparing them to ground truth. Initial checks revealed no
significant distortion of Radarsat images processed with FOCUS – well within the 50 meters
within 100km requirement.
Focus v2.28.6.5 Geolocation
100
80
Error in Meters
60
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
40
20
FN 1 ST 1 ST 2 ST 5 ST 6 ST 7 EL 1
0
FIGURE 3 Average Geolocation Error by Beam Mode

Focus v2.28.6.5 Geolocation for Fine 1
100
90
80
70 23318
Error in meters
24004
60
24690
50
23497
40
24183
30 25898
20
10
0
DJR 1 DJR 4 DJR 9 DJR 15 DJR 19 DJR 20 DJR 24
Reflector ID
FIGURE 4. FN1 Geolocation Error by Reflector and Orbit
Focus v2.28.6.5 Geolocation for ST1
100
90
80
27591
70
29306
Error in meters
60 10992
50 25055
25298
40
25641
30
20
10
0
DJR 1 DJR 3 DJR 4 DJR 9 DJR DJR DJR DJR
15 19 20 24
Reflector ID
FIGURE 5. ST1 Geolocation Error by Reflector and Orbit

100
90
80
70
17101
Error in meters
60
20696
50 20874
25155
40
25498
30
20
10
0
Reflector ID
100
90
80
70 14300
Error in meters
60 14579
20410
50
20474
40 25619
30 27613
20
10
0
DJR 1 DJR 3 DJR 4 DJR 9 DJR 15 DJR 19 DJR 20 DJR 24
Reflector ID

100
90
80
13407
70 13757
Error in meters
60 17630
17866
50
18895
40 21296
30 22675
25519
20
10
0
Reflector ID
Focus v2.28.6.5 ST7
120
100
80 21053
Error in meters
24633
60 25512
28406
40 30657
20
0
Reflector ID

Focus v2.28.6.5 Geolocation for EL1
140
120
100 22797
Error in meters
22889
80
23483
24018
60
24704
40 25541
20
0
DJR 1 DJR 4 DJR 9 DJR 15 DJR 19 DJR 20
Reflector ID
FIGURE 10. EL1 Geolocation Error by Reflector and Orbit
3.1.2 Image Quality Analysis
Resolution, defined as the width of the impulse response 3dB down from the peak, Integrated
Peak to Side Lobe Ratio (ISLR), and Peak to Side Lobe Ratio (PSLR) were measured using the
Delta Junction reflector array. Image quality results were obtained using the Vexcel PTINFO
tool. As above in the determination of geolocation accuracy, the image must be processed to L1
and then viewed to manually identify the exact x and y (pixel) coordinates. These coordinates are
input to the PTINFO tool to determine the image quality statistics for a given point.
For image quality purposes, there were two Delta Junction sites that were not used in the
calculation of the statistics. DJR 20-23 are an array of four corner reflector positions used ideally
for ScanSAR products. They are physically 8 feet apart and thus return a stronger impulse than a
normal reflector, and were not used. DJR 3 was also not used for image quality purposes because
it is constructed using an experimental design and does not return as strong or as consistent a
response as the other reflectors.
The image quality requirements are summarized in the following table:
St 1 St 2 St 5 St 6 Fn 1 El 1
Resolution, range 11.9 11.9 17.7 17.7 6.8 11.9
Resolution, azimuth 11 11 11 11 11 11
PSLR -18 -18 -18 -18 -18 -18
ISLR -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10
TABLE 2: Image Quality Requirements
3.1.2.1 Resolution
Focus v2.28.6.5 Range Resolution
18
16
14
12
Meters
10
Spec
Spec
Spec
8
Spec
Spec
Spec
6
4
Spec
2
0
FIGURE 11. Range Resolution by Beam Mode
Focus v2.28.6.5 Azimuth Resolution
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
Meters
8.0
6.0
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
4.0
2.0
0.0
FIGURE 12. Azimuth Resolution by Beam Mode

3.1.2.2 PSLR
Focus v2.28.6.5 Range PSLR
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
dB
-10
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
FIGURE 13. Range PSLR by Beam Mode
Focus v2.28.6.5 Azimuth PSLR
-30
-27
-24
-21
-18
dB
-15
-12
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
-9
-6
-3
0
FIGURE 14. Azimuth PSLR by Beam Mode

3.1.2.3 ISLR
In this discussion of ISLR measurements, it is useful to note that any real target response is
always composed of the target signal plus clutter. So it is theoretically correct (and more
accurate) to subtract the clutter. In practical terms it is very difficult to perform an accurate
subtraction of the clutter. It is difficult to accurately measure the clutter since this must be done
on and off the impulse response side lobe axes, and the surrounding background may not have
uniform response. Also the speckle precludes accurate knowledge of the specific clutter value at
the target peak. If the peak response is 10 dB or more above the background, the clutter has a
negligible effect on the resolution measurement, anyway, but on the average, the measurement is
more accurate with clutter subtraction. PSLR and ISLR are affected to much greater extent.
It's virtually impossible to get an accurate ISLR measurement on real data due to the inability to
remove the clutter effects. A more accurate estimate can be obtained using synthesized point
targets. These estimates may be slightly optimistic since the mathematical target will tend to be
closer to ideal than the real radar impulse response. It is very difficult to determine and synthesize
every signal error source or signal deformity that may be present in the real radar. However, in a
reasonably well behaved radar, as are our space radars, these errors are quite small and the
synthetic point target ISLR is a very good estimate.
PTINFO provided ISLR measurement figures as graphed below, with FN1 being the only beam
mode within the specification. As discussed above, measured ISLR from real data does not
provide confidence that the results are accurate. We did not have a synthetic data set available to
us for purposes of a double check. We believe the impact of this is negligible given that all other
image quality indicators are well within specification.
Focus v2.28.6.5 ISLR
-14
-12
-10
-8
dB
-6
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
Spec
-4
-2
0
FIGURE 15. ISLR by Beam Mode

