www.scielo.

br/jaos

Effect of repeated immersion solution cycles on the color stability of denture tooth acrylic resins
Paulo Maurcio Batista da SILVA1, Emlio Jos Tabar Rodrguez ACOSTA2, Matheus JACOBINA2, Luciana de Rezende PINTO3, Vincius Carvalho PORTO4

1- DDS, MSc, PhD student, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of So Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil. 2- DDS, MSc, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of So Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil. 3- DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of So Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil. 4- DDS, MSc, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of So Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil. Corresponding address: Prof. Dr. Vincius Carvalho Porto - Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru - USP - Departamento de Prtese - Al. Dr. Octvio Pinheiro Brisolla, n 9-75 - Bauru - So Paulo - Brasil - 17012-901 - Phone: +55 (14) 3235-8277 - e-mail vcporto@fob.usp.br 5HFHLYHG 2FWREHU    0RGLFDWLRQ -XO\    $FFHSWHG -XO\  

ABSTRACT

EMHFWLYH &KHPLFDO VROXWLRQV KDYH EHHQ ZLGHO\ XVHG IRU GLVLQIHFWLRQ RI GHQWXUHV EXW their effect on color stability of denture tooth acrylic resins after repeated procedures is still unclear. The aim of this in vitro VWXG\ ZDV WR HYDOXDWH ZKHWKHU UHSHDWHG F\FOHV RI FKHPLFDO GLVLQIHFWDQWV DIIHFWHG WKH FRORU VWDELOLW\ RI WZR GHQWXUH WRRWK DFU\OLF UHVLQV 0DWHULDO DQG 0HWKRGV 6L[W\ GLVFVKDSHG VSHFLPHQV  PP [  PP ZHUH IDEULFDWHG IURP WZR GLIIHUHQW EUDQGV $UWLSOXV DQG 7ULOX[ RI GHQWXUH WRRWK DFU\OLF UHVLQ 7KH VSHFLPHQV IURP HDFK EUDQG Q  ZHUH UDQGRPO\ GLYLGHG LQWR  JURXSV Q  DQG LPPHUVHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJ VROXWLRQV GLVWLOOHG ZDWHU FRQWURO JURXS DQG  GLVLQIHFWLQJ VROXWLRQV  VRGLXP hypochlorite, 2% sodium hypochlorite, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 2% glutaraldehyde, and  FKORUKH[LGLQH JOXFRQDWH 7RRWK FRORU PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH PDGH E\ VSHFWURSKRWRPHWU\ %HIRUH GLVLQIHFWLRQ WKH LQLWLDO FRORU RI HDFK WRRWK ZDV UHFRUGHG )XUWKHU FRORU PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG DIWHU VXEMHFWLQJ WKH VSHFLPHQV WR      DQG  LPPHUVLRQ F\FOHV LQ HDFK WHVWHG VROXWLRQ &RORU GLIIHUHQFHV (  ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG XVLQJ WKH &,( / D E FRORU V\VWHP 'DWD ZHUH DQDO\]HG XVLQJ WZRZD\ UHSHDWHG PHDVXUHV DQDO\VLV RI YDULDQFH $129$ IROORZHG E\ 7XNH\ WHVWV 7KH VLJQLFDQFH OHYHO ZDV VHW DW   5HVXOWV 7KHUH ZHUH VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV LQ ( DPRQJ WKH  GLVLQIHFWDQWV DQG ZDWHU GXULQJ WKH  F\FOHV RI LPPHUVLRQ IRU ERWK GHQWXUH WRRWK DFU\OLF UHVLQV 'LVWLOOHG ZDWHU SURPRWHG the greatest color change in both denture tooth acrylic resins, nevertheless none of tested GLVLQIHFWDQWV SURPRWHG ( YDOXHV KLJKHU WKDQ  RQ WKHVH DFU\OLF PDWHULDOV GXULQJ WKH 90 cycles of disinfection. Conclusions: Repeated immersion cycles in disinfecting solutions DOWHU ( YDOXHV KRZHYHU WKHVH YDOXHV GR QRW FRPSURPLVH WKH FRORU RI WKH WHVWHG GHQWXUH tooth acrylic resins because they are imperceptible to the human eye. Key words: Disinfectants. Polymethyl methacrylate. Color perception tests.

