Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Muhazra Libralism and Islam
Muhazra Libralism and Islam
Muhazra Libralism and Islam
z
24 ] Z W,
Zx$xi S w_~ sZ
3 .................................... )l
25 ...........
xi Zw_~xsZ
25 ............................. gz V
6 ...... ~c*
be
KZO Zk%Z
8 ...................,
C~xi Zw_
35 ............................... Z[ x
9 .... Vx
/
uxi Zw_~ ! f
+G
4G
5_I
36 ... G
r~xi Zw_gzZxsZ 11 ...] OB ~x iZw_L~
L \zg38 ..............~yZy~ OZxi Zw_
12 .................... xi Zw_
37 ...../O%Z~}g!*
xsZw_
16 ......................... xi Zw_~ OZ
18 .. [ZgxiZw_~xsZ
39 ..................... %aZ
gzZ!*
t
41 .................... ] **
Dgxi Zw_
20 .... ] Z W,
Zug I**
zZ
+{ ZeyZ
41 ........... Moderanism+
M Z)
20 ...................... & ~V
21 ..................... yzxsZ=
af xi Zw_L L
z
Y 2014B| 1435"
$!*
n ^v `
e
xsZgzZxi S w_
V ]
x**
em
]]
&mu ^j]
^j^e
o;n] ] ru
em
]]
xsZgzZxiZw_
xsZgzZxiZw_
xsZgzZxiZw_
EE
XIZ
W{ ZgL8gzZ Zgq
-Za
~ ]x gzZ ]c*
zZ
+ xsZ7
-^n VM
nu] u] # ] e
V8$
+XgzZM
h{ i Z0
+Z uD
C;gzZ
6f **
yZZz
)l
+ Y [ Zhz ~h pz gzZ y Z ]
(
~ gzC
Vc*
Z%**
yZ BZg g _
OZ z & {g ~ {],
Z xsZ
X g CbZ
yZ ? qwqZzZ
+gzZ]c*
zg Zn~ *
z kZ
yZ ? H]Z W,
Z z } yZ ? H]z ~z yZ ? H,
C
Zz gz <
LZ~wd
$~ gzZVZz b
d T \vZX N X Z CZ ]c*
gzZ ]**
Dg Z
+mZz gzZg Z
X Hy zuyZZ
on LZ7ZgzZ i%6,Vog 7Z I` W
i WT ;g 7,
Zz VZgWc~` W @*
Cg{ C
X YWg Z zDn
D~g @*
!| l,
e R'
,
Vzg Zb- L L{ Z {
xsZgzZxiZw_
x Z Z # 7,g @*
^z<
Z Y~* !*
g lV1
pz yz d
$ ] z
( w qZ z ] Z ] c*
zg Z Z
] xklg Z] c*
{ 0*
xsZ + QgzZ n Z e { 6,] 5gzZ
{^
,Y e
$Z@ x LgzZA
$%oq
-ZgzZ g ZZ +gi ] Z V
b &y
KZ~C
gzZ(C
Zg
o~%C
0
+
i
KZ k
0
+
iiC
gzZ C
{oC
C
tC
Z Zxs Z\ W b #z
X Ww CZ 0F
@+Gi !*
gzZg izg/
gzZ s gzZ 9 !*
gzZ h{z t U ~i q
Z { 0*
xsZ
gzZ o Zyxg gzZ ~ ~$
+gzZ n ZegzZ ~zg
Zg ^
J
-2" gzZ6,kZ C0
+
Ks: * &
X Cy zu
zg Z ~ * J
- ` W
WZZ {o yC
6,4ZggzZ Cb~g7gzZt9~
yZD Y0*
]c*
0
+
i
KZ !*
.
W!*
kZ xsZ + L L0
+
iF
F
Y ~
g z( 100) ,kZ H q
-Z
+
M
KZ}g7 gzZ y9Zz +
MYp Y7IZ
xsZgzZxiZw_
xsZgzZx iZw_LL
gzZe
$wpT ~ m,
Z ( LIBERALISM) x i Zw_L L
g (Zwx **
kZa
L Lxq
-Z[ Z1D W~ Zi W
x Z Z ~ Zi W Z
Z
KZ {o kZ @*
z e
$w [
C1
V- Zi WnZV-LZ {z ~g Z)f ~
CVgzZ Z
# Zz
Zi Wm{ ! Zi W Zi Wg Z Zi W Zg Zi W},D
X {)z
zuag {],
ZgzZ]Zg (ZVtakZ
0
+
i ~gzZpggz Z~|
# z
zh
+y
gzZ]g : Zi WyZ zz
X @*
4z]
.aWV- Zi WnZ
KZ y
KZ I kZgzZ bx Z Zy
KZ6,
Ct
X Zi W~] c*
gzzZj
: ~c*
be
KZO Zk%Z
KZ y
KZ g Z
w$
+ WZ L B
L wZZy
KZ xi Z w_h
+]
.L L
-Z {z ~ ykZy
q
KZ ]!*
t gzZ M
hqC
z =
G
X (,WgzZ} F,
` LZgzZ ]Z f KZ6,
Cx C G
5gzZ
(ACADEMIC AMERICAN ENCYCLOPEDIA)
Z q
- 4,
T <
i Z0
+Z: gzZ ( q
-Z xi Z w_L L
{z ~gzay gzZ 7~gz +]uzL La^ r
X 461&1Vo] r] 1C
xsZgzZxiZw_
ZjgzZ W,
n0
@]c*
!*
gzZ Zsg VE 5z
X Hx { Zg?~Z WVE z
~
/h
+]
.q
-Z Z x O Z xsZ L L~- z xZg Z
**
x(xm,
{ Z { @*
O Z xsZ X
~/~hX 5~Xgz 7Z tzf dZ zDX c*
W~=g f
~)B xE X H{ .Z VrZ VZ ~(,~(,xsZ
gzZ!*
]**
Dg ~h
+]
.Zzg & zd6,R@ u% xE
-!
:E
XE
X ib~g76,
kZH Vzd~qgz
X x
/
uO Z xsZ ~ 4gzZg Z s
O Z~ kZ Hg x gzZ { VrZ nV z dO Z
6,
]c*
gzZg Zh
+]
.~* ~g7gzZ[NZ Y CZ rg z
M F,
,
k
i
X ]Z
-4,
q
DIZqtzq
-ZjZx iZw_gzZxsZLL
7sg{c*
ih
+
aVZZzpg]~uugzZYC1k
z}uzgzZ 6,
sgx iZw_Lz
L 6,
Vz {
w_LL~z}uzXs
# zxsZ~}g!*
x iZw_LL~
X6,
VZs
# zxsZx iZ
~x
-zxZgZg
$uf *Z
2014B2B 15B| 1435B4B 14
xsZgzZxiZw_
,
C~xi Zw_
~ ZiW
KZZ
ZxiZw_
HHn~],* 6(1)
)f AzZ V ~
]c*
zgZgzZ]zwqZkZgZb
4z]
.aWkZgzZD~ ZiW
KZ Z
Z n
6,yZ ~gZ
,[L]Zg(ZyZgzZ F,
o ot yZ,
]g.