4 DISTRIBUTED TARGET ANALYSIS
4.1 Radiometric Calibration
The radiometric calibration of a SAR beam mode is an iterative process. An Amazon image is
first processed using a unity payload parameter (pap) file. The unity pap file contains no
corrective gain values. Using this unity L1 image, all targets that produce non-uniform, non-
isotropic scattering are masked out, or deselected. These features include rivers, lakes and other
topographic features.
For this image, ?° for each pixel is determined using :
2 2
?° = 10 log [{(DN /A2 ) * tan ? ??-?Noise Power]
2 2
? ? = 10 log [{(DN /A2 ) * sin ? ??-?Noise Power]
where DN2 is the square of the pixel magnitude = I2 + Q2, ? = incidence angle, and A2 = scaling
coefficent, which may be range dependent, but is constant for MAMM. ? ? is given here for
reference purposes. Noise Power is the range dependent noise power derived from the noise
vector.
CSA provides pap information for a greater range of look angles than is actually imaged by the
processor. In order to proceed with calibration, the range of look angles to be used must be
determined. First the minimum and maximum look angles imaged are determined. To create a
buffer, 0.5 degrees is subtracted from the minimum and added to the maximum, defining the look
angle range. The pap file contains 255 correction values. Using the newly defined range, a new
beam increment is determined.
A 6th order polynomial is created to match the average look angles and ?° values from the images.
Extend this polynomial to match the desired look angles in order to predict the ?° values for the
new look angle range.
Apply the following equation to the polynomial fit ?° values:
F(look angle)=(?° + 6.5) /2
where ?° measurements are an average of all the azimuth lines at a given look angle. The desired
value for ?° is - 6.5 (Which is the ?0 value of the Amazon calibration sites), and the pap file gains
are one way. Thus subtracting –6.5 and dividing the result by 2 will yield the necessary pap file
correction.
The correction is then added to the current pap file.
With the new values input into the pap file, the next iteration of the above steps is performed.
Subsequent iterations result in a flattening of the antenna pattern.
The requirements to be met are a relative radiometric accuracy of ? 1 dB and an absolute
radiometric accuracy of ? 2 dB.
Relative radiometric calibration shall be set so that range dependency of radar cross section shall
be no greater than 1dB for similar targets. This calibration accuracy shall exclude the effects of
incorrect scene elevation data and spacecraft pointing errors.
Absolute radiometric calibration shall be set so that the mean ?0 value for a predetermined area of
the Amazon Rainforest is –6.5. This calibration accuracy shall exclude the effects of incorrect
scene elevation data and spacecraft pointing errors. The absolute calibration error shall be no
greater than 2 dB.
Radiometric linearity shall be measured using two targets with well known
backscatter that have a large backscatter difference (e.g the Amazon and a corner reflector). The
difference between theoretical and measured shall be calc ulated to determine a relative error, or
non-linearity of the processor response. This relative error shall then be expressed as a
percentage of the theoretical difference.
For example:
Two targets are processed and the ?°’s are measured to be -6.3 and 47.5 dB. The ?°'s should have
been separated by 54.5 dB (theoritical values are –6.5 and 48, respectively), but the measured
difference was only 53.8 dB. The relative error (or non-linearity of the processor response) is 0.7
dB out of 54.5 or
1 - 0.7/54.5 = 987
To achieve a linearity of .97(The upper limit of the MAMM Specification), the error could have
been as high as:
1 - x/54.5 97
or x = 1.636
Reference FRD specifications: (5.1.6; 5.1.7.1; 5.1.7.2)
Due to concerns over changes in RADARSAT-1 antenna patterns, all calibration data over the
Amazon calibration site will be acquired from CDPF and stored in our archive. The data will be
analyzed for long-term trends using the Precision Processor. Only the data listed in Table 2 will
be processed on the Vexcel FOCUS processor, unless significant trends are noted in the beams to
be used for MAMM. If trends are noted, then a subset of the Amazon calibration data will be
used to update the antenna pattern corrections determined with the standard calibration sets.
Focus v2.28.6.5 Radiometric Accuracy
-4.5
-5
-5.5 Fine 1 Average

Gamma Naught (dB)
ST 1 Average
-6
ST2 Average
-6.5 ST 5 Average
ST 6 Average
-7
ST 7 Average
-7.5 EL 1 Average
-8
-8.5
5 15 25 35 45
Look Angle (deg)
FIGURE 16. Average Radiometric Accuracy by Beam Mode
Fine 1 Focus Radiometry v2.28.6.5 (calibrated)
-4.5
31 32 33 34 35 36
-5
20885 Near
-5.5
23679 Near
-6 17455 Mid
? ?Naught (dB)
18534 Mid
-6.5 25344 Mid
20935 Far
-7
25587 Far
-7.5 Average
Poly. (Average)
-8
-8.5
Look Angle (deg)
FIGURE 17. FN1 Radiometric Accuracy by Orbit

ST1 Focus Radiometry v2.28.6.5 (calibrated)
-4.5
-5
-5.5
16626
-6 17648
? Naught (dB)
19263
-6.5 26123
26230
-7
Average
-7.5
-8
-8.5
15 17 19 21 23 25
Look Angle (deg)
FIGURE 18. ST1 Radiometric Accuracy by Orbit
-4.5
-5
-5.5
17748
-6 18434
? Naught (dB)
23136
-6.5 23479
25537
-7 25880
Average
-7.5
-8
-8.5
20 22 24 26 28
Look Angle (deg)

Descending Orbits only
-4.5
31 32 33 34 35 36 37
-5
-5.5
16479
-6
? Naught (dB)
18384
22407
-6.5
25244
-7 25737
Average
-7.5
-8
-8.5
Look Angle (deg)
-4.5
-5
-5.5
18291
-6
? naught (dB)
20349
20442
-6.5
23679
25837
-7
Average
-7.5
-8
-8.5
35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Look Angle (deg)

-4.5
-5
-5.5
22407
? Naught (dB)
-6
22743
-6.5 22750
23086
-7
23772
-7.5 25494
26173
-8
Average
-8.5
38 39 40 41 42 43
Look Angle (deg)
EL1 Focus Radiometry v2.28.6.5 (calibrated)
-4.5
-5
16519
-5.5 17105
? Naught (dB)
17655
-6
18684
-6.5 19606
19713
-7 20056
20978
-7.5
Average
-8
-8.5
8 13 18
Look Angle (deg)
FIGURE 23. EL1 Radiometric Accuracy by Orbit

5 Issues and Resolutions
5.1 Gain
The gain can be selected from a fairly simple analysis. For an amplitude value of about 100 (e.g.,
I = 100 and Q = 0, or I = 70 and Q =71), the I/Q quantization is accurate enough so that the phase
quantization error is less than 1 degree.
There is enough dynamic range with 16 bit pixels that the selected gain value is not required to be
specific beyond an integer value. It makes sense, then, to select an exact gain setting that is easy
to remember. If we choose a ? 0 value of -20dB (1/100) to be equivalent to an amplitude value
(DN) of 100, (because that is the noise floor for FN1), then signals at this level would be
quantized to within 1 degree of phase accuracy. The weakest signals (-25 dB noise floor for ST3
thru ST7) would correspond to an amplitude value of about 56 which provides a phase
quantization accuracy of about 1 degree. The maximum amplitude value of about 45,000 would
correspond to a ? 0 of about +33 dB. Saturation can occur at ? 0 levels 6 dB below this, due to the
speckle effect and the fact that maximum amplitude for some phase values (e.g. 0 and 90) is 32K.
Determination & implemention of the gain setting: Since we needed a DN of 100 to produce a –
20dB ? 0, we know that the scaling calibration coefficient (A2) is exactly 1000. Empirical data
was gathered to determine the correct fixed gain value to meet the requirement.
The gain is set during processing by use of a look-up table. Gain value for the whole table is set
to 60 dB (gain value = 20log(A2)) to achieve the fixed gain recommended above. (The table is
RSAT1.LUT in /usr/people/3dsar/3dsar/version/config/sensors on the lzp's. There are actually
18 tables in the file. There are six application types and three pixel types. Each table contains
255 values covering the look angle range of all the beams.) Look-up table # 12 in the LUT file on
lzp4 is currently set to 60 dB. This table corresponds to a target type of "MIXED" and for
complex pixels (PIXEL_TYPE = CI16).
The script that performs the level 1 processing calls the CEOSConvert program. To use this
table the call must have the following flags set.
-rad LUT
-lut MIXED
In our testing, these items were selected in the CEOSConvert GUI.