INTRODUCTION
Complete dentures are daily exposed to normal RUDO PLFURELDO IORUD ZKLFK LQFOXGH EDFWHULD viruses and fungi22. Furthermore, oral and nonRUDO SDWKRJHQLF RUJDQLVPV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK local and systemic diseases have been cultured from contaminated dentures 19,20 . Therefore these dentures may function as a reservoir of infection 4, since their surface irregularities facilitate the colonization and penetration of these microorganisms into the resin18.
J Appl Oral Sci.

Denture hygiene has been recommended for denture decontamination and for maintaining their serviceability11. Denture cleansers have been studied to identify the ideal product to eliminate microorganisms 21. Efficient chemical solutions may be an alternative, especially for geriatric RU KDQGLFDSSHG GHQWXUH ZHDUHUV ZKRVH PDQXDO dexterity may be compromised7. When choosing a disinfectant solution for GHQWXUHV LWV FRPSDWLELOLW\ ZLWK WKH W\SH RI material to be disinfected should be considered to avoid adverse effects15. Ideally, the physical and

623

2011;19(6):623-7

(IIHFW RI UHSHDWHG LPPHUVLRQ VROXWLRQ F\FOHV RQ WKH FRORU VWDELOLW\ RI GHQWXUH WRRWK DFU\OLF UHVLQV

PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI GHQWXUH EDVH DQG DUWLFLDO denture tooth resins should remain unaltered after the disinfection process. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that the hardness14 H[XUDO strength13 and color stability11 of denture base resins can be notably affected by disinfectants such as glutaraldehyde, chlorhexidine and hypochlorite. In this scenario, color stability of dentures is an important factor in treatment acceptance by the patient. It is very important for esthetic restorative materials that the color of the materials remains stable over a long period in the oral environment. The color change may be visibly noticed or may be more precisely assessed by spectrophotometry10,17. The effect of disinfecting solutions on the color stability of denture tooth acrylic resins has not yet been reported15. Thus, the aim of this in vitro VWXG\ ZDV WR DQDO\]H E\ VSHFWURSKRWRPHWU\ WKH FRORU VWDELOLW\ RI WKHVH PDWHULDOV ZKHQ H[SRVHG WR successive immersion solution cycles.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Preparation of specimens
7ZR EUDQGV RI GHQWXUH WRRWK DFU\OLF UHVLQ ZHUH VHOHFWHG IRU WKLV VWXG\ $UWLSOXV 'HQWVSO\ International, Inc., York, PA, USA) and Trilux (Dental VIPI Ltda, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil) (Figure 1). Upon request, the manufacturers provided specimens of their materials shaped into discs (40 mm x 3 PP DQG IDEULFDWHG LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH VDPH directions used to process the denture teeth. For HDFK GHQWXUH WRRWK DFU\OLF UHVLQ  VSHFLPHQV ZHUH prepared, totalizing 60 samples.

UHDGLQJV E\ VSHFWURSKRWRPHWU\ ZLWKRXW GHK\GUDWLRQ RI WKH UHVLQ PDWHULDO $IWHU WKLV WKH VDPSOHV ZHUH immediately immersed in their respective solutions. $OO FKHPLFDO VROXWLRQV ZHUH UHQHZHG DIWHU HDFK disinfection procedure. &RORU PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH HYDOXDWHG XVLQJ D Spectro-guide spectrophotometer (BYK-Gardner GmbH, Geretsried, Germany). Before each PHDVXUHPHQW VHVVLRQ WKH VSHFWURSKRWRPHWHU ZDV FDOLEUDWHG ZLWK LWV ZKLWH UHIHUHQFH WLOH XVLQJ WKH ZKLWH FDOLEUDWLRQ VWDQGDUG SURYLGHG DFFRUGLQJ WKH manufacturers instructions. In order to standardize samples color measurement, a positioning jig ZDV XVHG WR SRVLWLRQ WKH PHDVXULQJ SRUW RI WKH instrument to the same location on the specimen for repeated measures11 7KH VSHFWURSKRWRPHWHU ZDV VHW WR PXOWLPHDVXUH PRGH LQ ZKLFK WKUHH UHDGLQJV ZHUH WDNHQ LQ WKH FHQWHU RI WKH VDPSOHV ULJKW side, middle and left side) and then more three VLPLODU UHDGLQJV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG SHUSHQGLFXODUO\ WR the previous one. Then, the mean value of these UHDGLQJV ZDV UHFRUGHG 7KLV QXPEHU RI UHDGLQJV ZDV established in the study to ensure broader readings of the samples, since the of spectrophotometers active tip diameter is smaller than the specimens diameter. The lighting conditions of the area in ZKLFK PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH WDNHQ ZHUH FRQVWDQW throughout the data collection period. 7KH FRORU FKDQJH YDOXHV RI DOO VSHFLPHQV ZHUH FDOFXODWHG E\ PHDQ DQG VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ RI ( ZLWK WKH XVH RI &,( / D E FRORU V\VWHP ,QGLYLGXDO DQDO\VLV ZDV SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ WKH WKUHH YDULDEOHV LQKHUHQW WR WKH GHYLFH LQ ZKLFK / UHSUHVHQWV WKH coordinate the lightness or darkness of the object, D LQGLFDWHV WKH UHGJUHHQ FKURPDWLFLW\ RI WKH Figure 1- Denture tooth acrylic resins used in this study Product Code Artiplus Trilux A T Manufacturer Dentsply International Dental VIPI - Brazil Composition IPN-PMMA IPN-PMMA