V
KZabZgzZ ZZz
KZ Z
Z
X,yzeC
yZgzZ,Z
~T 8 w q(q
-Z xi Zw_L L~ Zi W~
iq
-Z e
$wL L `kZ pm{g
mb!*
Z
ZgzZ ogzZ Z
Z
gzZ By Vxi Z w_ ~ Zi W~ q#
ZzgzZ
kZX q ~gzy a`
KZY B y
e y ^*ZzgkZgzZx ` J e6,y ]
X Z~ o xi Zw_L L]gy 1
p PJT xy zVV Zz+ xi Zw_L
L O
OayZ
H
K^6,yZC
!*
y t
/ZV
KZ Z
Z
E
X-!yZ ( V Z ) qW2Z g Zbg Zw_bZ
GG3B:E
y ) #=gzZ
XC1 n
pgs %Z ~( ~~i
gVz #
~
Ck
,
+F,
5
t :e
$
( 2)
:D Yax|Zz e
$
L LX C
6,
g
z xi Z w_pe
$
] Z f r
# +
M **
P e
$
L L ( 1)
!TRVm
f] o] m_] 1C
xsZgzZxiZw_
XC1 }x Z Z kZgzZe
${o Zi W
gzZe
$w~ T @*
6,gZP t :Z b Z xi Z w_L L
G
X
*
*~zgtLZC G
5
gzZ VZ c*
gg BERTRAND RUSSELL LgR,
,
'
,gzZ
.
(~ \zg- : I ( Y 1872)g Z'
,DZ
~ C; gzZZ |gq
-t Zgq
-kZ h
+]
.gzb & Z
X W~z6,
ggVZg Wc
6,i ])yZyZgzZ Dpt :Z kZ Z
Z~kZ {z!*
t :ZmkZ b Z x iZw_L L
X D Y0*
~A
$k}uz{z x iZw_L
L ign
ggbx :gZ YgzZG izZz x iZw_L L
Z
gzZM%ZZm<!*
H`@*
g(Z]gmq
-Z~oC
Q6,
X 2C ~ZB
{c*
iq
-xiZw_]!*
zZ !f
3Y f G[!*
5E
gZ
ypyZa+ \gzZ [>z ] G
Z [Z ~ ]i YZ h
e q Oz w yZ gzZ
&
~X7& ZyZ,N ZwVX[ Z 0*CI
3
,g] G
5E
H c*
{0
+
ig ZD
( 32) A
Z ( BRUNOE) z'
{z gZ {kZ {z t q
- 4,
Gx`
Z(,
T ~
5 8g bV- !*
6,Y kZ ( GALILIO) G
WgzZ V * ~uz
C bt}i
X3
/
[W{z~]Zw
X 112:n]fn] l^a^ri]49:^a_i n]fn] 2 2C X 465&1:o] r] 1C
X W,
Z wZziz`zV 6,
*sZ 3
C
10
xsZgzZxiZw_
kZgzZ HzgzZb h
+]
.+ V G3!zg
4
Zz pg gzZa V-g Zj yZ gzZ x?Zm gG]| yZ ~
6, + LZgzZu <
|zz TX V-
G
45_ZzgzZ 0
5E
gzZOmz Z E
+
i~wZjZ +F,
JyZ +
M Zg6
9yZVrZg Btzgg _m
yZz6,
[~cV Zw
VZ{Z
+wq]gkZ~gzZ c*
[+OgzZ}
wz
zZgxZxu**
q
-Z=gfspzp~[+
=gfZZz6,yZgzZ ~g Z4Z~+
M Z~ q
-Z **
X3g
1L xL**
CZkZgzZZ4Z~+
M Z7
-eZtQ@*
Y**
Y
: qzcg~ m,
Z
m+**
~) T ZC
yZ (,Zuzq
-Z
z Z L L
X
1c*
wz
{z c*
g Z
p
/Z Z 5,
~( 1c*
wz
) {zt SZg
{E
+Z ~kZ 7Zg f~kZ1Cg Z |kZ
XC1 Z (,
Z
+<
LZ {zgzZ q
~(,~(,~ <
Z=g f wz
L L c*
1L Lwq
X 1]d
g x (~` 8zg- Vz: ]fj] o^n ( 2)
gzZ # ~ZiW
KZx tgzZ x Y: q
-Z x : Zg Z Y {z
!fZ~xzgx'
,
,
'
od:zgxtZ6,
Z]zZ
X 2C c*
W~zgzZ Z) o1%yZgzZwZzi:
13:oe] m^jZ 2C
705&3:n^] m^i ^ 1C
xsZgzZxiZw_
Xg
6,
! fJ
-~,: i
0y Zgz4z]
Zi W G
SG
.i
t p}uz e
$
L L ( 2)
Xg UgzZ
ogzZ r ~ = at p+
M Z:+
M Z ( 3)
+
M ZL L~ xi Z w_ 7` Z]Yg { Zi W~ uZg Z
:sf `gC
b
8y gzZ D [s8y t ~
C
( 1)
(T
[6,g
C: q
-Zw_T y ~ q
-Z
X io ngZ ugzZ
kZ g ZY)~g ZgzZ ]Z NZ I
#
( 2)
SG
/LZ y
KZ t ~ Zi WY g mgzZ; G
0n
tzzkZ}: 6,gzZ J
-gzZ|=g f=KZyZgz
@*
Zz**
|Y Z ZgzZ)]6,gx /y
KZ
}uz c*
y Yg { Z / CZ f=g f =~ ]gkZ
X
rg7pg Z c*
yEZ6,
Zg
Vx
/
uxi Zw_~ ! f
!*
W :zgg]\:]v] om( 1)
t{okZ B
bg~ 46,"
$L L|g zg: Z~
c*
g
bZ CWgzZ C kC ce **
yZZ6,Vzq Z s
1C
X z<
z{oVkZ q nZVEZg]gzZ]fK
158157 n] ^_v^e ^] ]^196 195: o^n] m^j] 1C
12
xsZgzZxiZw_
+G
?