5.2 Phase
A phase error test was performed to determine the relative phase error introduced by the Vexcel
Focus SAR processor. A single fine beam image was processed in entirety, and then processed
again with the same Doppler centroid starting 1000 lines later in the telemetry stream. The
resulting phase difference was found to have a mean of –4.0E-6 degrees with an RMS error of
0.553 degrees. This RMS falls well below the requested MAMM specification of 10 degrees
relative, and, the almost non-existent absolute offset shows excellent phase fidelity
The purpose of this test was to determine if the Vexcel Focus SAR processor would match the
10-degree rela tive phase error requested for MAMM processing. The method was to process a
section of SAR telemetry to a complex product, then process the same section of telemetry data
1000 lines later in the stream. The resulting images could then be matched and the phase
components compared. Any phase differences found could be attributed directly to the processor.
A Radarsat Fine Beam 1 data set (rev 25898) was selected for the test data. The data set was
processed from the beginning (hereafter called v1) and then processed again starting 1000 lines
later (hereafter called v2) using the exact same Doppler centroid. This was accomplished by
manually setting the along-track (time-dependent) coefficients of the Doppler polynomial to zero
in the dataset’s .par file prior to the reprocessing. Each of the resulting complex images was then
converted to a byte amplitude image. It was determined that the offset between the two datasets
was exactly 1000 lines, with no need for sub-pixel matching.
In order to remove any modulus ambiguities, the phase difference image was calculated using the
following steps:
diff x,y = v1x,y – v2x,y (where v#x,y = phase at x,y in v#)

while (diffx,y < -p/2) diff x,y = diffx,y + p
while (diffx,y > p/2) diff x,y = diff x,y – p
A histogram was created using 100 bins corresponding to –90 to +90 degrees of difference. The
RMS error was calculated using this histogram and the actual mean.Results & Analysis: The
RMS phase difference was found to be 0.553 degrees. This is well within the specification of 10
degrees relative error. The absolute offset was –4.0E-6, which shows a vast improvement over
the previous phase test for version 2.28.5
Difference % Difference % Difference % Difference %
-90.00 0.0003 -45.00 0.0006 0.00 97.3255 45.00 0.0006
-88.20 0.0000 -43.20 0.0000 1.80 1.1667 46.80 0.0000
-86.40 0.0000 -41.40 0.0000 3.60 0.1093 48.60 0.0000
-84.60 0.0000 -39.60 0.0000 5.40 0.0291 50.40 0.0000
-82.80 0.0000 -37.80 0.0000 7.20 0.0125 52.20 0.0000
-81.00 0.0000 -36.00 0.0001 9.00 0.0071 54.00 0.0000
-79.20 0.0000 -34.20 0.0001 10.80 0.0042 55.80 0.0000
-77.40 0.0000 -32.40 0.0000 12.60 0.0017 57.60 0.0000
-75.60 0.0000 -30.60 0.0001 14.40 0.0019 59.40 0.0000
-73.80 0.0000 -28.80 0.0000 16.20 0.0005 61.20 0.0000
-72.00 0.0000 -27.00 0.0008 18.00 0.0018 63.00 0.0001
-70.20 0.0000 -25.20 0.0001 19.80 0.0003 64.80 0.0000
-68.40 0.0000 -23.40 0.0002 21.60 0.0002 66.60 0.0000
-66.60 0.0000 -21.60 0.0002 23.40 0.0002 68.40 0.0000
-64.80 0.0000 -19.80 0.0003 25.20 0.0001 70.20 0.0000
-63.00 0.0001 -18.00 0.0018 27.00 0.0008 72.00 0.0000
-61.20 0.0000 -16.20 0.0005 28.80 0.0000 73.80 0.0000
-59.40 0.0000 -14.40 0.0020 30.60 0.0001 75.60 0.0000
-57.60 0.0000 -12.60 0.0018 32.40 0.0000 77.40 0.0000
-55.80 0.0000 -10.80 0.0042 34.20 0.0001 79.20 0.0000
-54.00 0.0000 -9.00 0.0072 36.00 0.0001 81.00 0.0000
-52.20 0.0000 -7.20 0.0125 37.80 0.0000 82.80 0.0000
-50.40 0.0000 -5.40 0.0289 39.60 0.0000 84.60 0.0000
-48.60 0.0000 -3.60 0.1090 41.40 0.0000 86.40 0.0000
-46.80 0.0000 -1.80 1.1654 43.20 0.0000 88.20 0.0000
90.00 0.0003
TABLE 3: Data Used to produce Phase Error Histogram
FOCUS Phase Error Histogram
120
AVE = 0.00
RMS = 0.55
100
80
Percent Occurence
60
40
20
0
-90 -72 -54 -36 -18 0 18 36 54 72 90
Error (degrees)
FIGURE 24. Phase Error His togram

5.3 Determination of the noise floor
To determine the noise floor, targets that have low DN values, e.g. bodies of calm water, are
selected. If we assume that the areas of the lowest DN values have no signal return then the
resulting DN values are a product of noise.
For this testing, areas in the Prince Williams Sound of Alaska, the Yukon-Kuskokwim river delta
and the North Slope of Alaska were used. The values we obtained from this data ranged by
several dB and were not as consistent as we had hoped. Therefore it was determined that the
thermal noise value given by CSA should be used after subtracting out the antenna pattern
correction applied in the processing. The values are listed in the CEOS product and simply need
their effects removed and then the noise constant can be subtracted from the data.
The format for the noise vector given below is consistent with the metadata format in the Vexcel
par files. The vector is appended to the end of the *slc.par file. The new noise_vector block will
have the form:
noise_vector {
noise_value_1: -23.5
...
}
To improve readability, the noise values are in dB. Subtracting them will require computing the
power (exp (noise_value/10). The first value shall correspond to the noise at the first range image
sample, the second value to range sample 33, the third to 65, etc. The last sample would then
correspond to sample 8128. The maximum number of image pixels occurs for real time fn1 and
is 7720.
The noise value as a function of range for ? 0 products is given by:
n(r) = n_ref + 30*log(r/r_ref) - 2*G(r) + 10*log(sin(inc_angle))
where n_ref is the thermal noise reference level for the beam mode/bandwidth
r is the slant range
r_ref is the reference slant range = 951000 m
G(r) is the one way antenna power gain as a function of range
The values needed (except for G(r)) for the noise calculation are found in
the *slc.par file.
The value for n_ref is: thermal_noise_ref_level
The slant range to the first pixel is contained in the value: near_range_slc
The slant range for each subsequent array value is found from the par value
for the pixel spacing: PixelSpacing
r = near_range_slc + (array_number - 1)*32* PixelSpacing
To find G(r), the antenna pattern must be interpolated, and converted to a function of slant range
from its native function of elevation angle. The pattern is contained in the leader file (in the
radiometric compensation record).
In order to interpolate the gain pattern, the look or elevation angle for the given slant range must
be determined. The radius of the earth and incidence angle are needed for this calculation.
The earth radius at the image center may be found from the latitude, major and minor earth axes,
and must be adjusted for terrain height.
rad = minor*sqrt(1+tan2 (lat))/sqrt((minor/major) 2 + tan2 (lat)) + terrain_height
where the latitude is from the par value: scene_center_latitude and the axes and terrain height are
in the earth model block
earth_model {
major: 6378140.000000
minor: 6356755.000000
terrain_height: 0.000000}
The platform_altitude h is also needed. It is found from the par file value and must also be
adjusted for terrain height:
h = platform_altitude - terrain_height
Now the incidence angle can be found from
inc_angle = arccos((h2 - r2+2*rad*h)/2*r*rad)
and the look angle is
look_angle = arcsin(sin(inc_angle)*rad/(r + h))
Now we have the look angle for each range value and the gain table can be interpolated to
determine the value for each range. The table has 255 values. The angle for the center value
(128) and the angle increment are provided as data items in the table. These data items are at the
end of the table in the leader file.
The incidence angle has also been determined to calculate the final term in the equation.
The results are shown below, by beam mode, in Figure 25. For comparison purposes, Figure 26
is a chart of the ST7 noise analysis from the AMM-1 calibration report. It should be noted that it
is in Gamma Naught and ours is in Sigma Naught. Since we do not have the actual numbers used
to produce the AMM-1 graph, we could not convert it to match ours, but it is intuitive from the
equations, that the lines are actually closer together than they appear on the disparate graphs.
Focus v2.28.6.5 Nominal Noise Equivalent Sigma Naught
-19
-20
-21
Fine 1 Noise Sigma
-22
Sigma Naught (dB)
EL 1 Noise Sigma
-23
ST 1 Noise Sigma
-24 ST 2 Noise Sigma
ST 5 Noise Sigma
-25
ST 6 Noise Sigma
-26
ST 7 Noise Sigma
-27
-28
-29
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Look Angle (deg)
FIGURE 25. Noise Floor Sigma Naught by Beam Mode
FIGURE 26. AMM-1 ST7-L Noise Floor Chart

