H.-S. Kim et al.
: Measurement Based Channel-Adaptive Video Streaming for Mobile Devices over Mobile WiMAX
Measurement Based Channel-Adaptive Video Streaming for
Mobile Devices over Mobile WiMAX
Hye-Soo Kim, Student Member, IEEE, Hyeong-Min Nam, Jae-Yun Jeong, Soo-Hyung Kim,
and Sung-Jea Ko, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract — The channel bandwidth variation and the
disconnection during handoff are the most critical problems
which degrade the video quality in wireless video streaming.
To cope with these problems, we propose an efficient video
streaming method in this paper, which does not only
dynamically adjust the video transmission rate based on the
channel bandwidth, but also minimize the error propagation
during handoff. Firstly, the channel bandwidth of the mobile
worldwide interoperability for microwave access, called
WiMAX, is estimated by analyzing channel parameters
including the carrier to interference and noise ratio (CINR)
and the handoff is detected by using the handoff occurrence
message (HOM). Secondly, the streaming server adjusts the
next transmission rate according to the estimated channel
bandwidth to avoid the network congestion and performs the
intra refresh method that inserts an intra frame (I-frame) right
after handoff by using the HOM to reduce the error
propagation effectively. Experimental results indicate that the
proposed method can improve the performance of the video
streaming over mobile WiMAX1.
Index Terms — Wireless video streaming, channel-adaptive,
handoff, mobile WiMAX.
I. INTRODUCTION
Due to the explosive growth of the wireless multimedia
communication services, there are increasing demands on real-time
video streaming over the wireless systems. Recent advances in
high-speed networks have made it feasible to provide real-time
video streaming. Among the advanced wireless standards,
WiMAX is an emerging wireless communication system that
provides high-data rate as well as long-range coverage [1], [2]. The
higher quality and seamless streaming in video transmission over
the wireless network require to cope with the problems such as
channel bandwidth variation, handoff, transmission error. Among
those problems, the channel bandwidth variation and the handoff
due to movement of the subscriber station (SS) are the most critical
problems. The channel bandwidth variation causes the network
congestion when the video transmission rate exceeds the channel
bandwidth. In case of the mobile WiMAX, the adaptive
modulation and coding (AMC) scheme from half-rate QPSK to 5/6
1
This research was supported by SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.
established by Network Adaptive Video Transmission Project.
Hye-Soo Kim, Hyeong-Min Nam, Jae-Yun Jeong, and Sung-Jea Ko are
with the School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
(email: hyesoo@ieee.org, min@dali.korea.ac.kr, jyjeong@dali.korea.ac.kr,
sjko@korea.ac.kr).
Soo-Hyung Kim is with the Telecommunication R&D Center, Samsung
Electronics, Suwon, Korea (email: soohyung.kim@samsung.com).
Manuscript received January 15, 2008 0098 3063/08/$20.00 © 2008 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on July 22, 2009 at 07:32 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
171
64-QAM offers various data rates to the SS according to the
distance between the base station (BS) and the SS. In addition, the
sudden disconnection due to handoff between BSs or sectors leads
to errors in several frames because the error occurred in one frame
would be propagated to the subsequent frames due to the prediction
of the inter mode, which degrades the video quality significantly
[3],[4].
SS1 BS SS2
Video Input Display
Video Encoder Video Decoder
RTP
(Video Bitstream)
Next Transmission
Bitrate
Channel
Parameters
Transmission Rate RTCP Channel Bandwidth
Control (Channel Bandwidth) Estimation
Intra Refresh RTCP Hanoff Detection
Insert (HOM)
I-frame
Streaming Server Streaming Client
Fig. 1. Concept of the proposed channel-adaptive video transmission
To address these problems, several methods for wireless
video streaming have been proposed [5], [6]. The method
proposed in [5] adjusted the transmission rate to the varying
throughput of wireless 3G network. However, it requires the
bandwidth estimation of wireless network and needs to consider
the channel bandwidth in the mobile WiMAX to adapt the video
transmission rate dynamically. In [6], the periodical random
intra refresh and motion information-based conditional intra
refresh methods were proposed to reduce the error propagation
in error-prone channel. However, it is not an efficient way to
reduce the error propagation caused by handoff latency in
wireless network.
In this paper, we propose a channel-adaptive video streaming
method over mobile WiMAX, as shown in Fig. 1, which does
not only dynamically adjust the video transmission rate based
on the channel bandwidth, but also minimize the error
propagation during handoff. Firstly, the current channel
bandwidth is estimated by using channel parameters including
the CINR. The estimated channel bandwidth is then exploited to
determine the next video transmission rate, thereby avoiding the
network congestion. Secondly, an efficient intra refresh method
is proposed that inserts I-frame right after handoff by using the
HOM to reduce the error propagation effectively.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II
presents the proposed measurement based channel-adaptive
video streaming algorithm. Experimental results and
conclusions are given in Section III and Section IV, respectively.
172 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 54, No. 1, FEBRUARY 2008