S
"
! q
-Z ~ g U*
W kZ 1 3 Zg J W G
5E
( ~ Zi W ) g O
3 Y f T z
C h
+]
.~ { ! f ( V Z0) ] G
5E
+G
[ zZ m<!*
6,]!*
zZ ~ Zi W] OB ~t c*
J
-]c*
X c*
gw$
+u\zg- T6,
Z
xi Zw_
o kZp 6,t
e
$wgzi Zg7 xi Z w_L 6,
L gx|~
C
gzZ Z Zz I Z 6,g8y
KZY @*
q 8 y
KZ
(xi Zw_akZ 0
+
i(y
KZ]gZzq
-Z ~IZ
qzZ4z]
.^( yyZgzZD~ Zi W
KZ Z
Z~g Z
X(q
-ZX z*gyxg
) )gzZ
~ x i Zw_L L B
bgzg
Y6,gk Z uq
-Zq Vzg Zbw_x gzZ
gzZ ( {gzZ Z x~ kZ $J
e
$wL L{z CY
~
CkZgzZ}W b~g7 e
$w L L^bkZg Z ~ OZ
$ Zz + xi Zw_~g^{%Z
VgzZ J
-V]i YZ Z ~
e
$wL
L s1 V11 $
u ~(,~ x| ]Zz)L LgzZ e
$wL L|g
Cs %Z kZ ? 7
X [gzkZ x gzZ ZJ
zg gzZ a ]Zz)
e
$wL L t I yZ
e
$wL L ~ yZa Z Vgga
e
$w]Zz)
kZ Z #
gzZ
rg wZ~yZ i%z6,U
#
6,R$Z V2gzZ Vzq~
# q H~
11
xsZgzZxiZw_
Z~~,^W~ \zg- 6,
gZzgx : Zg Z Y
-Z~\zg- ! f kZIk
q
,
+wZzi~
5
/
%gzZ
H| (,f: ;
Z
#
7k0*
yZg(Zn1gzVZx~TZawq]g(5
V YZgL LVZxX{g {g0*
{g0*
~ V1LgLg]uz
XD Zxb~g76,
VzggzZV tgzZ~]g
'ZZgp ( 2)g Z {g YZG ( 1) :b&x g Z Y
F,{ c*
i x D J e b b b6,x Z Vt {
!*
( 3)ZZg
XDg
ay{6 q
-ZgJ
- c Wz ~ Zi W 0*
Zg
rgzZ x i Zw_L
L kZ 7k0*
kZgZzgzZ
X Cs
# z~}g !*
+O G
B
] ~ xi Zw_L L~\zg-
+G
~,a g Z ] OB ~~ \zg- xi Z w_L L
C q
-! Z OZ Y ZZ T 6,> J
-~~,,
q zZ z wZjZ Z z B
bg m Y Z[ Z W: ZIIq
-t
{ ! fT 1q
-q
-ZkZ7g zukZ
-kZ gzi { c*
q
i q
-w_L L/ q
-! Z c*
gh b~'
,
14
xsZgzZxiZw_
t
KZY 7"gzZ{z #t ~
Cy
KZrZ
zgzZ w HkZ s
CKZ y
/Z
C ~i y
X 1C F,
!*
y gzZVxl6,
y t Z?w
Y 1778m&17gzZ ZyZ t
KZ L L~Y 1789 ~ZB26O
KZ L L {x Z Z kZ c*
Wt g2 O%Z 0 t
KZ ~
~ Zi W~THtwe g
n LZg2 O%Z~Y 1948x **
t
~ Zi WgzZ h {o hZgzhx hg Z
/0
+
i h
X
h{)z
$J~(,
-Za~ Zi W( : ni o l]^nj]( 3)
q
y W7 ]gz ]Zg (Z ~ x ( xi Z w_L 6,
L g
EG
" ~i
53E
g Up~ {],
Z LZ q
-ZC
~ yZ DgzZ ]~E
G
q
-Zg (Z Z
# C
3Z'
: : ~g zugzZ {],
Z}uz
X2C1 :
L C c*
izt~B;
gzZi{z
: u o ^nj] 1 !^ ( 4)
X ia Z
Z}uz{ e
$gT @*
,
'
y
KZt: ^^3` ^ x^ 1 c( 5)
]ge
$g 8c*
Z~{zy f kZ { Zp ~t ~
C
X i
{6,
kZ : 1^:] >qe ^ u 1] ( 6)
331Vn^n] ] l^m ] o nq] 1C
709&1Vn]] |( n^] ']i 2C
13
xsZgzZxiZw_
Z
# X D] 1j bZ Hgg Z **
Z n
{ c*
iU ]Zz)L L~ e
$wL L
qw_}uz
h
+ e
$wL L7 r
Z ]Zz)L L VrZ H
/YZ
~ ua kZ s r ]Zz)Z e
$w Hc_
?0*
y VgzZ ? Zi WJ
-V e~gz
a
,Z s %Z ~ Vg ~i #
bZ
X @*
Yc*
0*
s %Z ~V ZqNgzZ qz~{],
Zm{
+ !
~
C Z
Z m Z
Z #
t {@Z ( xi Z w_
{ ~ ] **
J Z
e
$w{z p,!*
]Zg(ZgzZ t
(xi Zw_,q
tX g Z Zi WgzZzu]Zg (Z6,
Z
Z
X igt
zogzZxzq~8zg-: m ^ a^ o^jq] ( 1)
a#9 xzg!
,zy**
-!
,U%z~
. Z z{@Z
Z
%: i*vt**
- W6,
C{@gzZg#
@*
Cc*
iz6,
}uzq
-ZC
~yZgWD0
+
iy
~:Wy**
-IZakZCZackZC
zspgzZj"*Z$
+
T
gzZ0*
]V-iZg
6,
}uzq
-Z~0*
kZ {z @*
H{@q
-Z
X C1 0*
]g_
OZg(ZkZ{z @*
Hzx:q
-Z
t
KZ8y ~xi Zw_: u p^ne 1 ( 2)
GG38E
~i y a Z
Z8y bZ q
%gzZ {q
-Za
574&1:o^jq]] (n^] ']i 1C
16
xsZgzZxiZw_
E
$
00G
yZX *
*{ i Zzg e
$wt
8ozs %Z 6,
q~
%N~{oLZmq
xb
F
- 4,
yZ]ZmIZ s uZu
G
+ }uz + q
-Z zz T gzZ E}3!
xi Zw_~ OZ
/ U (U ~ OZ ~ xi Z w_ @*
C {^
,Y zcgzZ -xi Z w_
t LZy VV Zzpgw_ Z { c*
igzZ+
$ZZM
Z'
#
c*
Z y Yg { ~ kZ g (Z Zg7 Zg7 s~
: Zg Z tu gzZ xi Z w_ g Z kZ o 8 t Zi W
bZ CY qz Bg ~q
-Z ( CAPITALISM)x
X*
@Yx
/
yZyZgWc~~x:ZgZ YgzZx:ZgZtuh
+
.
]
15
xsZgzZxiZw_
V!*
z yZt h {gzZX n
aKZgzZ{ q
V!*
z yZ {z Z
# }n
6, Z
Z LZ ( KZgzZ q {)
X C1 } 6,
yZ,u
^ 7 1 1 ]] gq( 7)
I
,Yx Zgiu Z
^
Z 'hg R\Z
# Zzc*
: 1, 13`
Xy :
6,g
Zg {~ T (Zg ],
Z q
-Z
V
kZ kZgzZ 0
+
i q
-Z g {],
Zt Z !*
%Z 7
{z
/ZJ
-V @*
7,76,}uz {z]Z f kZ W,
Z T @*
,
'
~ Zi W
tgzZ%Z e W,
ZgzgyZ6,
Vzuz
X B7 { Zi W L L>%T W~K
KZi q
-Z xi Zw_: 1] kmu kmu ( 8)
Z ~ Zi W L LwZ ~
CgzZg y Zy ~
C6,g 7 zg]gz
$w , ~ Zi WnC
e
~V- g Z)fgzZ Z
V a
z Z Z V Z
Z 9 Z e
$w Zg e
$wgzZ
X 2CB
bgp
g ZzY Zg WgzZz] %Z {oV Zz+ xi Zw_L L
yZ C Za ]~ Zg gzZ cg~ |q
-Z
I
\
kZ}: 6,R s %Z W ~xi Z
e
$wL Lq
- 4,
$E
q
- 4,
yZ #gzZ o
w_ L LyZZ z 00G
55:^` ] n]fn] nu 1C
37:mv] 2C
18
xsZgzZxiZw_
%!t
s ZZ LtL gzZ g0
+Z LZ[ Z] s ZZ L L
yZ V! ~g EZ kZ c*
W~z V; I gzZBJ08E
[ x ~ wEZ yZ a LZgzZ c*
VZ {Z
+ +F,
+ V
$
yZ V~g EZ Z ` Z%? sZ Z
#
HkC V*Z
# Q c*
**
xi Z w_~ x ~ OZ z (
xsZ :ggzZm xsZ Tg7wJq +ZC
y
wi Z xi Zw_sZ L LZgzZ Wt 5q
-Z ^
,'g e L L
X
H1
[ Zgxi Zw_~xsZ
qZ q$
+gzZo zZ 0
+? ~gz$ 0#
Z C[gZ
vZT !*
g<
L gzZ |q
-Z|@*
C :
L ~
CgzZg !
