Normal Shock Relations Assumptions: Flow streamlines experience no deflections Flow is steady adiabatic, no viscous effects, no body forces,

s, inviscid Downstream is always subsonic M1 > 1 M2 < 1 One dimensional flow V1 1 2 V2 < V1 p1 p2 > p1 = 0, = = 90
2 M2 = p2 p1 T2 T1

p2 p1 p

po

= = = 1 +
p p 1 1 2 T1

T2 /(1)

Isentropic Relations (ds=0)

o To T

2 2 (M1 (M1 s2 s1 = cp ln 1 + 1) ( ) 2 1 R ln 1 + 1) +1 +1 +1 M1

M2 1 (1)/2 2 2 (M1 1+ +1 h2 h1 2

1+[(1)/2]M2 1

2 (M1 = 1 + 1) +1 p2 /p1 2

1)

2 1

u1 u2

2+(1)M2 1

(+1)M2 1

2 > 1

2+(1)M2 1 (+1)M2 1 2+(1)M2

T1 s1 po,1 ho,1

T2 > T1 s2 > s1 po,2 < po,1 ho,2 = ho,1 To,1 = To,2 ao,1 = ao,2 a1 *=a2 *

a sea level

a = =
s T

Speed of Sound = a s = 340.9 m/s = 1117ft/s = RT

s 1 1 T

M2

/(1)

= 1 +

=1+

1 2

1 2

M2
1

M2

1/(1)

a = =
2 1 (+1)M2 n,1

p p

Oblique Shock Relations (concave corner)

p2 p1 1+[(1)/2]M2 n,1 M2 n,1 (1)/2 +1 2

s = =
v p s 1 v v p T

1 v

T = =
v

a2

RT p2

s2 s1 = R ln
po,2 p1

Rayleigh Pitot Tube Formula:

po,2 po,1

Prandtl Relation: u u2 a2 = u1 u2 1 = 1 1 = M1 M2 M2 = Continuity: 1 u1 = 2 u2 2 Momentum: p1 + 1 u1 = p2 + 2 u2 2 Energy: h1 + limM1 cp T1 +

1 2 u2 1 2 a a

(+1)2 M2 1 4M2 1 2(1)

po,2 po,1

/(1)

= e(s2 s1 )/R
1+2M2 1 +1

T2 /T1

2 Mn,1 = M1 sin Mn ,2 =

p2 /p1

M1

Functions of Upstream Mach #: =

+1 1

= h2 + =6
u2 2 2

u2 2 2

Enthalpy: h2 = cp T2 State: p2 = 2 RT2

1 2

freestream mach angle = sin M wave angle delection angle freestream angle of attack Continuity: 1 u1 = 2 u2 Tangential: 1 = 2 2 = p2 + 2 u2 Momentum: p1 + 1 u1 2 Energy: h1 +
u2 1 2

--M Relation: tan = 2 cot

2+(1)M2 n,1

=1+

2 Mn ,1 1

M2 =
T2 T1

M2 1 (+cos 2)+2 M1 > 1 1 1

2 M2 1 (sin ) 1

sin() p2 1 p1 2

Mn,2

V1 p1 1

M2 < M1 V2 < V1 p2 > p1 2 > 1 T2 > T1 s2 > s1 po,2 < po,1 ho,2 = ho,1 To,1 = To,2 ao,1 = ao,2 a1*=a2*

Special Forms of Energy: for steady, adiabatic, inviscid flow, calorically perfect gas consider point 2 to be stagnation where u2=0 cp T1 +
a2 u2 1 2 u2 1 2

limM1

limM1 M2 =
p1 p2

=
u2 1 2

limM1 +
u2 2 2

= 0.378
T2 T1

Expansion Waves (convex corner) Assumptions: Isentropic flow, Prandtl-Meyer function: () = =

2 ,2 1 ,1 2 1 1 +1 1

= h2 +

u2 2 2

T1 s1 po,1 ho,1

= cp T2 +

a2 1

consider point 2 to represent sonic flow where u=a

1
st

Basic Thermodynamics Q nd 1 Law: E = Q W 2 Law: ds = + dsirrev T Equation of State: pv = RT or p = RT c J ft lb R = 287 = 1716 = p cp cv = R cp =

1 R kgK

u2 2

= cp To = const
2(1) +1

a2

or

a2

1 u2 2

a2 1

+ =

u2 1 2

a2 2

= 2 1
2 1 2 1

tan1

1 = sin1 2 = sin1 = = =
1 2 1+[(1)/2]1
2 1+[(1)/2]2

= (2 ) (1 )
2 1 /(1)

1 +1

(2 1) tan1 2 1
M1 > 1 p1 T1 1 1

s 2=s 1 po,1=po,2 To,2=To,1 ho,2=ho,1

2 M2 > M1 V1 < V2 p1 > p2 T1 > T2 1 > 2

a2

1 2

a2 o

2 1+[(1)/2]1 2 1+[(1)/2]2

a2

--M Diagram > max: lim = 45.5 o straight oblique shock becomes curved and detached < max o attached, two solutions always use weak (smaller ) Definitions & Notes

for a calorically perfect gas: e = cv T h = cp T if adiabatic ( = 0) 0 st Alternate Expressions of 1 Law Expressed in terms of Entropy: Tds = de + pdv T ds = dh vdp dh = de + pdv + vdp For calorically perfect gas, assuming cp and R are constants T p T v s2 s1 = cp ln 2 Rln 2 or s2 s1 = cv ln 2 + Rln 2 Critical Values Flow goes to sonic flow isentropically M = 2 [( + 1)/M 2 ] ( 1) M = 1 if M = 1 M2 = M > 1 > 1
To T T1 p1

cv =

slug R R

h = e + = e + pv

cv

+1

= 0.833

po

+1

/(1)

( + 1)M 2 M 2 = 2 + ( 1)M 2 M < 1 < 1 M

1 +1

= 0.528

+1

a = RT
1/(1)

T1

v1

= 0.634

if M

Isentropic Flow: there is no heat transfer (i.e. adiabatic) and there is no dissipative phenomenon (i.e. viscosity, thermal conductivity, mass diffusion). Adiabatic Flow: there is no heat transfer Total Temperature: value of the fluid element if it has been brought to rest (V=0) adiabatically Total Pressure: value of fluid element that has been brought to rest (V=0) isentropically Wave Angle: angle between shock and upstream flow Deflection Angle: angle between upstream and downstream flow Mach Wave: M1=1 and M2=1, i.e. infinitely weak shock o the total pressure loss for an oblique shock inlet is less than for a normal shock inlet o smaller total pressure loss, the more efficient the flow process is because cd is smaller and lift is higher o DAlemberts paradox does not occur in supersonic flow where in subsonic flow results in zero drag theoretically o Oblique shock waves occur when a supersonic flow is turned into itself o Expansion Wave is formed when a supersonic flow is turned away from itself o Normal/Oblique shock waves only occur if flow upstream is supersonic o Total pressure decreases across a normal or oblique shock due to the fact that the entropy increases across a shock o The flow field behind a curved shockwave is rotational o A velocity potential cannot be defined for the blunt body flow field