5.4 Doppler Processing Bandwidth
In mid September, 2001, it was noted during the weekly MAMM teleconference that all MAMM
calibration data was being processed at 900 Hz processing bandwidth (PBW), but the actual
Antarctic Data for MAMM is processed at variable PBW ranging up to 1250 Hz. The obvious
question arising from that observation was: What is the effect on the finished product?
Phil Utley subsequently processed some Amazon data at different Doppler bandwidths to
measure the radiometric difference. The sigma0 values dropped about 1/2 dB from 900 (-8.1 dB)
to 1200 Hz (-8.6 dB). Tom Bicknell reviewed ASF’s results and while his intuitive guess was
that it go the other way - more bandwidth would create higher backscatter values, his analysis led
to the conclus ion that FOCUS normalizes (divides) by the bandwidth.
VEXCEL confirmed that FOCUS normalizes by the number of points in the azimuth reference
function over the length of the aperture that composes the PBW. Therefore, assuming a flat
antenna pattern (rectangular weighting) and no additional weighting, a calibrated FOCUS
processor would remain calibrated regardless of the PBW. The fact that the sigma zero value goes
down as the PBW increases is a reflection of the natural antenna pattern shape -- normalizing
using just the number of points in the transfer function produces a weight that overcompensates
for the extra energy picked up by the extra BW. VEXCEL verified this by also cutting the PBW
down from 900 Hz to 750 and 600 Hz, and the trend continues: As the PBW is cut, the sigma
zero value increases. Every 150 Hz or so of BW reduction provides about 0.2 dB increase in
sigma zero. This is consistent with ASF observation of the value decreasing as the PBW was
increased.
This is a characteristic of a processor designed and calibrated at one PBW. In retrospect,

VEXCEL determined that they could have improved the processor to remain calibrated at all
reasonable PBW by using an azimuth antenna pattern in the normalization process. Because a
large proportion of the MAMM data had been processed already using the one processor
calibrated to 900 Hz, VEXCEL developed an approach within RAMS (The level 2 processor) to
compensate for this:
Since the processor at ASF, well calibrated at 900 Hz PBW, was to be

used at PBWs varying from 1000 Hz to 1250 Hz., (Remember, we want the large PBW for
interferometric considerations.) VEXCEL addressed this issue in the ingest side of RAMS where
the SLC data is converted to multi-look images for the mosaic side of RAMS operations (as
opposed to the IFSAR side). The IFSAR side does not require radiometric calibration.
The ingest program that generates the multilook imagery, DEMULK, filters the raw data back to
900 Hz, so that the image quality is restored, getting rid of ambiguity energy possibly associated
with the extra bandwidth. The PBW radiometry is compensated for by adjustment of the precise
weighting function used as a function of the PBW. This is accomplished by applying a
radiometric adjustment factor derived from the ratio of the applied weighting function (which is
known) and the 900 HZ calibration weighting function. VEXCEL has verified that this
introduces less than 0.1dB difference in the resulting multilook imagery between identical data
processed at 1250 Hz and at 900 Hz.
5.5 Clutterlock
When we started of the EL1 Beam Mode, we observed obvious dark bands across the Amazon
images that were produced from data taken on ascending passes of the satellite. There were no
visible banding issues on the descending passes. Initial theories that perhaps RADARSAT had
used only descending data to produce their calibrated antenna pattern, or that it might be a
latitude dependent effect that we wouldn’t see in Antarctica were quickly put to rest through a
combination of telephone research and some comparative runs of actual MAMM datatakes on
both the PP and FOCUS processors. The banding was not present in the images produced on the
PP, even though overall appearance of the image was not aesthetically pleasing because it looked
blurred. Tom Bicknell informed us that another error that can cause this type of radiometric dip
is the wrong cross track Doppler variation. Basically, the Doppler for ascending vs descending
should be about the same magnitudes with opposite signs. He examined the cross track Doppler
terms, and sure enough, the cross track term for all the ascending data was over twice the
magnitude as for descending (-0.11 vs +0.045). Further checks on ST1, which is closest in look
angles to EL1 showed its cross track term magnitudes to be between 0.035 and 0.05 for ascending
and descending, so it appeared that a lower term for EL1 was more correct. Tom believed the
preprocessor was making an error in the cross track variation for ascending data. When he
computed the near, mid and far Doppler for a location block in an ascending and a descending
datatake, his results were:
near mid far
asc. (20056) +219 -3939 -5850
desc. (20978) 3790 5320 6440
This proved we could also rule out satellite “roll errors” as the positive Doppler for ascending
can't happen except for large attitude errors (many tenths of a degree).
The raw data is below:
Orbit 20056
near_range: 807046.56829227
far_range: 860959.82677192
platform_altitude: 796361.25333637
Doppler_centroid: -3936.67055123
DopplerPolynomial {
reference: 834003.197532
number_of_coefficients: 4
a0: -3936.67
a1: -0.0994927
a2: 1.40581e-06
a3: -1.30205e-11
Orbit 20978
near_range: 806121.22781249
far_range: 860034.48629215
platform_altitude: 795670.30243252
Doppler_centroid: 5317.96312319
DopplerPolynomial {
reference: 833077.857052
number_of_coefficients: 4
a0: 5317.96
a1: 0.0441633
a2: -2.77352e-07
a3: 6.81381e-12
This cross track Doppler error of a complete pulse repetition frequency (prf) in ascending images
processed on FOCUS led us to suspect an error in the level zero processing, so files were shipped
on tape to VEXCEL for analysis. VEXCEL’s suggested fix was to switch the number of
iterations of the ratio algorithm (clutterlock), when running EL1 data, from the original value of 1
to a new value of three 3. The image below shows the result – an improvement in the numbers,
but not in the visible image. Next, we moved the number of iterations to 6, and found the
Doppler was where it should be. We then extended the testing to other beam modes and found
that 3 iterations produced the best results for ST1, while all other beam modes were not
significantly improved by changing from the original 1. This change was implemented at ASF by
following VEXCEL’s guidance to change the iteration settings in the global
processing_parameters.dat file for processing ST1 and EL1 data.
Figure XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX EL1 Amazon Image with banding as a result of
incorrect clutterlock setting
5.6 Electronic Delay