Chemical solutions
6SHFLPHQV ZHUH UDQGRPO\ GLYLGHG LQWR  JURXSV consisting of 5 specimens of each denture tooth acrylic resin6,11, according to the tested solution )LJXUH  DQG WKH\ ZHUH QXPEHUHG LQ RUGHU WR DOORZ FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ HDFK HYDOXDWLRQ SHULRG 7KH VDPH YROXPH RI DOO VROXWLRQV ZDV used and prepared by the same pharmacy (Calndula Farma Farmcia de Manipulaco Ltda, Bauru, SP, Brazil). The application time of each VROXWLRQ WHVWHG ZDV EDVHG RQ UHVXOWV IURP RWKHU studies and recommendations of their respective PDQXIDFWXUHUV ZKLFK VKRZ WKDW WKHVH WLPHV DUH QHFHVVDU\ WR HQVXUH KLJK DQWLPLFURELDO HIFDF\ RI these products.

*PMMA: Poly(methylmethacrylate); IPN: Interpenetrating PolymerNetwork. Figure 2- Chemical solutions tested in this study Solution Distilled water 1% Sodium hypochlorite 2% Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% Sodium hypochlorite 2% Glutaraldehyde 4% Chlorhexidine gluconate Code W H1% H2% H5.25% G2% GC4% Immersion time (min) 10 10 5 5 10 10

Color measurements
&RORU PHDVXUHPHQWV RI HDFK VSHFLPHQ ZHUH taken before immersion and after 7, 21, 30, 45, 60, and 90 immersion cycles for each tested solution. Before each disinfection procedure, the specimens ZHUH ULQVHG ZLWK GLVWLOOHG ZDWHU IRU  PLQ DQG GULHG ZLWK WLVVXH SDSHU WR HQVXUH WKH DFKLHYHPHQW RI UDSLG

J Appl Oral Sci.

624

2011;19(6):623-7

SILVA PMB, ACOSTA EJTR, JACOBINA M, PINTO LR, PORTO VC

Table 1- ( PHDQ DQG VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ 6' IRU HDFK GHQWXUH WRRWK UHVLQ PDWHULDO DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH WHVWHG VROXWLRQV ZLWKLQ each period of immersion
Material Solution WK F\FOH W H1% A H2% H5.25% G2% GC4% W H1% T H2% H5.25% G2% GC4% 0.2680.038 0.2660.095
Aa Aa

( PHDQ DQG 6' VW F\FOH 0.8620.072 0.8880.136

Ab Ab

WK F\FOH 0.8700.118

BCb Ac

WK F\FOH 0.8800.132 0.7380.060

Ab

WK F\FOH 0.8440.125 0.6880.066

Ab

WK F\FOH 0.7980.119Bb 0.5340.050Ad 0.6640.129ABCd 0.7180.058BCd 0.5880.021Ad 0.5420.055Ad 0.6280.063Ab 0.3260.111Cb 0.6400.030Ab 0.5520.086ABb 0.5540.058ABc 0.5020.038ABc