~ C[ g Z|@*
t gzZ Hgla #
Z kZ \z: 4
^ n m # ] CL
L \~g !*
g Z C
~^Zwg
kZ
qx \vZ" ( 11V]) `^e ^ ] n(m oj#u e
]L L:
g Z(~uz$
+:\ WLZp{zJ
-Z
# s$
+7J
-
z
m # ] $ ^*e
`^*e ^ ] n( m oj#u oF ^` ]* ]n(
# s$
Z
+7 x kZ\vZakZt( 53:^])
X BZ ew$
+:\WLZp{zJ
wJ~ Iz wZ sgzZ gzZ w{Zz ~0#
Z
|ZD Za wpzp~ + ]ZggzZZ
+N`
17
xsZgzZxiZw_
~*sZxxi Zw_
"6#
sZ Z~k
,
+F,
5
\zgxEz e
$xsZ 6,VZsZ < b~g7 #
E
4&
Z
gzZ]F,
#
5.Z4gzZszH!*
%Zx Z Z Y f
)
Z G
0E
G
\zg- ~T~g Y4z]
.vZ G
*Y ZgzZvZ
~
X` W~xsZ {],
ZgzZ b <=g f6#
{
! f ZWg=g fVv+ZP~ sZ xi Z w_L L
!*
c*
0
+
a [ V\WyZ d
$~ [fgzZ W,
M
LZ 7` Zx gzZgZ \zg- gx"
$U*
6,+ LZ0#
Z
wqZzx ZkZ~ykzy iC
gzZ OZ Zg7Zg76,kZgzZZ6,+
1C
X Bz6,
A &
20
xsZgzZxiZw_
+ LZ J
-Z
# ~ u|z ]gzZ z {o0#
Z
6,
kZn yvbkZ {z 7ea 3g
'
,6,kZgzZ]x{ 0*
xsZ +nz6,kZ n
yZZgzZ ggz V kZz
fgzZ gp
M zuD
ZVkZ {oo6,
] z]Z f kZgzZ
v!*
] Z W,
Z}kZgzZ | {os ZZ L L~ 0
+
i sZx }7X
X $
o sfs
# z
] Z W,
Zug I**
zZ
+{ ZeyZgzZ!*
t
( 1)
Z D YW
/
9Z
+: Z
~ T (Zq
-Z
!*
LL
5 Z m{g
~ yZ V D: VYsxsZ [^
G
OZ CZ {zC
p
yZ g Z%~ d
$
D WxZzggzZ c*
~izg t
X f ] Z W,
Zzg U*
WyZ 7Vf -Z
+V
Z
+
sZ L L6,yZgzZ c*
;Z
+: Z
~ xsZ IZ V
yZ
c*
x?
<
xsZ {z ;g7Lt yZ 3g f
~xsZgzZZ
+yZqg D Cyp@'
,
kZ n
pg
X Z
& ~V ( 2)
{g 0*
{g 0*
]uz yZ Za & ~ V$xsZ IZ V
yZ
yZ 3g 7Z CZ~ m,
g s %ZgzZg _
OZgzZ [u0*
**
E
E
G
"
3
4) gzZ xsZ C 1
sZ t gzZ g C G
sZ V,Zg D Za yZdgzZ*Z$
+m: {~{
xsZgzZxiZw_
19
oFC ] q i oj#u m & % n # ] $
^` r] j i $ ^e n
X C1 m
4 ?Z
% 0*
V- 0*
a g} x g DE
0G
#)
?\vZ zuF,
gzZ Y Zg6,k Y ~7
LZ ?J
-Z
# }7 Z ?
f J
-
z kZ }
f6,
X
Hc*
C s ZZ L L:
L
f V( YW:^s+
Y mL L:c*
* ] oF]i ^ n oF]i . ]
g Z(~uz
$ n % j*] e V^ ([ m v $ V^ ^ (^`j oF
# ] $ n e^` ] ( # ] $ n n $ ] ^% 1 ^%
^n % ] gu ^ [a ] ^ = # ] ^m V^ V^ (a ] e o
2C l ] n a]
Zz 6,3 ,7,^I,Z6,?Z d
$k
0*
?p { c*
i Z~g v:c*
? Z~g
zkZ H: Hn
V V7 }g v\vZ ( gz$gzZ |" ) # v 6,
X,wZ e aL L~V}gvgzZ,wg egzZ~g v
gzZ * :c*
? H XXaL L ! zmvZ-vZwg c*
Hn Zz
X ~g Z **
]
22
xsZgzZxiZw_
X 1C ( bV
m!*
}uz )X Q
J
-V Z ZxsZ IZ ` Z%
~izg L L
LZuZq
-Z ~ZgzZJ
- ` W~` ZuZv
kZ
X 2C [{gq k
,
iz
G
!L gLzZ m
Z Lp
L
/ZRA
!*
L LZZ
+ %ZzgL L
G
4E
&
GE
4hE
m4Z~
C
!*
L Lt @*
0~yZ
~g7 ~
.Z Z]
.Z]
.VzgzZce **
Y bVz!*
gzZ
4]I 6)X R~g7
yZ~Y ZZ ( ~V1 m2 oF$]L LGG
yZ %Zzg L L X _ {)z yZk
,
Z [Z ,) Z
Z IZ L L %Zzg 7x V 6,gx Z
+
X 3Cc*
Bg EZah
e!$
+
) Zz
IZvt Hyz m,
Z VrZaJ
-#
yZk
,
Z bZ
Z O%Z ~ t Z
z kZa_gzZ gz$
) Z z Z
X Y
6gyzg7M%Z~x OV-Z
}u**
ZgzZ R X {Z
+V
c*
L LgzZ L L
gzZ ~g EZ VrZ yvZ (,xsZ IZ kZ q
] -Xg Dqtgg Dq yZgzZ c*
B V!
7(C
YYZ{z hIZ~! zg Za
X 4C [
6,
0
+
igzZZ
+V W,
Z Z
+u **
qL L
239: e^ ]ve 2C
239:] ]
1C
582578:n] mn] l^]v] 3
C
4Z{o 4C
3E
yZZ> E
21
xsZgzZxiZw_
x PZ z F,
w'~ q V- g kgzZ Vi u 0*
**
KZ
1C
X 3gxzZ
yzxsZ= ( 3)
z ~ yvgzZ /i s xsZ IZ t
g7V
yZ~6,
sZV!YZ%g Dg
V H6,x
Z
z T ;gg Z **
rZgzZ yz
gzZ c*
B #
Z
z kZ
~ H s Z
X 2C#+@W
}uzgzZ xZ'
,
Z
a[ !$
+yZ V- L L6,x
V6Z
4&Z G
G
V- L L ZxkZgzZ
c*
gq
-Z x x **
EG
z L L
C
3
X 4
ZOH ZZgZwda?{6
z V-L L
Z
b~g7 awZziuF,
@*
Z w kZ g7 V-
( |1298X1219) {
ZbZ#JxsZ+@WF,
gzZX c*
B
a [Zp #
6,yZk
,
Z~ V\WKZt
x
/
uq
-Z
) ) Z
kZgzZx **
[zZq
-Zm,
Z~yZk
,
ZkZ
5Z L LkZ;g
!gZ 4,
G
Hc*
wZ e~VZ0
+
i
gzZ
HH c*
x Z G
G
5 Z~y*zy H V{ W L L
WkZv
G
566564:n] m] l^]v] 1C
4241&1:] 2C
334:n] ^] o n^f] l^v] (NQT V ] ]
3
C
24
xsZgzZxiZw_
{ i Z0
+Z ! lMg T
HHx ZoZ~q ]Y!Zj{)
7m G@*c*
+ F,
h
ttz {kZ
}uz
/c*
W6,kZ nZ Z.