Initial geolocation checks of Delta Junction images demonstrated across track errors consistent
with incorrect slant ranges that put the overall geolocation error outside the 100 meter parameter.
Subsequent looks confirmed this to be systemic and empirical data gathered on images of Delta
Junction and the McMurdo Ground Station antenna resulted in a determination that subtracting
.34 microseconds from the fixed Radar Electronic Delay value of 4.2 microseconds would bring
geolocation within specification. The FOCUS processor uses 4.2 microseconds because that is
the RSI specification and in order to be certified, this value is mandated Even though 4.2
microseconds is the CSA specified value and they do not acknowledge any changes to that value,
their calibration checks in this area were done on only three passes (one each of W2, ST1, &
FN2)of early radarsat data, with only one transponder target in each image. Since the MAMM
requirement of 100 meters geolocation accuracy is more stringent than the 750 meter
specification RSI calibrated to, it is not surprising that an adjustment was needed. Further
evidence supporting a change in the FOCUS processor was provided by the fact that JPL’s
Precision Processor (Used in AMM-1) uses a fixed value of 3.9 microseconds. The .34
microsecond change was made by VEXCEL to the Focus processor and the resultant 3.86
microseconds of electronic delay was used for all MAMM level one processing.
No before & after images of this fix are included because the differences are visible only within
the tools used to perform geolocation measurement.
6 SUMMARY
The calibration of the FOCUS processor for the MAMM project was completed on 19 November,
2002. RADARSAT 1 beam modes Fine 1, Standard 1, 2, 5, 6, & 7, and Extended Low 1 were
measured to be within MAMM specification for all radiometric, geolocation, and image quality
requirements, with the exception of ISLR, for the reasons stated in paragraph 3.1.2.3. This
successful calibration was the result of a tremendous team effort by Byrd Polar Research Center,
JPL, NASA, ASF, and VEXCEL.
Appendix A: Related Documents
1. AMM Calibration Report, July 14, 1998, Alaska SAR Facility.
2. Antarctic Mapping Mission – 2, RADARSAT-1 Antarctic Mapping Project,

Science Requirements Document, June 12, 2000, updated April 5, 2001, Byrd
Polar Research Center.
3. ASF-00-OPS001-1.0 Modified Antarctic Mapping Mission (MAMM) Mission

Operations Plan, June 22, 2000.
4. ASF-00-REQ001-2.13 Modified Antarctic Mapping Mission, ASF Functional

Requirements Document, April 20, 2000.
5. ASF-00-CAL120-1.0 Alaska SAR Facility, RADARSAT Modified Antarctic

Mapping Mission Calibration Plan.
6. RADARSAT Antarctic Mapping System 2 (RAMS-2), Functional

Requirements Document, Version 2.2, April 26, 2000, Vexcel Corporation.
7. ASF-01-OPS-122-1.0 Modified Antarctic Mapping Mission Operations Plan:

The ASF Processing Phase, April 2001.
8. OSU/Vexcel AMM-2 Processing Plan Phase1, April 5, 2001, Byrd Polar

