CHAPTER 30

The War to End War,1917-1918

PART I: REVIEWING THECHAPTER A. CHECKLIST OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After mastering this chapter, you shouldbe able to l. 2. 3. 45. 67. explainwhat caused Americato enterWorld War I. describe how Wilsonianidealism turnedthe war into an ideological crusade that inspired fervor and overwhelmed dissent. discuss the mobilization of Americafor war. explainthe consequences of World War I for labor,women,and African Americans. describe America'seconomic and military role in the war. analyze Wilson's attemptto forge a peacebasedon his FourteenPointsand explain why developments at homeand abroadforced him to compromise. discuss the opposition of Lodgeand others to Wilson's Leagueand show how Wilson's refilsalto compromise doomedthe TreaWof Versailles.

B. GLOSSARY
To build your socialscience vocabulary, familiarize yourselfwith the following terms: l. isolationismIn Americandiplomacy, the traditional belief thatthe United States shouldrefrain from involvementin overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its nationalsecurity interest to its own borders(sometimes along with the Caribbean and CentralAmerica). Internationalism or Wilsonianismis the contrasting beliefthat America'snational securityrequires involvement and sometimes diplomaticor military alliancesoverseas. "But their obstructionwas a powerful reminder of the continuing strength of Americanisorationism." (p. 706) collectivesecurify In international affairs,relianceon a group of nationsor an international organization as protectionagainstaggressors, ratherthan on nationalself-defense alone. - . . . an international organization that Wilson dreamedwould provide a systemof collective security.',(p. 707) mobilization The organization of a nation and its armedforcesfor war. "Creel typified American war mobilization. . . ." (p. 708) pardon The official release of a personfrom punishmentfor a crime. ". . . presidentialpardons were ratherfreely granted.. . ." (p.709) ration A fixed allowanceof food or other scarcecommodity. "He deliberatelyrejectedissuing rationcards. . . ." (p. 713) conscientiousobjector A personwho refusesto participatein war on groundsof conscience or belief.". . . about4,000conscientious objectors wereexcused.,'(p. 7l5j

2.

3.
4. 5. 6-

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l.

1917-1918 War to End War, The Chapter 30:

Bolshevik The radical majority faction of the RussianSocialistparty that seizedpower in the (Bolshevik is the Russianword for October | 9l 7 revolution;they latertook the nameCommunist. "The Bolshevikslong resented minority.) power or were Mensheviks, "majorify"; their rivals for 'capitalistic' interventions. . . ." (p. 716) these salient A portion of a battle line that extendsforward into enemyterritory. ". . . nine American from the St. Mihiel salient.. . ." (p. divisions. . . joined four Frenchdivisionsto pushthe Germans 7 l7\ from the parliamentarry Concerningpolitical systemsin which the governmentis constituted parliamentary statesmen all the "Unlike controlling party's membersin the legislativeassembly. (p. majorityat home." 719) a legislative at the table,[Wilson] did not command

8.

9.

affairs,a weakeror smallercountry held to be underthe guidanceor 10. protectorate In international is a weakerform of imperialismor colonialism.(A protectionof a major power; the arrangement colony is a territory owned outright by a more powerful nation.)". . . preventingany vengeful powers."(p.720) of the vanquished parcelingout of the former coloniesand protectorates I |. trustee A nationthat holds the territory of a former colony as the conditionalagentof an territory . . . international body underdefinedterms."The victors would . . . receivethe conquered of the Leagueof Nations."(p.720) only as trustees

that authorized a 12. mandate Underthe Leagueof Nations( | 9l 9-1939),a specificcommission the strategicPacific islands trusteeto administera former colonial tenitory. "Japanwas conceded . . ." (p.720) of Nationsmandate. undera League 13. self-determination The Wilsonian doctrinethat eachpeopleshouldhavethe right to freely or incorporationinto chooseits own political affiliation and nationalfuture, e.g., independence to this violationof self-determination...." nation."Facedwith fierceWilsonianopposition another (p.721) on the 14. reservation A portion ofa deed,contract,or treatythat placesconditionsor restrictions . . ." (p-723) formalreservations. ". . . he finally cameup with fourteen generalobligations. fervor by appealingto the lowestemotionsof a mass 15. demagogueA politician who arouses that played into the handsof the German audience, suchas fear, hatred,and greed." . . . a debacle (p.725) Hitler." Adolf demagogue