{L
/Z~ { %ZX
kZ c*
WtnZ Z .
m sV 6,gi ~z
XN
5Mg~z}uzWw6,
~ kZ
]Zg: hYgzZ +
M Ggxi Zzyg0
+ZT s{z
/Z
/Zt X ]Zy
gzZ x ;zZ q
- 4,
g bkZ 7
]c*
Zzg: hY bkZ%Z 7 ;g 0=g f ; xi Z w_
]Z W,
ZgzZl~g EZaf xi Zw_L L
E
X f ( p )G
0rz2Z (yZwZ e1:<x Z ( 1)
i! f~pz s~ [sZ { sZ ( 2)
" L Lx Vzg Z Z
3G
.BE
X @*
( }g Z Z ~i +
M Z) kg Z ~G
X BwJ]Z W,
Zxi Zw_WxsZY Z @*
<
Z q ] c*
zg Z 6 $ x **
Z t L L ( 3)
nf#ze
$g Zz
gzZe
$~ Zi WtC
Wg
O#ze
$g Zz
gzZe
$t ]Z~|
{gzZ *
*6,
$ZVZ~ gzZ * qz
e
e
$g Zz
23
xsZgzZxiZw_
+ XXqZZ
Z
X **
Y{g~w x|] D 1
E
X uF,
5.Z4gzZszH!*
%Z D 2
XWg uC
buIuzg%~#
ZD3
yZgzZ x ZZ Za i Z a y
C<
Z D 4
X @*
7,
7W,
Z 6,
+ZkZZz at?kZV
g U*
WkZgzZs
E
E
0Ei~ 0EiF,
{ c*
igzZ 1~gz ZpZxsZ g@*
sL L
G
4G
5ZZy**
X q({)z ;i\gzZ EG
**
i L 6,
L @L L~V
ZZ
X C2 Zt :Z
5&11Vp^j] r467: e] 1C
62:n] oj ^]
^] 2C
26
xsZgzZxiZw_
D )g f yZ cet **
x ~6
zgzZ ~g EZ \zg- Q
H Za Zh
+
{z Z e !*
6,VE V! 8 zg- Z
# Z ~ k
B zg Y 1877 6
X ,yZ g2a#
g & ZakZyxgd
$w_! fgzZxsZ D 2
25
xsZgzZxiZw_
X 0*
7yb{ uZg Z T:gz$^4Z
a ]c*
x i Z w_L L6,V xsZ Y Z ( 4)
GG
4hI!gzZ
X4z]
.
'
,
i DwEZ6,
gbzg !
xi Zw_~xsZ
Y ZZ kZ Z 4Z6,ggD
+
gzZ V 0*
" ~sZ xi Z w_L L
x Z!*
~ yZgzZxsZc*
T~y
W6
w s Y Yg L LVza
#
1X wzg ~ Z (,
~ f <
T ;g @*
)N`
{os ZZg0
+Zg0
+Z { Zg (
g xgzZ ~g
# Wt
Z
z kZ w)gt W7]gz b & Z #
zz
[zZ~ * ~ Zi W] kgzZ `zV8 zgVz],
Z Zz ~gzZ V(~ \zg- yZgzZ N Wt ~ ^
X gzg~p~(,
-Z~
q
9 b & Z1 Zgzic_b & Z~6
z~Y z Z Z
w_L L~6
z Y ZZ Zk
,
+x Z6,i8zg- O0*
5
x Z6,i
x i Z w_L
L W W~ 1 76,g(q
-Z r xi Z
X
H1
~J e(
gz V
V- gz$h
+g0
+Z LZ6
zZ
# Zqz
zkZgz V
(gzZ ( ~j~ \zg- :
L kZ kZ6
z gzZH kZ
iW,
,Zq
-Z6
z kZkZ F,
!*
gzZ ~ F,
,
'
~yZy
28
xsZgzZxiZw_
27
xsZgzZxiZw_
szz wZjZh
+]
.gzZ: i Y =z+Z < t q
{i
X 1Ci g Z6,
VyZ }W d
$8zg- ~[|Z ~),Z
GG3E
GG3E
4zL L
4zx|{kZ x i Zw_L Lx|
7Z
VgzZ s
# z 2Z Zz
W~kZgzZk& Z Z
ZhZz
} (,~ [ q
- Z
Z {zhZz6
z ~ kZ
g (Z]~zzozq
-Z|gmz*g Z
ZogzZ
7 Z xsZ q
-k& Z kZ VrZ1 ^
,6,o} (,
X '
,
Z'
,
yx gzZ)f IZg ZkZ 7gzZ &
-!
:E
XE
Y 1810B|
1222+Z ? kZ { Za ~z AX
Vzt w**
L LgzZ
0*
ML L q
-kZ6,f ~
yxgyZ '
,
Z'
,~ Z
z t Zz%g~z q
-Zt gzZX *
*
W,
M( @*
g ~ b & Z wYg L LgzZg g @*
gzZ ;g6,]g Ziz~
q gJ
- \zg- IZ : ~}g !*
8 zg- Z
X c*
;hZ
+sZ
( g g@*
gzZ
d
$ Z ) ~ DIZ Zzpg q :Z6,[ Z W8 zg) ) (q
-Z x **
)I-Z [ E
5kIZ [x
L L VrZ W,
M kZgzZ
xsZ Vzt ( Z v~ kc
/
% kZQ ~ wZ
) ) (t)
Za *g~{)zVZ Zi Wg 0*
x| ~ Zi Wh
+]
.
V Zz
3 0*
M F,
{g Z Z ~ L LZQ v bC
Zz
yZgzx ~ Z
i6,g Z xi Z w_~^kc ~z AX H
Xh
+
b & ZwYg^g c*
?vZ0) {~kZ
~Z Z L L ~t
3E
! f^~ Y 1849 ._|
1266 Za
{)z
g L Lg ZbZgzZ u xi Z w_L L VrZ
#kZ~ T x {g Z Z ~ L Lq
-Z~ \WLZ c*
VZx
X
H`@*
WzfzW,
Z {],
Z xi Zw_bkZ H cg sZ
98Vm
^] ]u o ^] 1C
C2
X G
IzguyZgzZ H[_
.g0
+Z LZg Zxi Zw_~z AX~^
X H_[p (gzZ, g @*
xi Zw_ ~y!*
iZ
V,Z
89 V`] o oe] ] 1C
91 V`] o oe] ] 2C
30
xsZgzZxiZw_
29
xsZgzZxiZw_
)f ]g Z Z >h
+`
G
! . Z Z L LkZ q~C
i ZeYgzZ
G
"Z >gjZ L Ls m,
0E
Z H6,^ m,
Z Z
# e~g Z
q
- G
G
IG
$ Z l4]Z [f Z
d
# L L~ l,
htzg {]g Ziz ~ '
,
B jZ +Z w) gzZ H^ Z
VrZ ~ Y z Z Z G
I
G
$
X 1C
6,Z ]k~h
+L L Zz Y n}WxsZ
gzZ o{ c*
i{ c*
iq
-k& Z {L L: qs Z e zg
zsx
kZwZ e~J
-{ b ~T
X 2C
]gzz6,
kZ
E
;X&
-E
! f ? L L{g (Z Vz
/
kZgzZ {7~kZ
( **
) X *Z yWZ~ V1 yZ y ~ {C
gzZ ]z
4&C
G
(F,
) EG
ZZZ ;ZZpZ Gg
( 552&6:x I Z)X f.