Research Center.
9. MAMM MAMM Processing System (AS-BUILT Document), March 2002,

Alaska SAR Facility
Appendix B: Example Processing Parameters File
processing_parameters {
satellite {
sensor_name : ERS1
ellipsoid_name : GEM6
ber_threshold : 1.0E-2
granule_break_distance : 10000
sky_ber_distance : 10000
sky_location_distance : 25000
beam {
beam_name : ERS1
sky_scene_length: 29000
sky_scene_overlap: 4096
CLParameters {
ambiguous_doppler_algorithm : CDE
ambiguity_number_algorithm : MLXX
minimum_ambiguity_nr_estimates : 6
maximum_spacing_bw_ambiguity_nr_estimates : 60.0
spacing_bw_ambiguous_doppler_estimates : 15.0
data_length_for_ambiguity_nr_estimate : 2.4
data_length_for_ambiguous_doppler_estimate : 2.4
ratio_algorithm_flag : 1
ratio_algorithm_iterations : 1
doppler_plot_flag : 1
}
QLParameters {
range_pixel_spacing : 100.0
azimuth_pixel_spacing : 100.0
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.4
kaiser_azimuth : 2.4
range_block_average_factor : 1
azimuth_block_average_factor : 1
range_decimation_factor : 8
}
}
}
satellite{
sensor_name : ERS2
beam {
beam_name : ERS2
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.4
}
}
}
satellite{
sensor_name : JERS1
ellipsoid_name : TOKYO
beam {
beam_name : JERS1
CLParameters {
ambiguous_doppler_algorithm : SVDE
ambiguity_number_algorithm : SVAR
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.4
}
}
}
satellite{
sensor_name : RSAT1
ellipsoid_name : INTERNATIONAL
beam {
beam_name : F1
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.4
}
}
beam {
beam_name : F2
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.4
}
}
beam {
beam_name : F3
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.4
}
}
beam {
beam_name : F4
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.4
}
}
beam {
beam_name : F5
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.4
}
}
beam {
beam_name : S1
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : S2
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : S3
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : S4
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : S5
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : S6
CLParameters {
ratio_algorithm_ iterations : 1
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : S7
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : W1
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : W2
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : W3
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : EL1
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : EH1
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : EH2
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : EH3
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : EH4
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : EH5
CLParameters {
amb iguous_doppler_algorithm : CDE
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : EH6
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : SNA
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 2
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : SNB
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 2
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : SWA
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 2
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
beam {
beam_name : SWB
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 2
kaiser_range : 2.8
}
}
}
satellite {
sensor_name : LSAT7
beam {
beam_name : LSAT7
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimu th_looks : 4
color_image : 1
gray_band : 2
red_band : 3
green_band : 2
blue_band :1
}
}
beam {
beam_name : FMT1
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 1
color_image : 1
gray_band : 2
red_band : 3
green_band : 2
blue_band :1
}
}
beam {
beam_name : FMT2
CLParameters {
}
QLParameters {
range_looks : 1
azimuth_looks : 4
color_image : 0
gray_band : 8
red_band : 8
green_band : 7
blue_band :6
}
}
}
satellite {
sensor_name : CALLOWAY
ber_threshold : 1.0
}
}
Appendix C: Example PAP File
;###FILENAME: m0000022.pap
;###SPACECRAFT_IDENTIFIER: RADARSAT_1
;###FILE_CREATION_TIME: 2000-046-22:27:24.000
;###FILE_SOURCE: MCS
;###FILE_DEST: UFDROC
;###FILE_TYPE: PAYLOAD_PARAMETERS
;***********************************************************
## thie .pap file is good for MAMM processing of ST1, ST2, ST5, ST6, EL1, and FN1
## added a noise vector subtraction to ST2 and flattened out the pattern some more.
## RWA July 24, 2001
## refined ST6 pattern some more
## RWA August 20, 2001
## added noise subtraction for ST6
## refined ST1 Pattern some more
## added noise vector subtraction for ST1
## refined ST5 pattern's gain and increment
## RWA October 2, 2001
## added noise subtraction for ST5 and refined pattern some more
## first refinement of ST7 pattern and increment modification
## second refinement of ST7 pattern
## added noise subtraction for ST7
## first refinement of EL1 pattern
## second refinement of EL1 pattern
## third refinement of EL1 pattern
## RWA November 1, 2001
## added noise subtraction for EL1
## RWA November 5, 2001
PAYLOAD_PARAM_REF = P0000022
EFFECTIVE_STARTING_TIME = 1995-298-22:00:17.000
begin CHIRP = 1
REPLICA_ENERGY_REF_LEVEL = 65.000000
CAL1_CAL2_DIFF_REF_LEVEL = 0.000000
THERMAL_NOISE_REF_LEVEL = -20.940001
GAIN_CORCTN_FACTOR = 0.095148
array REPLICA_AMPL_COEFS = 1.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
end
array REPLICA_PHASE_COEFS = 0.000000
0.000000
-3.607000E+11
0.000000
end
array REPLICA_AMPL_ERR_COEFS = 0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
end
array REPLICA_PHASE_ERR_COEFS = 0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
end
end
begin CHIRP = 2
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
end
0.000000
-2.080500E+11
0.000000
end
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
end
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
end
end
begin CHIRP = 3
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
end
0.000000
-1.396100E+11
0.000000
end
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
end
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
end
end
begin BEAM_SLOT = 1
BEAM_TYPE = S1
begin ELEV_BEAM_PATTERN =
ELEV_BEAM_TABLE_INCR = 0.033434
ELEV_BEAM_TABLE_SIZE = 255
NOM_BEAM_LOOK_ANGLE = 20.25
array ELEV_BEAM_PAT_TABLE = -7.236985
-7.037030
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-6.446122
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-2.442097
-2.573763
-2.708733
-2.846975
-2.988458
-3.133149
-3.281007
end
end
end
begin BEAM_SLOT = 2
BEAM_TYPE = S2
-4.409050
-4.273273
-4.141230
-4.012947
-3.888444
-3.767727
-3.650800
-3.537657
-3.428287
-3.322673
-3.220789
-3.122606
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-2.849882
-2.766096
-2.685787
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-2.535348
-2.465093
-2.398056
-2.334164
-2.273342
-2.215514
-2.160599
-2.108515
-2.059180
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-1.968407
-1.926798
-1.887587
-1.850686
-1.816004
-1.783452
-1.752938
-1.724372
-1.697664
-1.672723
-1.649459
-1.627784
-1.607609
-1.588849
-1.571414
-1.555220
-1.540186
-1.526228
-1.513267
-1.501221
-1.490016
-1.479576
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-1.460702
-1.452127
-1.444037
-1.436371
-1.429064
-1.422058
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-1.402292
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-1.357404
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-1.336248
-1.328737
-1.320965
-1.312914
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-1.295936
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0.020539
0.007961
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-0.021733
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-0.057705
-0.078130
-0.100228
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-0.149583
-0.176913
-0.206059
-0.237063
-0.269961
-0.304794
-0.341604
-0.380433
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-0.464325
-0.509479
-0.556837
-0.606448
-0.658366
-0.712643
-0.769339
-0.828508
-0.890216
-0.954524
-1.021498
-1.091210
-1.163731
-1.239137
-1.317506
end
end
end
begin BEAM_SLOT = 3
BEAM_TYPE = S3
-7.218550
-6.981877
-6.750230
-6.523576
-6.301881
-6.085114
-5.873242
-5.666231
-5.464048
-5.266662
-5.074039
-4.886147
-4.702951
-4.524422
-4.350524
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-2.733992
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-4.614438
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-6.000775
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-8.610658
-8.944946
-9.288785
-9.642361
-10.005863
-10.379479
-10.763397
end
end
end
begin BEAM_SLOT = 4
BEAM_TYPE = S4
-16.416058
-16.065258
-15.717051
-15.371256
-15.027576
-14.685884
-14.346039
-14.007909
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-13.336419
-13.003001
-12.671153
-12.340796
-12.012133
-11.685242
-11.360202
-11.037157
-10.716207
-10.397572
-10.081388
-9.767782
-9.457023
-9.149229
-8.844555
-8.543159
-8.245166
-7.950795
-7.660190
-7.373443
-7.090725
-6.812140
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-6.002157
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-5.484626
-5.232763
-4.985649
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-4.505733
-4.273024
-4.045248
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-3.604364
-3.391307
-3.183284
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-2.782014
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0.081518
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0.162341
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0.227379
0.253891
0.282899
0.309491
0.332686
0.350362
0.368345
0.386344
0.401664
0.416131
0.429022
0.433800
0.434641
0.433129
0.428817
0.421882
0.412402
0.402823
0.391837
0.377478
0.361841
0.345200
0.327431
0.311228
0.296352
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0.260410
0.242975
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0.210727
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0.184588
0.176283
0.172772
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0.161395
0.159194
0.159313
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0.166941
0.174732
0.185066
0.198191
0.212300
0.226247
0.244731
0.266374
0.289911
0.315915
0.342789
0.366638
0.395171
0.428392
0.462694
0.498715
0.535771
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0.601821
0.642086
0.682075
0.724161
0.771138
0.806550
0.837265
0.875448
0.914529
0.952571
0.984220
1.018614
1.057117
1.094241
1.130644
1.166069
1.195138
1.223234
1.254840
1.284327
1.311672
1.337111
1.357559
1.374384
1.392162
1.407457
1.419665
1.429001
1.435210
1.438251
1.439223
1.437474
1.432580
1.424341
1.413795
1.402603
1.386833
1.366796
1.343741
1.317066
1.287675
1.260791
1.228839
1.189478
1.146033
1.098899
1.048551
0.992841
0.936400
0.885667
0.823189