YOURPROGRESS PART ll: CHECKING A. True-False

is true. circle T; where it is false,circle F. Wherethe statement

r.ro
2 O F

to Wilson's call for "peacewithout victory" by proposinga Germanyresponded temporaryarmistice. to end all war and spreaddemocracy of the war as a crusade Wilson's proclamation amongAmericans. aroundthe world inspiredintenseideologicalenthusiasm nationalself-determination Among Wilson's FourteenPointswere freedomof the seas, to securepeace. for minorities,and an internationalorganization The Committeeon Public Information usedan arousedAmericanpatriotismmore than to promotethe war cause. formal laws and censorship and SeditionActs were underthe Espionage The primary targetsof prosecution Germanand Austrianagentsin the United States.

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Chapter 30: The War to End War, 1917-1919 273

6 u /F
, 7 b ,) F

Evenduringthe war mobilization, Americans were extremely reluctant to grantthe federalgovernment extensive powersover the economy. Despitebitterand sometimes violentstrikes, Americanlabormadeeconomic and organizational gainsas a resultof World War I. War-inspired black migrationinto northern citiesled to maiorracialriots in lgl j19t9. j ttre passage of the NineteenthAmendmentgrantingwomen's suffrageguaranteed the perrnanence of women'swartimeeconomic gains. Americantroopsactuallyplayedonly a smallrole in the Allies, final victory. When WoodrowWilson arrivedin Europe, the European public hailedhim as a hero and a peacemaking savior. Wilson'sskillful handlingof Republican politicalopposition strengthened his handat the ParisPeace Conference. OtherAllied leaders forcedWilson to makeserious compromises in his Fourteen Pointsin orderto keepthe Leagueof Nationsin the Treatyof versailles. Wilson'sunwillingness to compromise and acceptRepublican reservations to the Treaty of Versaillessentthe whole treaty down to defeat. In the election of l920, Republican Hardingsupported the League of Nationswhile Democrat Cox tried to evadethe issue.

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B. MultipleChoice
Select the bestanswerandcircle the corresponding letter. The immediate cause of Americanentry into world war I was Germansupport for a possible Mexicaninvasion of the southwestern United States. ,\ Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. Lbl c. the Germandefeatof France. d. desire of the Americanmunitionsmakers for largeprofits. 2- Wilson aroused the somewhat dividedAmericanpeopleio ferventsupport of the war by a' seizingcontrolof the means of communication and demanding nationalunity. declaring the Germanpeopleto be immoralHunsand barbarians. F, proclaiming an ideological war to end war and makethe world safefor democracy. q, d. proclaiming the war a religiouscrusade. 3. The capstone "Fourteenth Point" of Wilson's declaration of war aimscalledfor a- the establishment of parliamentary democracies throughout Europe. guarantees of basichumanrights for all peoplein the world. ,.9, to guarantee (.,.t an internationalorganization collectivesecurity. d. freedomof travel without restrictions. 4. The purposeof Georgecreel's committee on public Information was to developinformationon Americanwartime industrialproduction. -?; to whip up public supportfor the war and promoteanti-Germanpropaganda. e c' to developcounterintelligence informationon Germanspiesand saboteurs in the United States. d. to recruit volunteers for the armedforces. l.

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5.

918 Chapter 30:TheWarto EndWar,1917-1

6.

antiwar dissentwere The two key laws aimed at enforcingloyalty and suppressing Act. a. the War MobilizationAct and theNationalDefense the Selective ServiceAct and the PublicInformationAct. b. Act. Language Amendment and the Anti-German c. the Eighteenth 1^.. Act. Sedition Act and the the Espionage (d\ campaignto enforceloyalty were Xmong the primary victims of the prowar propaganda