Channel Parameter Measurement (Uplink) Channel Parameter Measurement (Downlink)

CINR RSSI CINR CINR CINR RSSI

Determination of Handoff Handoff Determination of

Physical Data Rate Weighting Factors: Detection Detection Physical Data Rate Weighting Factors:
Estiamtion Overhead, Estiamtion Overhead,
Enviroment factor, Enviroment factor,
# of users HOM # of users
RPHY_UL RPHY_DL
A A
RTCP APP
Available Bandwdith Estimation (Uplink), (HOM) Available Bandwdith Estimation (Downlink),
) Intra Refresh )
RUL = A ⋅ RPHY _ UL R DL = A ⋅ RPHY _ DL

CAIR RTCP
) APP
) ) ) ( R DL )
(
R =min RUL , R DL )
CARC Insert I-frame
)
R,Target Bit Rate RTP
(Video Bitstream)
Video Encoder Video Decoder

Video Streaming Server Mobile WiMAX Video Streaming Client

Network
Fig. 2. Proposed channel adaptive rate control (CARC) and channel adaptive intra refresh (CAIR) methods.
BS 1 BS 2 the AB estimation, the physical data rate in the mobile
WiMAX network is first estimated since the physical data rate
and the capacity are interchangeable.
Data rate in PHY layer (RPHY)

Channel bandwidth For the WiMAX using the orthogonal frequency division
CINR
5/6 64 QAM multiple access (OFDM) and time division duplex (TDD), the
physical data rate, RPHY (Mbps), is obtained using the system
2/3 16QAM
parameters [7] in Table I as follows:
1/2 QPSK
R PHY = D rate ⋅ bmod ⋅ c rate ,
Handoff (1)
⎧1.8432 (Msubcarriers/sec), if uplink,
D rate = ⎨
MS location
⎩ 3.6864 (Msubcarriers/sec), if downlink,
Fig. 3. Relationship of MCS scheme, physical data rate, and CINR
according to the distance between SS and BSs.
where Drate is the data subcarrier rate when the ratio of the
II. PROPOSED CHANNEL-ADAPTIVE VIDEO STREAMING downlink (DL) to the uplink (UL) is 2, bmode is the modulation
gain that bmode = 2 for QPSK, bmode = 4 for 16-QAM, and bmode
Fig. 2 shows the proposed algorithm which consists of the
= 6 for 64-QAM, and crate is the coding rate (bits/subcarrier).
channel adaptive rate control method and the channel adaptive
For example, if the current modulation and coding scheme
intra refresh method.
(MCS) is 5/6 64-QAM, then the physical data rate (RPHY_DL)
A. Channel Adaptive Rate Control (CARC) for DL is equal to 18.432 (=3.6864·(5/6)·log264) Mbps. Fig. 3
In video streaming over wireless network, the available shows that the CINR is effectively used to estimate bmode·crate
bandwidth (AB) on the end-to-end path including both wired in the proposed algorithm.
and wireless links is determined by the wireless link capacity Next, we introduce a novel method of estimating the AB. In
since the wireless link commonly provides lower capacity than the mobile WiMAX network, RPHY is the theoretical upper
the wired one in most cases. We assume that the AB is affected bound of the AB because the AB is influenced by various
only by the capacity of mobile WiMAX networks. For network parameters such as the channel resource overhead,
TABLE I the number of users, and the weighting factor related to the
)
SYSTEM PARAMETERS different environments of the SS. Therefore, the AB, R , for
System Parameters Value both the DL and the UL is estimated as follows:
Frequency band 2.3 GHz
Channel bandwidth ) (1 − Poverhead ) ⋅ (1 − C overhead ) ⋅ W env
9 MHz
R= ⋅ R PHY , (2)
Duplex TDD / 5 msec N user
DL and UP ratio 2:1
Multiple access OFDMA where Poverhead represents the ratio of the packet overhead,
Cell coverage 1 Km Nuser denotes the number of users which is equal to 2 in our
experiments, and Wenv is the weighting factor related to the