0.751403
0.676400
0.596123
0.513285
0.441118
0.358860
0.261641
0.161499
0.056451
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-0.250763
-0.372961
-0.499166
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-0.766839
-0.890970
-1.009434
-1.155385
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end
end
end
begin BEAM_SLOT = 5
BEAM_TYPE = S5
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end
end
end
begin BEAM_SLOT = 6
BEAM_TYPE = S6
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end
end
end
begin BEAM_SLOT = 7
BEAM_TYPE = S7
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end
end
end
begin BEAM_SLOT = 8
BEAM_TYPE = W1
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end
end
end
begin BEAM_SLOT = 9
BEAM_TYPE = W2
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end
end
begin BEAM_SLOT = 10
BEAM_TYPE = W3
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end
end
end
BEAM_TYPE = W2
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end
end
end
BEAM_TYPE = EL1
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end
end
end
BEAM_TYPE = EH3
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BEAM_TYPE = EH4
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BEAM_TYPE = EH6
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BEAM_TYPE = F1
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BEAM_TYPE = F2
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0.879229
0.820076
0.758793
0.695342
0.629682
0.561776
0.491585
0.419069
0.344190
0.266911
0.187203
0.105038
0.020390
-0.066768
-0.156463
-0.248722
-0.343571
-0.441037
-0.541148
-0.643930
-0.749410
-0.857615
-0.968572
-1.082307
-1.198848
-1.318221
-1.440453
-1.565571
-1.693603
-1.824574
-1.958511
-2.095443
-2.235394
-2.378393
-2.524467
-2.673640
-2.825942
-2.981399
-3.140037
-3.301883
-3.466965
-3.635309
end
end
end
BEAM_TYPE = F3
-7.825415
-7.577913
-7.335448
-7.097926
-6.865254
-6.637341
-6.414093
-6.195416
-5.981218
-5.771407
-5.565888
-5.364571
-5.167360
-4.974164
-4.784890
-4.599443
-4.417734
-4.239666
-4.065150
-3.894089
-3.726394
-3.561969
-3.400722
-3.242562
-3.087393
-2.935124
-2.785662
-2.638914
-2.494787
-2.353187
-2.214023
-2.077201
-1.942639
-1.810333
-1.680318
-1.552627
-1.427295
-1.304355
-1.183842
-1.065788
-0.950229
-0.837198
-0.726730
-0.618857
-0.513614
-0.411036
-0.311155
-0.214006
-0.119608
-0.027935
0.061049
0.147377
0.231084
0.312205
0.390773
0.466823
0.540390
0.611509
0.680212
0.746536
0.810514
0.872182
0.931572
0.988721
1.043661
1.096425
1.147047
1.195558
1.241992
1.286382
1.328759
1.369157
1.407609
1.444147
1.478804
1.511612
1.542605
1.571815
1.599275
1.625040
1.649239
1.672013
1.693506
1.713860
1.733219
1.751724
1.769520
1.786748
1.803552
1.820074
1.836456
1.852843
1.869376
1.886198
1.903452
1.921255
1.939579
1.958347
1.977480
1.996902
2.016535
2.036300
2.056122
2.075922
2.095622
2.115146
2.134414
2.153351
2.171879
2.189919
2.207394
2.224250
2.240497
2.256158
2.271254
2.285810
2.299847
2.313388
2.326456
2.339073
2.351262
2.363046
2.374446
2.385486
2.396188
2.406576
2.416670
2.426495
2.436072
2.445423
2.454570
2.463537
2.472343
2.481013
2.489568
2.498030
2.506421
2.514765
2.523082
2.531395
2.539726
2.548097
2.556523
2.564945
2.573265
2.581383
2.589203
2.596624
2.603548
2.609878
2.615513
2.620356
2.624309
2.627271
2.629146
2.629833
2.629236
2.627267
2.623933
2.619272
2.613328
2.606139
2.597749
2.588197
2.577525
2.565773
2.552983
2.539196
2.524453
2.508794
2.492262
2.474896
2.456738
2.437812
2.418091
2.397543
2.376137
2.353839
2.330616
2.306438
2.281270
2.255081
2.227837
2.199507
2.170058
2.139457
2.107672
2.074670
2.040419
2.004890
1.968059
1.929904
1.890402
1.849532
1.807269
1.763593
1.718480
1.671908
1.623854
1.574296
1.523211
1.470577
1.416371
1.360572
1.303152
1.244058
1.183221
1.120575
1.056049
0.989577
0.921090
0.850520
0.777799
0.702859
0.625632
0.546049
0.464043
0.379545
0.292488
0.202802
0.110441
0.015420
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-0.285332
-0.390718
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-0.609029
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-0.837206
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-3.298145
-3.454519
-3.612777
-3.772891
-3.934834
-4.098577
-4.264095
end
end
end
BEAM_TYPE = F4
-4.774736
-4.704737
-4.633341
-4.560580
-4.486487
-4.411091
-4.334425
-4.256521
-4.177410
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-4.015691
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-3.764848
-3.679155
-3.592476
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0.746193
0.836197
0.925224
1.013239
1.100205
1.186084
1.270841
1.354438
1.436838
1.518005
1.597901
1.676483
1.753705
1.829518
1.903877
1.976734
2.048043
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2.185826
2.252207
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2.557131
2.612404
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2.860759
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2.947888
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3.103234
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3.397437
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3.462255
3.481526
3.499638
3.516595
3.532403
3.547068
3.560593
3.572984
3.584246
3.594384
3.603395
3.611270
3.618001
3.623579
3.627997
3.631246
3.633316
3.634201
3.633891
3.632378
3.629654
3.625711
3.620539
3.614131
3.606477
3.597571
3.587399
3.575935
3.563146
3.549000
3.533467
3.516513
3.498107
3.478217
3.456812
3.433859
3.409327
3.383183
3.355396
3.325935
3.294766
3.261858
3.227180
3.190734
3.152579
3.112780
3.071402
3.028511
2.984170
2.938446
2.891404
2.843108
2.793624
2.743017
2.691351
2.638692
2.585105
2.530655
2.475407
2.419422
2.362691
2.305158
2.246767
2.187461
2.127182
2.065874
2.003479
1.939941
1.875201
1.809204
1.741893
1.673209
1.603097
1.531498
1.458357
1.383615
1.307231
1.229226
1.149640
1.068513
0.985884
0.901795
0.816284
0.729392
0.641158
0.551623
0.460826
0.368807
0.275607
0.181265
0.085822
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-2.707894
-2.801206
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-2.985333
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-3.343107
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-3.601714
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-4.542751
-4.613816
-4.683667
-4.752287
-4.819657
end
end
end
BEAM_TYPE = F5
array ELEV_BEAM_PAT_ TABLE = -6.834189
-6.609497
-6.389576
-6.174346
-5.963727
-5.757636
-5.555991
-5.358713
-5.165719
-4.976929
-4.792260
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-4.434965
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-3.766266
-3.608177
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-2.729718
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0.027418
0.106894
0.184677
0.260793
0.335268
0.408128
0.479399
0.549107
0.617278
0.683939
0.749115
0.812832
0.875117
0.935995
0.995492
1.053635
1.110448
1.165893
1.219873
1.272289
1.323040
1.372025
1.419143
1.464296
1.507383
1.548303
1.586955
1.623241
1.657094
1.688604
1.717904
1.745129
1.770408
1.793877
1.815666
1.835911
1.854743
1.872294
1.888700
1.904090
1.918599
1.932360
1.945500
1.958127
1.970344
1.982257
1.993968
2.005579
2.017196
2.028923
2.040861
2.053116
2.065790
2.078989
2.092813
2.107368
2.122757
2.139083
2.156368
2.174498
2.193352
2.212803
2.232728
2.253003
2.273504
2.294105
2.314682
2.335114
2.355273
2.375036
2.394278
2.412906
2.430910
2.448293
2.465060
2.481214
2.496760
2.511703
2.526046
2.539793
2.552950
2.565520
2.577507
2.588916
2.599750
2.610018
2.619757
2.629022
2.637864
2.646338
2.654494
2.662387
2.670071
2.677597
2.685019
2.692389
2.699761
2.707188
2.714722
2.722418
2.730319
2.738373
2.746468
2.754487
2.762316
2.769838
2.776940
2.783506
2.789421
2.794569
2.798842
2.802161
2.804460
2.805671
2.805726
2.804559
2.802101
2.798285
2.793046
2.786321
2.778158
2.768671
2.757972
2.746177
2.733402
2.719760
2.705366
2.690336
2.674783
2.658823
2.642571
2.626141
2.609612
2.592948
2.576092
2.558985
2.541568
2.523782
2.505570
2.486873
2.467633
2.447790
2.427286
2.406064
2.384064
2.361228
2.337497
2.312825
2.287196
2.260599
2.233024
2.204462
2.174902
2.144334
2.112748
2.080133
2.046481
2.011781
1.976021
1.939193
1.901286
1.862291
1.822197
1.780993
1.738670
1.695197
1.650542
1.604666
1.557532
1.509105
1.459349
1.408226
1.355699
1.301733
1.246291
1.189337
1.130832
1.070743
1.009032
0.945662
0.880596
0.813800
0.745235
0.674865
0.602654
0.528566
0.452563
0.374610
0.294670
0.212705
0.128681
0.042560
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-0.228749
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-0.726272
-0.832906
-0.942002
-1.053596
-1.167726
-1.284427
-1.403735
end
end
end
begin AZIMUTH_BEAM_PATTERN =
AZM_BEAM_TABLE_INCR = 0.001389
AZM_BEAM_TABLE_SIZE = 255
array AZM_BEAM_PAT_TABLE = -10.422904
-10.219626
-10.019251
-9.821746
-9.627080
-9.435222
-9.246141
-9.059808
-8.876191
-8.695261
-8.516988
-8.341342
-8.168295
-7.997818
-7.829882
-7.664458
-7.501519
-7.341037
-7.182983
-7.027332
-6.874055
-6.723126
-6.574518
-6.428205
-6.284162
-6.142362
-6.002779
-5.865390
-5.730167
-5.597088
-5.466128
-5.337261
-5.210465
-5.085716
-4.962990
-4.842265
-4.723516
-4.606723
-4.491862
-4.378911
-4.267849
-4.158655
-4.051305
-3.945780
-3.842060
-3.740122
-3.639948
-3.541517
-3.444809
-3.349805
-3.256486
-3.164833
-3.074828
-2.986450
-2.899684
-2.814511
-2.730912
-2.648871
-2.568371
-2.489395
-2.411926
-2.335948
-2.261445
-2.188401
-2.116801
-2.046629
-1.977870
-1.910510
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-1.779928
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-1.534929
-1.476969
-1.420298
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-1.155876
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-0.320792
-0.346244
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-1.736362
-1.802709
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-2.083269
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-2.232889
-2.310095
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-2.469390
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-2.635319
-2.720818
-2.808032
-2.896982
-2.987687
-3.080167
-3.174442
-3.270534
-3.368462
-3.468249
-3.569916
-3.673485
-3.778976
-3.886414
-3.995820
-4.107216
-4.220627
-4.336074
-4.453583
-4.573176
-4.694879
-4.818713
-4.944706
-5.072881
-5.203263
-5.335879
-5.470753
-5.607912
-5.747381
-5.889187
-6.033358
-6.179919
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-6.480322
-6.634220
-6.790618
-6.949547
-7.111033
-7.275106
-7.441795
-7.611129
-7.783138
-7.957851
-8.135299
-8.315512
-8.498521
-8.684356
-8.873049
-9.064631
-9.259133
-9.456589
-9.657029
-9.860486
-10.066995
-10.276586
-10.489292
-10.705150
-10.924190
-11.146448
-11.371959
end
end
FRAME_SYNC_MARK_WORD = 1ACFFC1D
PAYLOAD_PARAM_REMARKS = Beam EXTL1 re-calibrated
;###END_OF_FILE