Americans andsocialists. German @' Americans and communists. Russian b. and immigrants. MexicanAmericans c. and feminists. African Americans d. for to the movement for war gavenew momentum 7 . The mobilization granting womenthe right to vote. ( u ) a constitutional amendment granting right to strike. labor the unions a law \:r guaranteeing African Americansthe right to travel freely. a constitutionalamendment c. prohibitingchild labor. amendment a constitutional d. erupted duringand afterWorld War I in the violent strikes 8 . Particularly shippingand railroadindustries. 4i (b. , miningandsteelindustries. industries. textileand clothingmanufacturing i' war workers. women employing factories d. During World War I, African Americanmilitary men servedprimarily in 9. units. non-combat support segregated, ( a. the navy and the coastguard. b. trenchesin northernFrance. c. the most dangerous did not threaten the systemof segregation. citieswheretheir presence in northern d. 1 0 . A major differencebetweenthe World War I SelectiveServiceAct and the Civil War draft was that in World War I women as well as men were drafted. a. or to hire a substitute. an exemption to purchase (b.t in World War I it was not possible into front line combat. were sentimmediately in World War I draftees t' soldiers. the sametrainingas professional received in World War I draftees d. needed in Francein the springof l9l8 because were especially il. Americansoldiers of Germanywas falteringshortof its goal. the Allied invasion Britain had moved many of its soldiersfrom the westernfront to Russia. to breakthroughto Paris. wasthreatening a renewed Germanoffensive G were threatening to enterthe war on the Germanside. Y the Russians 12. Most of the military suppliesfor GeneralPershing'sexpeditionaryforce camefrom a. b. (u) allies. America's European factories in the UnitedStates. V c. capturedGermanmatdriel. d. Britain'scoloniesin Africa. by failing to delegation the Americanpeace when choosing Wilson blundered havea setof cleardiplomaticgoals. a. in the delegation. ( 6) includeany Republicans V consultwith his key allies,Britain and France. the intricatepolitics of Europe. includeexpertswho would understand d. by Wilson at the peaceconference 1 4 . The Europeanpowersand Japanweakened
l a l J .

a.

LeagueofNations. refusingto supporthis proposed

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Chapter 30:TheWarto EndWar, 1917-19i8 275 supporting the Republicans who were criticizingWilson at home. demanding continuing American aid and involvement in European affairs. -c^, his idealson matters (a I forcinghim to compromise of self-determination and punishment of \ Germanv. 15. Wilson boreconsiderable responsibility for the failureof the United States to join the League of Nations because b.

iu) \-l
d.

3.

he linkedthe League too closelyto European politics. he orderedDemocraticsenators to defeatthe pro-League treaty with the Lodge reservations. he failed to take the casefor the Leagueto the Americanpublic. he had agreedthat America would pay most of the cost of the League.

C. ldentification
Supplythe.correct identification for eachnumbered description. I . N rtYl0!'r {\t I(l!Jt,Wilson'sappeal to all the belligerents in Januaryl9l 7, just beforethe Germans resumed submarine warfare . \\y\yy\iYn rart 2. ilO ru Message that contained a Germanproposal to Mexico for an anti-American alliance Four Kiit\ 3Wilson's idealistic P0rY'lFS statement of Americanwar aims in Januaryl9l8 that inspired-the Allies and demoralized their enemies (..'mnil tn,1i iiil +@FUt,\Acintt1governmentpropagandaagencythatarousedzealforWi|son,sideals and whipped up hatredfor the kaiser fnoUitrt 4\ (: i"t L\" 5. hlilOLt foJi9Jflntiwar labor union whosememberswere prosecuted underthe and SeditionAct r.J(\L .EsPionage ',f'(tU: 6. \I\ f : L(\ \Ek;ak federalagency designed to organize and coordinate U.S. industrial productionfor the war effort l/t dt ltt'tr:(rp('tt6irEitutional provisionendorsed by wilson as a war measure whose ratification achieved long-sought a goal for American women r-{ hr r|q
Vt-(l( r

Lititos

Treasury Department bond-selling drivesthat raisedabout$21 billion to financethe Americanwar effort The nationsthat dominated the ParisPeace f6nfspgngg-namely.Britain. France, Italy, andthe United States Wilson'sproposed international body that constituted the key provisionof the VersaillestreatY

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10. II. Li.tiQUt t,ii'\rit\ttilt

Trti L^ftq ii' peace \'i.Y \(\i\ \t \ Controversial agreement that compromised many of Wilson's Fourteen but retained his League Fgf:,\Qn ?e \ritronPoints It,rnrvtttttLsenatorialcommittee whosechairman useddelayingtacticsand hostiletestimony to developoppositionto Wilson's treaty and Leagueof Nations

12.

l3' \{tL'tl0f\L*it%h)ta
14.

coreof isolationist senators who bitterly opposed anysortof teague; also

calledthe "Battalion of Death" t(j(\[ii'. Treaty of Versailles,sponsored by Wilson's hated - _ Amendmentsto the proposed I benatorialopponent, \ur r\ Yz.\u. t \( that attempted to guarantee America's sovereignrights in relationto the Leaeueof Nations

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1917-1918 The War to End War, Chapter 30: ..{.\at"1ri

a direct electionof 1920shouldconstitute Wilson'sbelief that the presidential popularvote on the League of Nations

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D. Matching People,Places,and Events

in the right columnby place,or eventin the left columnwith the properdescription Match the person, inserting the correctletteron the blank line.