Authorized licensed use limited to: VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on July 22, 2009 at 07:32 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
H.-S. Kim et al.: Measurement Based Channel-Adaptive Video Streaming for Mobile Devices over Mobile WiMAX 173

environment of the SS. Coverhead in (2) is the ratio of the NGOP_org NGOP_org NGOP_org
channel resource used for overhead to total channel resource
in one frame considering the mobile WiMAX frame structure P P P P P I P P P P P I P
[7]-[9] as follows: …… ……

⎧ 0.3064, if UL, (3) Handoff Latency Error Propagation

C overhead = ⎨ Packet Loss
⎩ 0.2394, if DL. Connection with BS1 Connection with BS2
(a)

NGOP_org NGOP_org NGOP_new

In general, the propagation path [10] can be divided into two
types, the line of sight (LOS) link and the non-LOS (NLOS) link.
For the LOS link, a signal travels over a direct and unobstructed P P P P P I P P I P P P P ……
path from the transmitter to the receiver, while the signal reaches ……

the receiver through reflections, scatterings, and diffractions for

the NLOS link. Therefore, the received signals consist of Handoff Latency
Inserted I-frame by HOM
Packet Loss
components from direct paths, multiple reflected paths, scattered Connection with BS1 Connection with BS2
energies, and diffracted propagation paths. The type of the (b)
BS: Base station
The lost frame
propagation path can be identified by the received signal strength HOM: Handoff occurrence message
indicator (RSSI). For the LOS (NLOS) link, the value of RSSI is The error propagated frame The correctly decoded frame
normally greater (less) than a certain threshold, ThRSSI. For the
experiments, we obtained the weighting factor that Wenv = 0.7 for Fig. 4. Illustration of GOP structure. (a) Original GOP structure. (b)
the LOS link and Wenv = 0.4 for the NLOS link. Proposed GOP structure using the CAIR.
)
In the proposed system, the appropriate R for the video
We find out by experiments that the handoff is observed
transmission rate determination is obtained by considering both
when the CINR value is less than a certain threshold, Thhandoff.
the AB of the UL in the streaming server and the AB of the DL
In the handoff detection method, the SS monitors the variation
in the streaming client. Therefore, the estimated AB of
of CINR and identifies that the CINR value is less than
bidirectional links is determined as follows:
Thhandoff. Considering that the CINR value, c(t), reflects the
) ) ) MCS which represents the distance between the SS and the
R = min( R DL , R UL ), (4)
BS, the handoff decision function, H(t), can be defined as
) )
where R DL and RUL represent the estimated AB for the DL and H (t ) = c (t ) − c (t − 1). (5)
)
the UL, respectively. Once R is determined, the frame-layer rate
control is performed to allocate the target bit rate to each frame If H(t) > 0 and c(t) < Thhandoff , the handoff to the new BS is
[11]. performed, otherwise, the association with the current BS is
B. Channel-Adaptive Intra Refresh (CAIR) Algorithm maintained. Therefore, the HOM can be expressed as
Before introducing the CAIR algorithm in detail, we briefly
review the background of handoff in the mobile WiMAX ⎧ True, if H (t ) > 0 and c ( t − 1) < Thhandoff , (6)
HOM = ⎨
network. A handoff is defined as the migration of a SS ⎩ False, otherwise.
between air-interfaces of different BSs. In general, there are
two types of handoff, soft handoff and hard handoff. The soft After that handoff occurrence is detected, the CAIR
handoff uses a make-before-break approach, in which a algorithm is employed to reduce the error. Fig. 4 (a) shows the
connection to the next BS is established before an SS leaves original GOP structure, where the several frames including the
an ongoing connection to a BS. The hard handoff employs a I-frame are lost during the handoff process and thus the
break-before-make approach, in which a connection is ended decoding error is propagated to the successive frames up to
with a BS before it switches to another BS. The hard handoff the next I-frame is received [13], [14]. Fig. 4 (b) shows the
is mandatory in the mobile WiMAX, which produces the result of the CAIR algorithm. Note that since an I-frame is
longer latency than the soft one [12]. inserted right after the handoff latency time, the quality
The handoff latency causes the loss of video data and degradation caused by the error propagation can be reduced.
propagates the error to the successive frames up to the next I- The target number of bits allocated to the new GOP is
frame is received. Next, we propose a CAIR algorithm to modified as follows:
)
tackle this issue. The handoff occurrence at the link layer is ) R
B GOP = N GOP _ new ⋅ , (7)
first detected using the value of CINR, and then an I-frame is F
inserted right after the handoff using the
HOM.