0.6960.060

Abc

Acd

0.2380.065Aa 0.2280.039Aa 0.2040.047

Aa

0.8200.044Ab 0.9000.075Ab 0.8060.019

Ab

0.7640.105ACbd 0.8060.054ACc 0.7140.026

Ac

0.7280.041Ab 0.8300.064Ac 0.7900.035

Ab

0.8360.058Abd 0.8160.048Ac 0.7800.071

Abc

0.1920.013Aa 0.3580.023
Aa

0.9060.072Ab 0.6980.021
Abc

0.7100.060Ac 0.6760.166
Bb

0.8740.092Ab 0.9020.207
Bc

0.7260.100Ac 0.7020.043
Abc

0.6160.069Bab 0.3440.036Aa 0.3460.019

Aa

0.9780.556Ba 0.6860.028Abc 0.7040.046

Ab

0. 4740.136Ab 0.6620.053Bbc 0.6620.033

ABb

0.5500.218Ab 0.7200.032ABc 0.7000.044

ABb

0.4500.048Bb 0.6320.014Ab 0.6860.029

Ab

0.3240.041Aa 0.3240.038
Aa

0.6920.066Ab 0.6580.035
Ab

0.6480.044ABbc 0.6000.092
ABbc

0.7460.033ABb 0.6780.060
ABb

0.6840.047Ab 0.6460.090
Ab

( PHDQV IROORZHG E\ WKH VDPH OHWWHUV DUH QRW VLJQLFDQWO\ GLIIHUHQW 8SSHUFDVH OHWWHUV IRU YHUWLFDO FRPSDULVRQV DQG lowercase letters for horizontal comparisons. A: Artiplus; T: Trilux. REMHFW DQG E FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH \HOORZEOXH D[LV of the object. &RORU GLIIHUHQFHV (  RI VSHFLPHQV ZHUH FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH IRUPXOD ( ^/ 2D 2E 2}1/2 10 ZKHUH /  D DQG E DUH WKH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ /  D DQG E values before and after immersion at each time interval21 )RU WKLV VWXG\ RQO\ WKH ( UHVXOW ZDV used for analysis. VLPLODU IDFW ZDV REVHUYHG IRU GHQWXUH WRRWK DFU\OLF resin T. In this resin, the change in color stability (  FDXVHG E\ DOO VROXWLRQV WHVWHG H[FHSW IRU VROXWLRQ +  ZDV VLPLODU GXULQJ WKH  F\FOHV evaluated. In addition, most of the biggest changes LQ FRORU VWDELOLW\ (  LQ ERWK GHQWXUH WRRWK DFU\OLF UHVLQV VWXGLHG ZDV FDXVHG E\ VROXWLRQ : Through an inter-cycle analysis, as a general rule, the results indicated that all solutions used VKRZHG D VLPLODU WUHQG LQ WKH XFWXDWLRQ RI ( LQ ERWK UHVLQV HYDOXDWHG LQ ZKLFK WKH YDULDWLRQ LQ ( VHHPHG WR LQFUHDVH XS WR WKH th cycle, and IURP WKDW SRLQW D GHFUHDVH LQ WKLV XFWXDWLRQ ZDV observed. Furthermore, none of the denture tooth acrylic UHVLQV WHVWHG VKRZHG ( YDOXHV KLJKHU WKDQ  during the 90 immersion cycles, irrespective of the tested solution.

Statistical analysis
6LQFH WKH VDPH VSHFLPHQV ZHUH HYDOXDWHG before immersion and after several immersion SHULRGV VWDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VLV RI GDWD ZDV SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ WZRZD\ UHSHDWHG PHDVXUHV DQDO\VLV RI YDULDQFH $129$ :KHQ VLJQLFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV ZHUH IRXQG 7XNH\V post hoc test at 95% probability OHYHO ZDV DSSOLHG

RESULTS
0HDQ DQG VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ RI ( IRU WKH WZR brands of denture tooth acrylic resins after 7, 21, 30, 45, 60, and 90 immersion cycles for each tested solution are presented in Table 1. $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH UHVXOWV WKH YDOXHV RI ( ranged from 0.192 to 0.906 for denture tooth acrylic resin A and from 0.324 to 0.978 for denture tooth acrylic resin T during the 90 cycles of immersion in all solutions. Generally, through an intra-cycle analysis, the results indicated that all solutions tested during the 90 cycles assessed, except in the 30th and 90th cycles, provided similar changes in color stability (  LQ GHQWXUH WRRWK DFU\OLF UHVLQ $ %DVLFDOO\ D
J Appl Oral Sci.