] mviL L[KZ6,
Y pZ}Z ZgzZ)Zg
HW,
MV~fgzZ c*
;x$KZV;zgzZ~VsZg ggzZ
@*
]!*
i Z[fgzZ
M izd
$i c*
&Zp~ mr]
Za ]g Zh
+gzZ Zs%Z {Z
# k~-}
.gzZ c*
yz Zg7
gx|e
$g/q
- 4,
yZ H4Z~xsZg Zxi Zw_gzZx
]L L[ ~uzgzZX @*
e
$
3VzyLZgzZg \ ZVg~
+ xiZ w_L L T !*
Bg xq
-Z
Zg7~V1{%ZZzgV
m,
Z^zz
V$e
$g/~ p9
/
{: Ht Z
# L Lzz Z
ah
+z F,
C
iZeYgzZ e
$
'
,
i { q m,
Z
xi Z w_L L~^ @*
Hg (Za kZ {%Z
{ kZ L L: ~ h
+
]
.^L L[ KZ %Zq m,
Z
X C3v
X
H 6[f
) !*
[_
.g Z! f~^
307&2 Vn] l^a^ri] 1C
307&2 Vn] l^a^ri] 2C
261&1 V] ^u o l^]
3
C
XZ8
-g~yZqm,
ZGgVrZ{
X
M
h
$
d
!*
Bg ~,Zq
-Z~^{L L: Hq m,
Z
(|
/Z;gE- ) {g Z Z { V{Zu~ y*zy |
/Zd
$
X 6,
V gzZ[fkZtZ({L L: qW
32
xsZgzZxiZw_
X C1 H6,
}~yZgzZ: OZ F,
{ c*
i~kZgzZ 6,
31
xsZgzZxiZw_
g Z! f D[ ~Lz
g Zgzi^IZ%Z
~w t Nz} (,
tgzZ Y07q ^y%| e~
6,#
^Zz
3Bg ~kZ{Z~O
X *
@YBg Y xgzZ+Y f~kZx ZBgtkZY
X C1VCc*
M F,
\zg- VIZ#
~~^z~^
%Z7?grz
x i Zw_L L Up+zY ft7~kZ
HW
X ^
,
g Zb8 zg- #
^
,Y y h. Z yZp Z L L~^:<5
sZgzZ
)
Z xi Z w_L L~ sZ Y ZZa kZ ;gW'
,
~
Xzq
-Z
GqggzZ ' d
$ Zg CZ
) =ZZ Z
C2
X g Z
~Y 1849&| 1265 qx
/
u xi Zw_L Lb{{g \ZM
~L
M F,
ewL LH Z #
+ ~yZ
V,Z ~ kZ Hg(Z
K L L~y
W {
X C2 g{0
+
ii]!*
X
HZ90Cq
-Z~sZ< q
-6,
g
Zg
gzZg {0
+
izg {0
+
i#
Zt{zgzZce **
6,q
-Z
L L
,
'
Z'
,yc*
Z x t
K L Lc*
~ : [x [ IZ
V-ZiWnT~yZy( =ZZZ @*
Zz kZ
X C3~yZZ {],
Z {zc*
79[[ IZgzZ 7t
!uZ G`g=Z L L{g Z Z ~{~^
X C4 ` W G
G
)(gzZxi Zw_
VzgZb x iZw_LgLzZkZgzZ{gzZ Z]
.!*
+ {z Z
Zvg)
,
gzZq
-ZhZzC
iZeY @*
{iZ0
+Z kZ "
$
~yxg
(gzZ #
z 7myxg
(gzZ+ 2 7g & ~}g!*
qZ[ **
v] ] ]L Lt ZiZZ,q Z
261&1:n] l^a^ri] 1C
261&1 V] ^u o l^]
2C
34
xsZgzZxiZw_
33
xsZgzZxiZw_
sZ V x Z sZ Y Z o d 6
z ( 1)
/i s 6
z ;gyz +
$Y ~g EZ yZ
? d
$sZgzZ t Zz [ Z WsZ< {oxsZ ( 2)
{ c*
i{g [Zz%g~x
o~yZ wZ e
"Z L L:
0E
~gZ Z [Z L L{kg ]z L L > 2 Z G
G
E 5kI!
]h
+'
V(yZ G
! Z[x
L LgzZ > XyZZ
"Z G
0E
0!Z L L" a
X 1C x sZY G
G
G
X 4 !*
2Z wV7gzZ~p~x i~g/#
d
$gzZ] xzZ
+! fgzZ Z D
+
g ZgzZ]z `zy
xsZk
B
r V2c*
g f V1 V2c*
g gzZ ~ ( 3)
C2
X C1Zz
X xl~
X sv
.Y Z b
Z6( 4)
{g g *
0 x
c*
g x uF,
6,i \zg- ( 5)
,z #=ah
+]
.#
ZkZ
0*
w }x "y
ywk
,
iz#
yZ c*
g Z
Vzi{ c*
ia]5}p
7Z { .Z } ~ V IZ gpi Z x F,
L
L
y g ^g EZ )Z L LX~ sZ}uz
X
HH**
y g 0*
i8 zg- x Z~yZc*
g
yZgzZyz(z~ yZgzZ*Zzgo+
M gzZe
$( 6)
!*
ar~g EZ Vg 0*
(gzZ vt 6,6
z @*
g
i Z0
+Zj
) ) ( ^t m Z [ Z L L^
2C
X g
[x
L
L IQgzZN W~z6,gzz) g Z (
-Z G
X 3C *
* 6
z
) )kZ )I
!
/
%vZ
G
nZz )Z L L
) )q
-Z~ yZ { c*
i fz W,
Z Vo) XgzZ
) )t
{ c*
i~ q
-a Z 6,1 q
-kZ Wt w)g+F,
+
$
XWt }u+psf `gV
/
uq
-kZX
ZZ
Z
36
xsZgzZxiZw_
~ \zg-
c*
g q
-Z 3 Zg F,
~g kZY
X "
$U*
=g f F,
wq]gZ
[zZ
YV- ;g !*
w1
Z[ x
L L ;g#
~ m,
Z6,
^J
-Z
#
gx
/
u
Z[x
L L w0i g #
xi Z w_ L
L Y
O%Z
z kZ 6
z 4xk!*
[fIZgzZm<!*
m,
Z
4i *gzZ ]!*
4hIG
.: yZm,
_
Z oyZx **
zg
V G
X C1 @*
{ i Z0
+Z
lr~xi Zw_gzZxsZ
~,Z i W) Za "
$
yxgxi Z w_gzZxsZ
~[f6,
sZ w_gzZ)6
zZ
# @*
qz
~gq
-Z
zkZgD ~gz$sZ zzTg
? Hzz F,
Vz)gzZ0
+?yy
W L
L ZZa~V~fwZ
|g Za *g gzZ "
$
xi Z w_ L gLzZ xsZ L L
9zkZ T Zqz~cuD
C;t ]
kZ [f
q p.
q
-Z.