Authorized licensed use limited to: VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on July 22, 2009 at 07:32 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
174 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 54, No. 1, FEBRUARY 2008

Home TABLE II
AAA
PHYSICAL DATA RATE WITH CINR LEVEL
Home
ACR Agent Coding RPHY_UL
WiBro Core CINR (dB) Modulation RPHY_DL (Mbps)
Network Rate (Mpbs)
Router
WiBro Coverage
RAS1 26 64-QAM 5/6 18.43 -
Internet
RAS2 23 64-QAM 3/4 16.59 -
20 64-QAM 2/3 14.74 -
PSS1 (Streaming Server)
ACR
18 16-QAM 5/6 12.29 6.14
ACR: Access Control Router
PSS2 (Streaming Client) RAS: Radio Access Station
PSS: Portable Subscriber Station
16 16-QAM 3/4 11.05 5.53
AAA: Authentication , authorization and accounting,
* BS: Base Station (ACR + RAS) 14 16-QAM 2/3 9.83 4.92
* MS: Mobile Station (PSS)

Fig. 5. Experimental scenario in WiBro network. 12 16-QAM 1/2 7.37 3.69

10 QPSK 2/3 4.91 2.46
6 QPSK 1/2 3.69 1.84
3 QPSK 1/3 2.46 1.23
1 QPSK 1/6 1.23 0.61
-1 QPSK 1/12 0.61 0.30

TABLE III
WiBro NETWORK PARAMETERS
PCMCIA Card
Parameters Value
(a) (b)
ThRSSI -60 dB
Fig. 6. Snapshot of the experimental test platform. (a) Environment of
Thhandoff 0 dB
field test. (b) Implemented video streaming system.
Poverhead 0.026 (= 40 Bytes / 1500 Bytes)
)
where B GOP is the estimated number of bits for the new GOP, F 0.7 for LOS
) Wenv
is the frame rate, R is the estimated AB using (4), and NGOP_new 0.4 for NLOS
is the size of incoming GOP after handoff. The bit allocation
scheme using (7), the CAIR algorithm can achieve the best video
quality under a given channel condition.
6000
DL AB per user
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 5500 UL AB per user
5000
In this section, the performance of the proposed algorithm is 4500

evaluated in the wireless broadband (WiBro). The WiBro is the

Bandwidth (Kbps)

4000

mobile version of regular broadband, which is defined as a subset 3500

of the IEEE 802.16 standard and is developed based on the 3000 2 users 1 user
mobile WiMAX [15]. Fig. 5 illustrates the experimental 2500 3 users
2000 4 users
environment in the WiBro network which consists of the
1500
portable subscriber station (PSS), the radio access station (RAS), 1000
the access control router (ACR), and so on. In Fig. 5, the PSS 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
and the RAS are the same as the SS and the BS of the mobile Time (sec)
WiMAX network, respectively. Fig. 6 shows the snapshot of the
experimental platform. In Fig. 6 (a), the PSS is connected to the Fig. 7. Maximum AB per user according to the number of users. (a)
WiBro network in the 60Km/h speed vehicle. Fig. 6 (b) shows Maximum DL AB per user. (b) Maximum UL AB per user.

the implemented video transmission system.

Fig. 8 plots the RSSI values during 100 sec in both LOS
In order to evaluate the performance of the AB estimation in
and NLOS cases. We find that the values of RSSI measured in
the CARC method, RPHY is first estimated using (1) with the
LOS are relatively greater than the values of RSSI measured
relation between the measured CINR values and the MCS in the
in NLOS, therefore, RSSI is utilized to identify whether the
WiBro network. The MCS according to the CINR values and
current environment is LOS or NLOS. In the experiments, the
the corresponding RPHY are summarized in Table II. The
average value of RSSI during the RTCP feedback period
network parameters for the AB estimation method in (2) are
(1sec) is compared with ThRSSI to obtain Wenv. As shown in
shown in Table III.
Table III, Wenv = 0.7 (Wenv = 0.4) for LOS (NLOS) is selected
Fig. 7 shows the measured maximum AB per user according
since we find that those values produce the best results
to Nuser. In Fig. 7, we observe that the maximum AB per user
through experiments.
proportionally increases when Nuser decreases from 4 to 2. It is
also seen that the maximum AB per user in the DL (UL) is
equal to 5.8 Mbps (2Mbps) when Nuser is 2. For the sake of the
AB estimation using (2), Nuser is set to 2 in our experiments.

