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Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Technology
Refers to the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function.
Technology
It can also refer to the collection of such tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. the totality of means employed to provide objects necessary for human sustenance and comfort
What is biotechnology?
The use of living organisms or life processes to solve problems or make useful products. Confusion: living organism always have to meet our need for sustenance and comfort (i.e. food, shelter, clothing, fuel).?
Ancient biotechnology?
Biotechnology revolution started over 10,000 years ago. For example, Stone Age domesticated plants and animals. Ancient people (8,000 years ago): Exploiting microbial processes (unknown process during that time) to convert grapes into wine, milk into yogurt and cheese, grains into beer and raised bread. In our society, pulut/carbohydrate into tapai, soy bean into tempe or soy sauce
How did our ancestors select and breed the best wild seed candidates to turn into major cereal crops?
Todays biotechnology
Through the relationship between science and technology, the biological sciences provided insights into inner working of living organisms, using and improving them, controlling nature to meet people needs. Scientific progress in the last half of the 20th century ultimately led to an understanding of organisms at their most basic level, the cellular and molecular level. Deep understanding of the fundamental mechanism of the process of life and its bio-molecular components led to todays biotechnology.
Modern Biotechnology
Definition of Biotechnology: The use of cells and biological molecules or cellular and biomolecular processes to solve problems and make useful products. Biotechnology has provided researchers with an amazing research tools that responsible to speed of discoveries in Biology today.
Bioprocessing Technology
Uses living cells such as bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells or their enzyme to manufacture useful products, breakdown molecules or generate energy. Current application: Clean up toxic waste sites. Produce energy from agricultural refuse. Manufacture therapeutic compounds and vaccines. Produce fermented food and natural additives. Manufacture industrial enzymes and feedstock chemicals.
OPEFB is converted into fermentable sugars through enzymatic hydrolysis OPEFB hydrolysate obtained is used as a substrate for biobutanol production using locally isolated strains (Clostridium sp.)
Biosensor Technology
enzyme linked to a tiny transducer that produces a electrical or optical signal when the biological component binds to another molecule of interest. Current application: Measure blood glucose levels. Monitor industrial processes in real time. Provide physicians with instant test results. Locate and measure environmental pollutants. Measure the nutritional value and safety of food.
Biosensor Technology
Analytical devices capable of providing either qualitative or quantitative results. Consist of bio-recognition systems, typically enzymes or binding proteins, such as antibodies, m/o, cells immobilised onto the surface of physico-chemical transducers. Specific interactions between the target analyte and the complementary biorecognition layer produces a physico-chemical change which is detected and measured by the transducer. The transducer can take many forms depending upon the parameters being measured - electrochemical, optical, mass and thermal changes.
Test strips contain electrodes and immobilized enzymes (Glucose oxidase and Ferricyanide) Glucose + Glucose oxidase Gluconic acid Gluconic acid + Ferricyanide Ferrocyanide Oxidation of Ferrocyanide generate current which directly proportional to the glucose concentration.
Microarray Technology
Allows analysis of thousand genes, proteins or other molecules
simultaneously. Current applications: Detect genetic mutations Tailor drug treatment to patient Asses potential toxicity to drug Identify stage of disease progression Find microbes for cleaning up pollution
Antisense Technology
Decrease the production of specific proteins by blocking the genes encoding them. Current applications: Slow food spoilage Control viral diseases Engineer metabolic pathway in crops Treat diseases such as asthma and cancers