[fgzZ 1 ZVxsZ Y Z ~
Bsg zxE6 VYgz kZ xi Zw_L Lm<!*
Y
Y Zg W!t
6g _
OZD{zVq x
X [g
/
~. 6 Z Z(gzZI
VE z Za "
$
yxg xsZ L gLzZ x i Z w_L L
gzZ xi Z w_L=
L g fkZgzZq
-k& Z {kZgzZ {( 1) Be
$
429D 389&2D 152D 136D 105D 95D 94:mVn] l^a^ri] C1
35
xsZgzZxiZw_
+V B
X 1C /i a~g { n sZgzZ YZ Z
k& Z .x **
Vk& Z& a T $ x{z t
^W q
w_LtL akZ07i Z LVZzg
X I*6,
g ZMZ~C
bYg {}uzkZgzZk]\zg-
Z[ x
Zz
W yZgz~ '
,~^t azF,
xi Z w_L L
Vc*
Z[x
{)z k1jZ Zw0i.L L ^
C2
X Dg ~ Z
Z
aZ
c*
gzq
-Z6,kZ [x
L L
Z ec_tHc_Wg U*
W
gzZY Z+
M
6,kZmzkZ
7i Z 2gzZIy!*
i! ce zF,
L~^x
qw_gzZx W!*
!*
xi Zw_L L~^jZZ~[!*
kZ
E
5BE
4<X(Z a Z X f *Z
~ m,
Z *~ ^vt @*
Y GZ f *Z L L EG
G3E
4XZyZgzZ4#
"ZL Le
0E
G
$q ~ m,
Z ~I
G
X x **
tgzZ ] Vc*
(%Z ) q ~ m,
Z ~ ^ [x
L L
X y)F,
`~z(kZ~| ^q
-Zy~8 zgq q
-Zt s1h6,
sZ >uzL L [x
L L
Vf] g] (MUS Vn^%]
] m^i (RUIPU Vnv] f ^_] l] C1
Vm] q] v (NSLINRU Vp] ] n] (NLL V^j] ^ni (NU
OQIOP V]] ] pf o_ n2] (NPN
95D 94Vn] l^a^ri] 2C
38
xsZgzZxiZw_
XVkZ]Z W,
Z( +@W)Vz
/c6,
zZ
{ c*
i **
g i ca ( ]K) cK [~ ( 2)
Z 4Z V ( ~ OZ ) ! f~ VzgZi !*
a g izg { c*
i
n Zg ])7gV~ OZ [fp T *
* Z
X Z E
O.(|
# gzZ /t1;
tuZ
# Z
z kZg xi Z w_L L~ ] c*
OZ sZ
kZ 16,yZy ~ OZ @ } (,} (,hZz x : Zg Z
: 4~
D 6,y!*
i
z Z z p T (Z q
-Z v
Z L L
bZ ! Zm( v
Z L L{ c*
iZzt
X 7pvZ~ZzgzZY
KZm{ c*
i kZ~
y ] ]gD] b \vZ : Ht bZ
1C
f)avZ~p~i WgzZa}~px { ZgZ
X ( v!*
kZgzZ @*
V6,xsZkZ41 oxsZ ZgzZg Zt
V1yZ HgzZ @*
w+Z V1{)z #0Z! 0Z~
)) Z) kZ s sZ {z @*
W~xsZ bT "7,
]gxsZ c*
6,x **
xsZ 4bkZ Z8_ ( w
X
rg
Cx4,
: ZJq
-Z~
gZ
X
KZkZgzZ @*
c6,X]th
+i1Z~ i Z0
+Z Z
604602&2V%] o] n] 1C
37
xsZgzZxiZw_
X [g
/
~. 6[WxsZ
6, `zy
g EZ Z
z ~ '
,~ k
B @ ~uz ( 2)
-Za x i Zw_L Lgx4,
q
~2- e
$zgzZ {\zgX c*
Wt 6,
g6
/O%Z~}g !*
xsZw_
40
xsZgzZxiZw_
X C1 c*
Z
#
# n q
-Z + `yxg#
gzZ +
it ZiZZ F
F6,o : ZIyZgzZ=nq
-Z
" ut)BgL
X 5[ I
0G
L
M f( MODERNISM) +
+
M Z)~ 7 ~ kZ
gzZI ]]
.[ ZgzZ gaz J
- ( SECULARISM)
gzZx ZzZ
+sZao1%VzyZ ~i Z]]
.! fg Zb
xsZ w_L L~ T n
pg t Z ~ sz@*
~ [ Z Wz t Z
X Zsg t
,
'
Z'
,
Z Wx ~wJzq
<
- 4,
Vzg Zb xsZw_L L
w_ #wZgzZ
C+gzZ[<
ZIZviT
I m,
+Z qx
/
uq
-ZxsZ
n
pgyZZ i Z0
+Z m{q
-Z6, o~zZ
,
'
Z'
,e
$ gzZmxsZ~ kZt TZ8
Q c*
-ZV) @*
q
6,WZq
-ZyZZ6,
X (4Z~\J
-V
C2
X Z
kZ1 t( WZ
I
{zxsZ + {z ! l. Z WzgkZ~kZq
- 4,
y Z
X 9(
AZ)zAZ )<
Z}uz
z xb
6,y z Yg Z zZ
+ <
Z }uz i Z gzZ
zZ
+<
ZyZq
- 4,
yZ~V/}uz D7WB
69mVmrj] ']j] C1
194V(] ] 2C
39
xsZgzZxiZw_
%Z q ~q
-Z)X 7o ng Z ~ ZzgzZ~T
( X 1C 7mkZZzgzZ
C~ Z
gzZ CY0*
7gzZ 6W
It+J
gzZsWl{6W
$
g t
yxg!*
zh{z:
zg Z z
_gzZz ( vZNZ ) X [ % yZ #
( yj`
g ) ]P
mbkZ Z% e 6,1g Z
Z'Pt Z
# gzZ7, e
w g(Z1~
-Z : 9 t bZ9 ykZt ~]P
q
C
N
C2
X$
Y7?6,
]P
%aZ
e#
+ D 1
E
( f )r ( 2Z
KZ )G
0rz2Z gzZ {g )<D 2
Yc*
x **
xsZL LJ eZz0*
kZ
X 3C @*
: 4
gzZ uZg Z z Zi Wg Z z u|~ Zi WkZ ;Wg y
KZ fL L
SG
0g (ZgzZ !*
aG
nC
{zg (Z;z =6,y
KZ
KZkzgzZ kZ kz xi ZL L~]gkZg
C xi ZL L~
g@*
T q~6,
zZq
-Zw kZgzZ L
L g Z|
275274 V n]] 3
C
6538V Vt] o ]
1C
0!sZ c*
100 90:> G
G
,C 2C
42
xsZgzZxiZw_
V {Z tZg c*
I#
ZZ h
+
]
.L L~xsZX xsZh
+]
.L LyZ
kZgzZ0
+
a[d
$! f@WxsZY ZX1wJ.