Authorized licensed use limited to: VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on July 22, 2009 at 07:32 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
H.-S. Kim et al.: Measurement Based Channel-Adaptive Video Streaming for Mobile Devices over Mobile WiMAX 175

-40 -40

Measured DL RSSI in LOS Measured UL RSSI in LOS

-45 Measured DL RSSI in NLOS -45 Measured UL RSSI in NLOS

-50 -50

-55
-55

RSSI (dB)
RSSI (dB)

-60
-60
ThRSSI = -60 dB ThRSSI = -60 dB
-65
-65

-70
-70

-75
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (sec) Time (sec)
(a) (b)

Fig. 8. Measured RSSI of each link. (a) Measured DL RSSI. (b) Measured UL RSSI.

6000 30
12000 30

Measured DL CINR Measured UL CINR

Actual DL AB 5000
Actual UL AB 25
10000 25 Estimated UL AB
Estimated DL AB

8000 20 4000 20

Bandwidth (Kbps)
Bandwidth (Kbps)

CINR (dB)
CINR (dB)

6000 15 3000 15

4000 10 2000 10

2000 5 1000 5

0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (sec) Time (sec)
(a) (b)
Fig. 9. Estimated ABs for each link. (a) Estimated AB for DL. (b) Estimated AB for DL.

Fig. 9 shows the comparison between the estimated AB “FOREMAN” sequence with 1880 frames of CIF format is
using (2) and the actual AB. As shown in Fig. 9, the proposed encoded into an MPEG-4 bitstream with the video
AB estimation method well tracks the variation of the actual transmission rates of each method. As shown in Fig. 10 (c),
AB of both the DL and the UL. Therefore, the streaming the CARC method avoids the network congestion while the
server with the CARC algorithm correctly determines the next constant bitrate (CBR) method generates the network
video transmission rate according to (4). congestion around 20, 60, and 85 sec. It is seen that even
Fig. 10 (a) shows the variation of CINR and the though the average transmission rate of the proposed CARC
corresponding HOMs when Thhandoff is equal to 0. In Fig. 10 method (= 1.49 Mbps) is greater than the one of the CBR
(a), HOMs generated at 21 and 64 sec indicate the DL handoff method (= 1 Mbps), the proposed CARC method avoid the
and the UP handoff, respectively. It is seen that the proposed network congestion effectively as shown in Fig. 10 (c). To
approach using (6) well detects the handoff of both DL and evaluate the CAIR algorithm, the PSNR comparison is
UL. Thus, the CAIR algorithm can insert the I-frame right performed between the proposed CAIR algorithm and the
after the handoff. method proposed in [6], namely random intra refresh (RIR).
In the RIR method, I-frame is inserted when the motion
activity of a frame is greater than a certain threshold. In our
For the performance evaluation of the proposed methods simulation, the number of the inserted I-frames in the RIR
including the CARC and the CAIR methods, we perform the method is 30. In Fig. 10 (c), the CAIR effectively reduces the
PSNR comparison of each method. In Fig. 10 (b), the video error propagation caused by handoff around 21 and 64 sec,
transmission rates for the each method are shown as compared while the RIR does not.
with the estimated AB for both DL and UL. In Fig. 10 (c), the

Authorized licensed use limited to: VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on July 22, 2009 at 07:32 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
176 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 54, No. 1, FEBRUARY 2008

35
Measured DL CINR
Measured UL CINR
30

25

20
CINR (dB)

15

10
HOM HOM
5
Thhandoff = 0 dB
0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time (sec)
(a)

7000

Estimated AB for DL
6000 Estimated AB for UL
Video transmission rate for CARC
5000 Constant bit rate (CBR)
Transmission rate (Kbps)

4000

3000

2000

1000

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time (sec)
(b)

55
CBR
50
CBR+RIR
CAIR RIR
45 CARC
CARC+CAIR
40 CAIR

35
PSNR (dB)

30

25

20

15 Quality Degradation Quality

Degradation
10
(Handoff Latency) (Network Congestion + Handoff Latency) (Network Congestion)
5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
Frame Number
(c)

Fig. 10. Channel conditions and PSNR comparison. (a) Variation of the CINR and HOM. (b) Target bit rate. (c) PSNR comparison.