DISCUSSION
The use of chemical solutions for denture cleaning has been highlighted due their effectiveness in reducing microorganisms 14 +RZHYHU FRORU changes in acrylic resins have been reported as one of the main deleterious effects caused by these substances12,13. Since there is no study available about the effect of chemical solutions on the color stability of denture tooth acrylic resins and this effect is of great esthetic importance to removable denture XVHUV WKLV SLRQHHULQJ UHVHDUFK ZDV FRQGXFWHG WR HYDOXDWH WKH HIIHFW FDXVHG E\ WKH PRVW ZLGHO\ XVHG substances for removable denture disinfection1,2,3. )XUWKHUPRUH WKH DXWKRUV ZHUH WKH UVW WR HYDOXDWH

625

2011;19(6):623-7

(IIHFW RI UHSHDWHG LPPHUVLRQ VROXWLRQ F\FOHV RQ WKH FRORU VWDELOLW\ RI GHQWXUH WRRWK DFU\OLF UHVLQV

these alterations over a long period. Some might consider a period of 90 immersion cycles too long for DQ H[SHULPHQWDO SHULRG +RZHYHU DQ in vitro study over a short period of evaluation could not reliably reproduce the effect of the solutions on the color stability of the denture tooth resins tested. These IDFWV PDNH LW GLIFXOW WR LQWHUSUHW WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH SUHVHQW LQYHVWLJDWLRQ EHFDXVH WKH\ GR QRW DOORZ D GLUHFW FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK GDWD RI RWKHU VWXGLHV In this study, color changes in denture tooth DFU\OLF UHVLQV ZHUH PHDVXUHG E\ PHDVXULQJ instruments (e.g.: spectrophotometer)10,17 instead of visual evaluation. This instrument eliminated the subjective interpretation of visual color alteration. 7KH &,( / D E V\VWHP IRU PHDVXULQJ FKURPDFLW\ ZDV FKRVHQ WR UHFRUG FRORU FKDQJHV DV LW LV ZHOO suited for determining small color differences8. 7KH ( UHSUHVHQWV UHODWLYH FRORU FKDQJHV LQ WKH materials an observer might report after treatment RU EHWZHHQ WLPH SHULRGV KHQFH ( LV PRUH PHDQLQJIXO WKDQ LQGLYLGXDO /  D  E YDOXHV21. 7KHUHIRUH RQO\ WKH ( UHVXOWV ZHUH VHOHFWHG IRU analysis. In general, except for solution H1% in resin T, all solutions caused similar color changes in both UHVLQV VWXGLHG ZLWKLQ HDFK LPPHUVLRQ F\FOH 7KLV ZDV H[SHFWHG VLQFH ERWK UHVLQV KDYH WKH VDPH chemical composition. Moreover, in most cycles DVVHVVHG VROXWLRQ : ZDV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH greatest color changes in both resins. These results could be due to the composition of the materials DQG WKH ZD\ WKH\ DUH DIIHFWHG E\ HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV ,W LV ZHOO NQRZQ IURP OLWHUDWXUH WKDW SRO\PHU PDWHULDOV XQGHUJR ZDWHU VRUSWLRQ6,23. The ZDWHU PD\ HYHQWXDOO\ FDXVH LUUHYHUVLEOH GDPDJH WR all forms of acrylic by the formation of microcracks as a result of repeated sorption/desorption cycles, ZKLFK LV IROORZHG E\ K\GURO\WLF GHJUDGDWLRQ RI WKH SRO\PHU ZLWK VFLVVLRQ RI WKH HVWHU OLQNDJHV and gradual deterioration of the infrastructure of the polymer over time23. This phenomenon may FRQWULEXWH WR IRUP DFU\OLF ]RQHV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW optical properties5 ZKLFK FDQ EH YLVLEO\ GHWHFWHG or esthetically unacceptable. Possibly also for this reason, almost all disinfectants constituted by a ORZHU YROXPH RI ZDWHU FDXVHG VPDOOHU FRORU FKDQJHV than solution W. Although sodium hypochlorite presents a ZKLWHQLQJ HIIHFW WKURXJK R[LGDWLRQ UHDFWLRQ on the surface of denture acrylic resins, this SKHQRPHQRQ ZDV QRW REVHUYHG RQ WKH PDWHULDOV tested in our study. The acrylic resin teeth evaluated (Artiplus and Trilux) have basically the VDPH FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ KLJK PROHFXODU ZHLJKW polymethyl methacrylate, cross-linked resin and IPN ,QWHUSHQHWUDWLQJ 3RO\PHU 1HWZRUN 7KH UHVXOW LV WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI D SRO\PHU ZLWK KLJK FKHPLFDO DQG physical resistance16. Consequently, these superior