Alaska SAR Facility RADARSAT Modified Antarctic Mapping Mission (MAMM)

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Alaska SAR Facility RADARSAT Modified Antarctic Mapping Mission (MAMM)

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Alaska SAR Facility

RADARSAT Modified Antarctic Mapping Mission

February 23, 2002

Dr. Roger Smith

Alaska SAR Facility Byrd Polar Research Center

Nettie LaBelle -Hamer Ken Jezek

Science Center Manager Director, Byrd Polar Research Center

ASF Data Quality Lead

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................................3

MAMM CALIBRATION REP ORT ........................................................................................................................4

1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CALIBRATION ...................................................................... 4

2.1 CALIBRATION DATA COLLECTION .......................................................................................... 5

3.1 POINT TARGET ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................ 8

4 DISTRIBUTED TARGET ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................17

4.1 RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION ................................................................................................... 17

APPENDIX A: RELATED DOCUMENTS .........................................................................................................34

APPENDIX B: EXAMPLE PROCESSING PARAMETERS FILE............................................................35

APPENDIX C: EXAMPLE PAP FILE .................................................................................................................53

1.1 General Description of Calibration

2.1 Calibration data collection

2.1.1 Amazon Rainforest Data

Figure 1. Example Amazon Image (FN1)

Figure 2. Amazon calibration data area

2.1.2 Delta Junction Calibration Array

2.1.3 Noise Data

2.1.4 Calibration Data Set

Table 1. Summary of MAMM calibration data.

R1_24690_160 R1_25619_160 R1_22675_160 R1_24704_160

Point Target R1_23497_290 R1_10992_290 R1_20696_290 R1_14579_289 R1_13407_290 R1_21053_290 R1_22797_290

Dist. Target R1_17455_885 R1_16626_885 R1_25244_884 R1_20442_885 R1_22743_885 R1_17655_884

Dist. Target R1_18534_466 R1_17648_466 R1_17748_457 R1_16476_466 R1_20349_466 R1_22750_466 R1_16519_466

2.2 Calibration Tool Set

3.1 Point Target Analysis

3.1.1 Geolocation Accuracy

We used the following formula to determine the geolocation error:

These steps must be repeated for each corner reflector measured.

Focus v2.28.6.5 Geolocation

FIGURE 3 Average Geolocation Error by Beam Mode

FIGURE 4. FN1 Geolocation Error by Reflector and Orbit

Focus v2.28.6.5 Geolocation for ST1

FIGURE 5. ST1 Geolocation Error by Reflector and Orbit

FIGURE 6. ST2 Geolocation Error by Reflector and Orbit

Focus v2.28.6.5 Geolocation for ST5

FIGURE 7. ST5 Geolocation Error by Reflector and Orbit

FIGURE 8. ST6 Geolocation Error by Reflector and Orbit

Focus v2.28.6.5 ST7

FIGURE 9. ST7 Geolocation Error by Reflector and Orbit

FIGURE 10. EL1 Geolocation Error by Reflector and Orbit

3.1.2 Image Quality Analysis

The image quality requirements are summarized in the following table:

Focus v2.28.6.5 Range Resolution

FIGURE 11. Range Resolution by Beam Mode

Focus v2.28.6.5 Azimuth Resolution

FIGURE 12. Azimuth Resolution by Beam Mode

Focus v2.28.6.5 Range PSLR

FIGURE 13. Range PSLR by Beam Mode

Focus v2.28.6.5 Azimuth PSLR

FIGURE 14. Azimuth PSLR by Beam Mode

Focus v2.28.6.5 ISLR

n(r) = n_ref + 30log(r/r_ref) - 2G(r) + 10*log(sin(inc_angle))

inc_angle = arccos((h2 - r2+2radh)/2rrad)