Table IV shows the performance comparison for 3 sequences

IV. CONCLUSIONS
with the average PSNR, the standard deviation (σ ) of PSNR, and
Due to the packet loss caused by the channel bandwidth
packet loss ratio (PLR). It is clearly seen that the performance of
variation and the handoff latency, the video quality
the proposed method does not only improve the average PSNR,
degradation is critical problem in video streaming services in
but also reduce PLR significantly for all test sequences. From σ
the wireless network. To solve this problem, we proposed the
of PSNR as shown in Table IV, the proposed method reduces the channel-adaptive video streaming methods which can not only
fluctuation of the video quality. These experimental results adjust the video transmission rate based on the AB estimation
indicate that the proposed method provides the seamless and high
quality video streaming over the WiBro network.

Authorized licensed use limited to: VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on July 22, 2009 at 07:32 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
H.-S. Kim et al.: Measurement Based Channel-Adaptive Video Streaming for Mobile Devices over Mobile WiMAX 177

TABLE IV
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON
Test Sequence Method Average PSNR [dB] σ of PSNR [dB] Packet loss ratio (PLR)
CBR 26.63 10.40 0.219
CBR+RIR 28.04 9.97 0.212
FOREMAN
CARC 35.08 5.89 0.022
CARC+CAIR 36.60 3.93 0.023
CBR 30.05 10.13 0.220
CBR+RIR 34.08 9.95 0.214
NEWS
CARC 36.72 6.49 0.025
CARC+CAIR 38.99 5.41 0.027
CBR 19.80 6.53 0.219
CBR+RIR 21.48 6.30 0.222
MOBILE
CARC 24.56 4.98 0.025
CARC+CAIR 27.24 3.18 0.024