characteristics also make these materials less prone to the oxidative effects of this disinfectant solution. Table 1 reveals that for both denture tooth acrylic resins, the major color changes observed in WKH ( RFFXUUHG XS WR WKH th cycle. In contrast, IURP WKLV SRLQW WKHUH ZDV D WHQGHQF\ IRU WKH ( values to decrease until the 90th cycle. This could EH H[SODLQHG E\ WKH ZDWHUVRUSWLRQ VDWXUDWLRQ in polymeric materials. Yiu, et al.23 (2004) found WKDW RQFH WKH SRODU VLWHV LQ WKH SRO\PHU QHWZRUN EHFRPH VDWXUDWHG ZLWK ZDWHU HTXLOLEULXP LV UHDFKHG EHWZHHQ ERXQG DQG IUHH VLWHV DQG WKH LQWHUPLWWHQW ZDWHU DEVRUSWLRQ LV VWDELOL]HG ,Q WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ it could have occurred as from the 45th F\FOH ZKLFK led to a reduction in the variation of color stability of materials evaluated. In the present study, although statically VLJQLFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV LQ ( YDOXHV GXULQJ WKH  LPPHUVLRQ F\FOHV ZHUH IRXQG LQ ERWK GHQWXUH WRRWK DFU\OLF UHVLQV WKHUH ZHUH QR ( YDOXHV KLJKHU than 1.0. The trained human eye can detect color FKDQJHV (  JUHDWHU WKDQ  EXW DQ XQWUDLQHG H\H XVXDOO\ FDQQRW GLVWLQJXLVK ( YDOXHV EHORZ  LQ WKH &,( / D E FRORU V\VWHP9,10. Therefore, the ( YDOXHV IRXQG LQ WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ DUH FOLQLFDOO\ important, because they cannot be perceived by the naked eye. Due to lack of information, further studies are mandatory for better understanding the process of color alteration of denture tooth acrylic resins, evaluating different disinfection procedures, e.g. PLFURZDYH GLVLQIHFWLRQ ZKLFK LV KLJKO\ HIFLHQW and other denture tooth acrylic resin brands.

CONCLUSION
Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that repeated immersion cycles in the solutions altered the color of denture tooth acrylic UHVLQV EXW WKLV FKDQJH ZDV QRW FOLQLFDOO\ YLVLEOH

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
7KLV UHVHDUFK ZDV VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH %UD]LOLDQ foundations CNPq (307510/2010-7) and FAPESP  7KH DXWKRUV ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN the manufacturers (Dentsply International and Dental VIPI Ltda.) for the donation of the materials used in this study and Margery Galbraith for editing the English of the manuscript.

J Appl Oral Sci.