L Z. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

E 0 N lI y a C -lfl ft

George Creel Eugene V. Debs Bernard Baruch Herbert Hoover John J. Pershing AlicePaul Meuse-Argonne Kaiser WilhelmII Wilson Woodrow HenryCabotLodge Clemenceau Georges Borah William James Cox Calvin Coolidge Warren G. Harding

a.

world in leader of the Western Inspirational wartime who later stumbledas a peacemaker leader Senatorial of the isolationist opposed all "irreconcilables" who absolutely in Europe Americaninvolvement Climacticfinal battleof World War I whosedrive for security The'tiger" of France, at Versailles forcedWilson to compromise agencythat Headof the American propaganda mobilizedpublic opinionfor World War I FolksyOhio senator whose 1920presidential victory endedthe lasthopesfor U.S. participation in the LeagueofNations

b.

c. d.

e.

10. \1 I l. D lz. b 13. 5 14. 15. J L -

{t b'

Hatedleader of America'senemyin World War I who pioneered Headof the Food Administration methods successful voluntarymobilization Leaderof the pacifistNationalWomen's Partywho in World War I opposed U.S. involvement candidatein the DefeatedDemocraticpresidential of 1920 election

h.

k. l.

American Commander of the overseas Expeditionary Forcein World War I governorand Warren G. Harding's Massachusetts runningmatein the election of vice presidential 1920 who fought to Wilson's greatsenatorial antagonist Nations keep America out of the Leagueof Head of the War IndustriesBoard, which attempted to imposesomeorderon U.S. war production leader who won nearlya million votesas a Socialist presidential while in federal prison for candidate antiwar activities

m. n. o.

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Chapter 30:TheWarto EndWar,lglZ-1glg

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E. PuttingThings in Order
Put the following eventsin correctorder by numberingthem from I to 5.

r
z.
3.

g
D

Germany'sresumptionof submarine warfareforcesthe United Statesonto a declaration of war. The Senate's final defeatof the Versaillestreaty and a Republicanelection victory end Wilson's last hopesfor Americanentry into the Leagueof Nations. The United States takesthe first hesitantstepstoward preparedness in the eventof war. The effectiveness of Americancombattroops in crucial battleshelps bring about an Allied victory in World War I. wilson struggleswith other Allied leadersin paris to hammerout a peacetreafy and organizethe postwarworld.

'4
4.

5.

F. Matching Cause and Effect

Match the historicalcausein the left column with the propereffect in the right column by writing the correctletteron the blank line. Cause
l.

Effect
a.

2.
a J.

_u
.J

Germany'sresumptionof unrestricted submarine warfare Wilson's Fourteen Points The wartime atmosphere of emotionalpatriotismand fear Women'slaborin wartime factories The migration of African Americansto northerncities Americantroops' entry into combatin the springand summer ofl9t8 Wilson'spoliticalblunders in the f a l lo f l 9 1 8 The strongdiplomatic demands of France,Italy, and Japan Senator Lodge's tacticsof delayingand proposing reservations in the Versailles treaty Wilson's refusalto acceptany reservationssupportedby Lodge.

Led to major racialviolencein Chicago and EastSt. Louis,Illinois ForcedDemocrats to vote againsta modifiedtreatyand killed American participationin the Leagueof Nations Stoppedthe final Germanoffensive and turned the tide toward Allied victory Allowed domestic disillusionment and oppositionto the treaty and Leagueto build strength Finally pushed the United States into World War I Weakened the president's position duringthe peacemaking process

b.

4.

c.

5.
6.

IY

d.

U
v I
I

e.

7. 8. 9.

g.

D b

Caused harshattackson German Americans and otherAmericans who opposed the war Lifted Allied and Americanspiritsand demoralizedGermanyand its allies ForcedWilson to compromise his FourteenPointsin order to keepthe Leagueas part ofthe peacetreaty

h.

10.

j.

Helpedpassthe Nineteenth

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