of the mobile WiMAX network, but also minimize the error
propagation due to the handoff latency. The combination of
the CARC and the CAIR enables the proposed video
streaming to minimize the video quality degradation in the
mobile WiMAX network. Experimental results show that the
proposed method provides the seamless and high quality video
streaming over the mobile WiMAX network.
REFERENCES
[1] K. H. Teo, Z. Tao, and J. Zhang, “The mobile broadband WiMAX
standard,” IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol. 24, pp. 144– 148, Sept.
2007.
[2] IEEE 802.16 TGe Working Document, (Draft Standard) - Amendment
for physical and medium access control layers for combined fixed and
mobile operation in licensed bands, 802.16e/D4, Aug. 2004
[3] F. Ohrtman, WiMAX handbook, Building 802.16 wireless networks. New
York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Jun. 2004.
[4] G. Dong and J. Dai, “An improved handover algorithm for scheduling
services in IEEE8O2.16e,” IEEE Proc. Mobile WiMAX Symposium, pp.
25–29, Mar. 2007.
[5] J. W. Kim, H. M. Nam, S. J. Lee, J. Y. Lee, and S. J. Ko, “Probing-based
channel adaptive video streaming for wireless 3G network,” IEICE
Trans. Communications, vol. E89-B, no. 2, pp. 357-363, Feb. 2006.
[6] P. Haskell and D. Messerschmitt, “Resynchronization of Motion
Compensated Video Affected by ATM Cell Loss,” ICASSP ’92, San
Francisco, CA, vol.3, pp. 545–48. Mar. 1992.
[7] S. Cherry, “WiMax and Wi-Fi: separate and unequal,” IEEE Spectrum,
vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 16–16, Mar. 2004.
[8] S. Shin, C. K. Kang, J. C. Kim, and S. H. Oh, “The Performance
Comparison between WiBro and HSDPA,” IEEE Proc. Wireless
Communication Systems, pp. 346–350, Sept. 2005.
[9] R. Lee, J. Kim, J. Yu, J. Lee, and D. Kim, “Capacity analysis
considering channel resource overhead for mobile Internet access
(WiBro),” Proc. the IEEE Int. Conf. Vehicular Technology Conference,
pp. 3082–3086, Jun. 2005.
[10] WiMAX’s technology for LOS and NLOS environments, [online
available]:http://www.wimaxforum.org/technology/downloads/WiMAX
NLOSgeneral-versionaug04.pdf
[11] Y. Kim, J. Y. Pyun, H. S. Kim, S. H. Park, and S. J. Ko, “Efficient real-
time frame layer rate control technique for low bit rate video over
WLAN,” IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 49, pp. 621– 628, Aug.
2003.
[12] S. F. Yang and J. S. Wu, “Handoff management schemes across hybrid
WiMAX and Wl-Fi networks,” Proc. the IEEE Int. Conf. TENCON, pp.
1–4, Nov. 2007.
[13] J. W. Kim, S. Y. Jeon, H. S Kim, J. W. Yun, and S. J. Ko, “Seamless
Video Streaming Technique Supporting Error Concealment for VOD
Services in Vertical handoff,” IEICE Trans. Fundamentals., vol. E89-
A, no. 6, pp. 1571-1577, Jun. 2006.
[14] Q. Chen, Z. Chen, X. Gu, and C. Wang, “Attention-based adaptive intra
refresh for error-prone video transmission,” IEEE Trans. Commun.
Mag., vol. 45, pp. 52–60, Jan. 2007.
[15] S. Q. Lee, N. Park, C. Cho, H. Lee, and S. Ryu, “The wireless broadband
(wibro) system for broadband wireless internet services,” IEEE Trans.
Commun. Mag., vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 106–112, Jul. 2006.
Hye-Soo Kim received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in
electronics engineering from the Department of
Electronics Engineering at Korea University, in 2002 and
in 2004. He is now the Ph.D candidate in the Department
of Electronics Engineering at Korea University. His
research interests are in the areas of Fast Handoff, IEEE
802.11, IEEE 802.16, 3G cellular network, NGN, Mobile
QoS, IP QoS, video signal processing and multimedia
communications.
Hyeong-Min Nam received the B.S. degree in
Electronics Engineering from Korea University in 2004.
He entered the Multimedia Communication Processing
Lab in the Department of Electronic Engineering of
Korea University, in 2005. He is now a Ph.D. candidate
at Korea University. His interests are wireless video, QoS,
video signal processing, and multimedia communication.
Jae-Yun Jeong received the B.S. degree from Korea
University in the Department of Electric Electronics and
Radio, in 2005. He entered the Multimedia
Communication Processing Lab in the Department of
Electronic Engineering of Korea University, in 2005. He
is now a Ph.D. candidate at Korea University. He has
currently focused on Wireless QoS, video signal
processing and multimedia communication processing.
Soo-Hyung Kim received the diploma in electrical
engineering from the Kwangwoon University, Korea in
1998. Since joining Samsung Electronics in 1998, he has
worked as engineer in various multimedia transmission
related research, standardization. He currently is a
research engineer whose main area of interest is
multimedia service delivery over mobile networks. The
focus of his current work is on mobile broadcast services.

Authorized licensed use limited to: VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on July 22, 2009 at 07:32 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
178 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 54, No. 1, FEBRUARY 2008

Sung-Jea Ko received the Ph.D. degree in 1988 and the

M.S. degree in 1986, both in Electrical and Computer
Engineering, from State University of New York at
Buffalo, and the B.S. degree in Electronic Engineering at
Korea University in 1980. In 1992, he joined the
Department of Electronic Engineering at Korea University
where he is currently a Professor. From 1988 to 1992, he
was an Assistant Professor of the Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering at the University of Michigan-Dearborn. From
1986 to 1988, he was a Research Assistant at State University of New York at
Buffalo. From 1981 to 1983, he was with Daewoo Telecom where he was
involved in research and development on data communication systems. He has
published more than 350 papers in journals and conference proceedings. He
also holds over 20 patents on data communication and video signal
processing.
He is currently a Senior Member in the IEEE, a Fellow in the IEE and a
chairman of the Consumer Electronics chapter of IEEE Seoul Section. He has
been the Special Sessions chair for the IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on
Circuits and Systems (1996). He has served as an Associate Editor for Journal
of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea (IEEK) (1996), Journal of
Broadcast Engineering (1996 - 1999), the Journal of the Korean Institute of
Communication Sciences (KICS) (1997 - 2000). He has been an editor of
Journal of Communications and Networks (JCN) (1998 - 2000). He received
the Academic Research award from Korea University (2004). He is the 1999
Recipient of the LG Research Award given to the Outstanding Information
and Communication Researcher. He received the Hae-Dong best paper award
from the IEEK (1997) and the best paper award from the IEEE Asia Pacific
Conference on Circuits and Systems (1996).

Authorized licensed use limited to: VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on July 22, 2009 at 07:32 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.