626

2011;19(6):623-7

SILVA PMB, ACOSTA EJTR, JACOBINA M, PINTO LR, PORTO VC

REFERENCES
1- Bell JA, Brockmann SL, Feil P, Sackuvich DA. The effectiveness RI WZR GLVLQIHFWDQWV RQ GHQWXUH EDVH DFU\OLF UHVLQ ZLWK DQ RUJDQLF load. J Prosthet Dent. 1989;61(5):580-3. 2- Budtz-Jrgensen E. Materials and methods for cleaning dentures. J Prosthet Dent. 1979;42(6):619-23. 3- Buergers R, Rosentritt M, Schneider-Brachert W, Behr M, +DQGHO * +DKQHO 6 (IFDF\ RI GHQWXUH GLVLQIHFWLRQ PHWKRGV LQ controlling Candida albicans colonization in vitro. Acta Odontol Scand. 2008;66(3):174-80. 4- Davenport JC. The oral distribution of Candida in denture stomatitis. Br Dent J. 1970;129(4):151-6.  'HYOLQ + .DXVKLN 3 7KH HIIHFW RI ZDWHU DEVRUSWLRQ RQ DFU\OLF surface properties. J Prosthodont. 2005;14(4):233-8.  (UWD ( *OHU $8 <FHO $& .|SUO + *OHU ( &RORU VWDELOLW\ of resin composites after immersion in different drinks. Dent Mater J. 2006;25(2):371-6. 7- Gornitsky M, Paradis II, Landaverde G, Malo AM, Velly AM. A clinical and microbiological evaluation of denture cleansers for geriatric patients in long-term care institutions. J Can Dent Assoc. 2002;68(1):39-45. 8- Khokhar ZA, Razzoog ME, Yaman P. Color stability of restorative resins. Quintessence Int. 1991;22(9):733-7.  .LDW$PQXD\ 6 -RKQVWRQ '$ 3RZHUV -0 -DFRE 5) &RORU stability of dry earth pigmented maxillofacial silicone A-2186 VXEMHFWHG WR PLFURZDYH HQHUJ\ H[SRVXUH - 3URVWKRGRQW 2005;14(2):91-6. 10- Koksal T, Dikbas I. Color stability of different denture teeth materials against various staining agents. Dent Mater J. 2008;27(1):139-44. 11- Ma T, Johnson GH, Gordon GE. Effects of chemical disinfectants on the surface characteristics and color of denture resins. J Prosthet Dent. 1997;77(2):197-204. 12- May KB, Razzoog ME, Koran A 3rd, Robinson E. Denture base resins: comparison study of color stability. J Prosthet Dent. 1992;68(1):78-82.

13- McNeme SJ, Von Gonten AS, Woolsey GD. Effects of laboratory disinfecting agents on color stability of denture acrylic resins. J Prosthet Dent. 1991;66(1):132-6. 14- Pavarina AC, Pizzolitto AC, Machado AL, Vergani CE, Giampaolo ET. An infection control protocol: effectiveness of immersion VROXWLRQV WR UHGXFH WKH PLFURELDO JURZWK RQ GHQWDO SURVWKHVHV Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(5):532-6. 15- Pavarina AC, Vergani CE, Machado AL, Giampaolo ET, Teraoka MT. The effect of disinfectant solutions on the hardness of acrylic resin denture teeth. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(7):749-52. 16- Reis KR, Bonfante G, Pegoraro LF, Conti PC, Oliveira PC, Kaizer OB. In vitro ZHDU UHVLVWDQFH RI WKUHH W\SHV RI SRO\PHWK\O methacrylate denture teeth. J Appl Oral Sci. 2008;16(3):176-80. 17- Samra AP, Pereira SK, Delgado LC, Borges CP. Color stability evaluation of aesthetic restorative materials. Braz Oral Res. 2008;22(3):205-10. 18- Verran J, Maryan CJ. Retention of Candida albicans on acrylic resin and silicone of different surface topography. J Prosthet Dent. 1997;77(5):535-9. 19- Williams HN, Falkler WA Jr., Hasler JF, Libonati JP. The recovery DQG VLJQLFDQFH RI QRQRUDO RSSRUWXQLVWLF SDWKRJHQLF EDFWHULD LQ dental laboratory pumice. J Prosthet Dent. 1985;54(5):725-30. 20- Williams HN, Falkler WA Jr., Smith AG, Hasler JF. The isolation of fungi from laboratory dental pumice. J Prosthet Dent. 1986;56(6):737-40. 21- Yannikakis SA, Zissis AJ, Polyzois GL, Caroni C. Color stability of provisional resin restorative materials. J Prosthet Dent. 1998;80(5):533-9. 22- Yilmaz H, Aydin C, Bal BT, Ozelik B. Effects of disinfectants RQ UHVLOLHQW GHQWXUHOLQLQJ PDWHULDOV FRQWDPLQDWHG ZLWK Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Candida albicans. Quintessence Int. 2005;36(5):373-81. 23- Yiu CK, King NM, Pashley DH, Suh BI, Carvalho RM, Carrilho 05 HW DO (IIHFW RI UHVLQ K\GURSKLOLFLW\ DQG ZDWHU VWRUDJH RQ UHVLQ strength. Biomaterials. 2004;25(26):5789-96.

J Appl Oral Sci.

627

2011;19(6):623-7