**
gzZg Z **
c
w_L L_ { V!*
gX]F,Q5$gzZ V- i ZH(
zq%G uZg Z gzZ|kZgzZ/w-kZ x i Z
q
- ~ Zi W t % kZ yZp, +'
V 3
N Y 5Zg lpx {zkZ Y Hh e
$g/
Le **
C
ZwEZ b
{
L Lq
-Ze
$g/ xi Zw_L Ln%
B~ Zi WgzZ p~]5nC
C
gzZg (Z !*
6,gLZ
u]
(wqZZ
+~TX @*
Yi Wx
G
+ qgx3,
~}g !*
]c*
gzZZ
+ Vzuz ( kZgzZ 4Z
X {)z{)zs Z Z
ZgzZ+
M yZgzZx Z ZyZ bxsZ
: I ( [W~.f X) ~z AX
X g Zb e
$wL L bkZ xi Zw_L L"
$U*
g#gzZng n
9g e~ Zi W~ xi Zw_L L
3e
4&e
(e
$w( 4)G
0E
$w( 3)|e
$w( 2)G
0E
$w( 1)
G
3e
m~P y
KZt gzZ B y
KZ G
0E
$wL L
kZ
/ZgzZ 7q]g6, Z]
. LZZy
KZX g
1C
X g {z @*
Zy
KZ
: w+Z
ZwqZ )}ZZ 1C
( 364373B3~z AXn
41
xsZgzZxiZw_
XM
h7yZ {zDT qxb
Z6,
]c*
z o Z
ZgzZ *Zzg z s Z@Z Y Zg W Z
Z LZt x sZ w_L L
q
-Z {g V !*
iZt d
$z gzZ q~ y
]z ]z@*
}W( MODERNISM) +
M Z)xsZ
X B
bg~
kZgzZ Vza
xsZ/% Va Va {u5z **
it
yY Y ~z {oLZ Z
Z kZ @*
iB6,VZ ~
C
E
E
!
{
43 Y !*
Y EG
Z sZ q f {gp
45ZgzZ
G
X
~yZ EG
X DqgzZZ7V7 gZyZQ
]**
Dgxi Zw_
GLG
" wL L x i Z w_L L~Y ZZ
~ ~k
,
+F,
5
[fgzZ )
-kZ1 zJ
q
-gzZY ZMZ kZ ngJ
- Rd
$
yZ Wt ]**
Dg 6 6 gzZ C Wz{ y s Z@Z LZ
X HW,
O{ c*
i sZ]**
Dgbz~
Moderanism+
M Z)( 1)
VYY[hxsZ xi Zw_L
L tq yDgkZ
V Z kZgzZ
)
Z z zF,
kZ ~sZ g Z xsZ
I]]
.TYHg (ZyZ[f Y(Zq
-Z Z**
g@*
Z~V~f
t wJBgz g ~g7 x Z{ ZF,
~ z d
$~ gzZ
44
xsZgzZxiZw_
Z}uzq
-ZVzqq
-ZVz ~ Zi WgzZz) ~ Zi WzZg
1C
X ( M
hYG 7
E
-:X!
\g- t F,L L bkZ s
# z EF,
@WW ( 1)
0
+B yZ ~ d
$gzZ N Y 0
yZ @*
6,i
kZ~ C
{h
+I)z {h
+I C{ (}'
,iZ V} 95 J0
+
2C
X gB
[ Z g CY
C~Y 1983]z Y 1889 Za **
zd
$ Z ~^ )
&E
zz {h
+I)LZ~ b)sZgzZY Zg W KZ0
+
igzZ
.Z L L ZZ L L x c*
g @*
ng Z y1z E
Z L L~U*
WX 0*
]
( 3CX g! Z[ Z
: gzih
+'
6,
]!*
KZt[WW
y W qZp mgzZ wZLz o (Z \zg- L L
I
4C
5!z0J
-Vg k(,
X N Y0z\zg- S^zwgzZ SE
: ~ Zi Wi8zg- yDgtxi Zw_ @*
ZzkZ
gzZ ]Zg Z LZ g Zz ~ [X ~pgzZ d
$m{
[t |gzZ ;gwzZVc*
Z(,~zF,
gzZ F,
kZ=g fZ
VrZ ~ ^m<!*
D g !*
~ [}iu g
X 1 x az W,
gzZ g Wg q
-Z ~ ; xi Z w_
.
G
X ]Ngg {)z Zx ZC
Zw'Z (_j]
50Bm mv] ` 1C
43m ( o (^%] fj 2C
172m(] ] r 3
C
48m o ^%] fj 4C
43
xsZgzZxiZw_
t ~xsZ IZgzZ 0Z ]C
Vzt6
KZgzZ e
$wL L
t C[ Z <yZ~d
$y.X btm,
]Vz
1C
X gkZ,qVz
: I =Z
S) X D[Z] Z yp T oe
$wL L
2CX ZZ
e
$wi! f Z%1 Dx|px kZ e
$wV
c*
2~|0
+
a[ V\WgzZgVg ZiZiZLZ T
X [g
/
~],
/6
g ZZ R [fgzZ xsZ Z e
C xi Z w_L L yDg kZ
X + gZ e
$wL gLzZ ]gq
-Z*ggzZ"
$
yxg
E
$0
GG3G
G
0B+Gg @*
G
L L **
igzZ { i Zzg
+
i yDg kZ xi Z w_L L
X h Z[+x **
xi( 2)
*g +~T @*
c_ ~ Zi Wiw_[fyDg
X:
: Z
~ Zi W \vZ
KZ Za Zi Wk}g L L
gzZ z Zg ~ Zi W~g y
KZt x|]Z f ~g J e~
158m RZx Z Z 1C
57m=n ZwqZ 2C
46
xsZgzZxiZw_
]q &Z(( 7)
Y3g Z
(kZnCZ fq
-Z
+ ( 8)
Wd6,
V1kl<
gzZ ZI( 9)
1C
X !
7 t ~g/( 10)
t wq]ggzZ]Z W,
Z xi Zw_L L~xsZ L ~y
W
$0
Dz{
Z0pIG
+!*
7~],* VJ
$E
X ]!*
6,
x i Zw_L
L 00G
sZgzZ~z}uz @*
YH 6,
D] # ] E
/'/'/
45
xsZgzZxiZw_
yDg xi Zw_sZ
Za*ggzZ"
$
yxgxi Zw_L gLzZxsZ [Y~.
~
/c sZ L L kZ Z=g f { yZgzZi W
[ H { "z6,g kZ 6,c*
z kZ gzZM%Z yZ
~[gzZ\zg- nV Z {Z tZg c*
C
I#
Z`Z ZVZx
w$
+{ c*
igzZwq]g9B 11~M%ZX I~9]) b
J
-]h]
.)[Z VrZNgkZVZx[X
s Z O%Z ~ J
-b) gzZ ]5 ( [
X
Hc*
g Z
x`
O~}g !*
kZg )g
2ZxsZ 6,
.G
:<5369m Z E
qkZ
sZ L L~*[VzgZbw_ VZ {Z
+ wq]gkZ
X c*
rz
'
,
i xi Zw_
s Z@Zxi Zw_h
+]
.
~i W~( 1)
~ Zi W( 2)
]Zz)gzZ ~ Zi W]g( 3)
~g Zz~] z
(( 4)
X **
e^_ ^
r] h] nn]fn] 1C
c_]q & Z ( 5)
-!
:E
XE
zgzi6,
q Z~)gzZF,
~ ( 6)