Professional Documents
Culture Documents
05 Suspend
05 Suspend
05 Suspend
Suspension Structures Effect of: Support Form Stability 1 Circular support to balance lateral thrust 2 Bleachers to resist lateral thrust 3 Self weight: catenary funicular 4 Uniform load: parabolic funicular 5 Point loads: polygonal funicular 6 Point load distortion 7 Asymmetrical load distortion 8 Wind uplift distortion 9 Convex stabilizing cable 10 Dead load to provide stability
Suspension structures Prof Schierle 2
Sag/span vs. force Considering force vectors at support; H = horizontal reaction V = vertical reaction T = tension of cable at support
Reveal, for a given vertical reaction: small sag = large force Large sag = small force Large sag requires costly tall support Optimal span/sag is usually ~10
Suspension structures
Prof Schierle
Cable details
1 2 3 4 5 6 A B C Strand (good stiffness, low flexibility) E=22,000 to 24,000 ksi, 70% metallic Wire rope (good flexibility, low stiffness) E = 14,000 to 20,000 ksi, 60% matallic Bridge Socket (adjustable) Open Socket (non-adjustable) Wedged Socket (adjustable) Anchor Stud (adjustable) Support elements Socket / stud Strand or wire rope
Suspension structures
Prof Schierle
Suspension structures
Prof Schierle
Loyola University Pavilion Architect: Kahn, Kappe, Lottery, Boccato Engineer: Reiss and Brown Consultant: Dr. Schierle Roof spans the long way to provide open view for outdoor seating for occasional large events Lateral wind and seismic loads are resisted by: Roof diaphragm In width direction by concrete shear walls In length direction by guy cables and Handball court walls Guy cables resist lateral trust Suspension cables resist gravity Stabilizing cables: resist wind uplift resist non-uniform load provide prestress
Suspension structures
Prof Schierle
Assume: Suspension cables spaced 20 ft Allowable cable stress Fa = Fy/3 Fa = 70 ks LL = 12 psf (60% of 20 psf for trib. area>600 ft2 DL = 18 psf = 30 psf Uniform load w= 30 psf x 20 / 1000 Global moment M= wL2/8= 0.60x2402/8 Horizontal reaction H= M/f= 4320/16 Vertical reaction R= wL/2= 0.60x240/2 Cable tension (max.) T=(H2+R2)1/2 =(270 2+72 2)1/2 Graphic method Draw vector of vertical reaction Draw equilibrium vectors at support Length of vectors give cable force and horizontal reaction
Suspension structures
Gross cross section (70% metallic) Ag= 5.70 in2 Ag=Am/0.70=3.99/0.7 0 Cable size =2(Ag/)1/2=2(5.70/)1/2=2.69 in
Prof Schierle
use 2
7
Exhibit Hall Hanover Architect: Thomas Herzog Engineer: Schlaich Bergermann Suspended steel bands of 3x40 cm (1.2x16 inch) support prefab wood panels, filled with gravel to resist wind uplift. In width direction the roof is slightly convex for drainage; which also provides an elegant interior spatial form. Curtain wall mullions are pre-stressed between roof and footing to prevent buckling under roof deflection. Unequal support height is a structural disadvantage since horizontal reactions of adjacent bays dont balance; but it provides natural lighting and ventilation for sustainability
Suspension structures
Prof Schierle
Exhibit Hall Hanover Given (10 psf) LL = 0.5 kN/m2 (25 psf) DL = 1.2 kN/m2 = 1.7 kN/m2 (35 psf) Suspenders 3x40 cm (~1x16), spaced at 5.5 m (18) w = 9.35 kN/m M= 4787 kN-m H = 684 kN
Uniform suspender load w= 1.7 kN/m2 x 5.5m Global moment M=wL2/8= 9.35 x 642 / 8 Horizontal reaction H= M/f= 4787/7 Vertical reaction R (max.) Reactions are unequal; use R/H ratio (similar triangles) to compute max. R R / H= (2f+h/2) / (L/2), hence R= H (2f+h/2) / (L/2) R= 684 (2x7+13/2)/(64/2) Suspender tension (max.) T= (H2+R2)1/2= (6842+438 2)1/2
Suspension structures Prof Schierle
R= 438 kN T= 812 kN
9
Suspender tension (from previous page) Suspender cross section area A= 0.03 x 0.4 m) Suspender stress f=T/A= 812/0.012= 67,667 kPa US units equivalent 68 MPa x 0.145 =
Graphic method Draw vector of total vertical load W = w L Draw equilibrium vectors parallel to cable tangents Draw equilibrium vectors for right support Draw equilibrium vectors for left support
Suspension structures Prof Schierle 10
Oakland Coliseum Architect/Engineer: Skidmore Owings and Merrill Radial cables, suspended from a concrete compression ring and tied to a steel tension ring, are stabilized against wind uplift and non-uniform load by prefab concrete ribs. Assume Allowable cable stress (1/3 of 210 ksi breaking strength)
Fa= 70 ksi
Cables spaced 13 @ outer compression ring LL reduced to 60% of 20 psf per UBC for tributary area > 600 sq. ft.) LL = 12 psf (60% of 20 psf) DL = 28 psf (estimate) = 40 psf + 0.12 klf for concrete ribs (0.15kcf x 4 x 29/144 uniform load)
Suspension structures Prof Schierle 11
w = 0 to 0.52 klf
Global moment (due to triangular roof load) (cubic parabola with origin at mid-span) Mx = w L2/24 (1 8 X3 / L3 ) For max. M at mid-span, X=0, hence M = wL2 / 24= 0.52 x 4202 / 24 M = 3,822 k Global moment (due to uniform rib load) M = w L2/8 = 0.12 klf x 4202/8 Moments = 3,822 + 2,646 Horizontal reaction H = M/f= 6,468/30 Vertical reaction R = wL/2 = (0.52/2+0.12) x 420/2 Cable tension (max.) T = (H2 + R2)1/2 = (216 2 + 80 2 )1/2 Metallic cross section required Am = T/Fa= 230/70 ksi
Suspension structures Prof Schierle
Metallic cross section (from last slide) Gross cross section (70% metallic) Ag = Am / 0.7= 3.3 / 0.7 Cable size = 2 (Ag / )1/2 = 2 (4.7 / 3.14)1/2 = 2.45
use 2
Tension ring force (unit force x radius) (radius r= 15, cable spacing e = 0.94) T = H r / e = 216 x 15 / 0.94 T= 3,447 k Ring size (high-strength steel Fa = 30 ksi) A = T / Fa= 3,447 / 30 = 115 in2 Try W24x408, A = 119 in2 >115 use W24x408 Compression ring force (r = 210, e= 13) C = H r/e= 216 x 210/13
C = 3,489 k
Ring size (Fc=1.4 ksi allowable concrete stress) A = C / Fc A = 3489 / 1.4 = 2,492 in2 = 72 x 34.6 Use 6x3
Prof Schierle 13
the end
Suspension structures
Prof Schierle
14