-

&

1.

. , ,
,
, .

2.

. , ,
, ,
.

, 2005

 &

:
:

,
1. . , ,

2. . , ,

65
(ICD-10:
- F 20#, - F 31, - F
32#) ,
.
(Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire)


Nottingham (Nottingham Health Profile)
.

 &

, ,
62 . (55, 84.6%)
.

, ,
.

,
. -
,
- (11,
83.1%) .

, -
,

.

: , , ,
,

 &

Abstract
Title:

Burden (consequences) for family members and other

individuals who care for patients with mental
disorders in Crete

by:

Vasiliki Sapouna, Social Worker

Supervisor:

1. C. Lionis, Associate Professor, Department of Social

Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete,
Greece
2. P. Bitsios, Assistant Professor, Department of
Psychiatry

and

Behavioral

Sciences,

School

of

Medicine, University of Crete, Greece

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the consequences n family caregivers
and other individuals who are responsible for the care of patients with mental
disorders in Crete

The study followed a cross-sectional design with a pre-selected sample of 65

individuals and family members taking care of patients with mental disorders from
the four prefectures of Crete, drawn from the Institution of Chronic Mentally Ill in
Chania. The Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire was used for the identification
of consequences for individuals and members of families who were taking care of
patients with mental disorders, after being translated into Greek. The translated
and validated into Greek, Nottingham Health Profile on the measurement of
quality of life of individuals and members of families was also used.
4

 &

The majority of caregivers were married women, mainly mothers, with a mean age
of 62 years. The majority of patients (55, 84.6%) with mental disorders in our study
lived with their families. The most common worries of relatives caregivers were
about the patient's health, future, safety and financial position.

The consequences following the care of patients with major mental disorders in the
quality of life of their relatives were demonstrated in the emotional reaction, the
energy and the pain section. Women caregivers reported more health problems
with a tendency to increase with age, whereas interesting was the finding that
caregivers did not addressed to the primary health care physicians in a high
percentage (11, 83.1%).

In conclusion the relatives-caregivers on Crete suffer the consequences from their

involvement on the care of patients with major mental disorders, but an additional
research remains to be conducted for the systematic description of the current
situation and the comparison with other health regions in Greece and Europe.

Keywords: family burden, caregiver, mental disorders, schizophrenia, quality of

live

 &

Abstract

10

1.
1.1. :
1.2.

1.3.

14

1.4.

11

16

18

1.5.

22

1.6.

24

2.

2.1.

2.2.

2.1.1. -

25

2.1.2.

25

2.2.1.

28
6

 &

2.2.2.

32

2.2.3.

33

2.3.

33

3.
3.1.

3.2.

36

37

3.2.1.

37

3.2.2.

39

3.2.3.

40

3.2.4.

42

3.2.5.

43

3.2.6.

45

3.2.7.
.

45

3.2.8. ,

46

3.2.9. ,

3.3.

46

3.4.

47

49
7

 &

3.5.
(Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire)

49

4.
4.1.

51

4.2.

51

4.3.

55

5.

57

6.

66

67

79

84

1.

2.
3.

(Involvement

Evaluation

Questionnaire-EQ)
4. Nottingham (Nottingham Health
Profile - N.H.P.)
5.

-EQ

 &

.
.
. .
. , MD, MSc, DipLHTM, PhD, ,

.
. , PhD, ,
. - ,
.
. ,

.
. .
.
,
, , .
.

 &

.
. .
, ,

10

 &

1.
1.1. :

,
/
.
,
. ,
, ,

( , 2002).

(...)

(ICD-10, World Health
Organization, 1993). V,
(ICD-10)
( , 1992),

. , (...,
, 1998).
11

 &

ICD-10

, .

, .

,

.

, ,
.
12

 &

10% ,
20-25% (World
Health Organization 2001).
,
.

. ,
, 30% (Kessler et al,
1994). ... 14
(, 1994; Ustun nd Sartorious, 1995) 24%
( 22%) (..)
.
1420% (Madianos et al., 1985; , 2000).

... ,
(, 2003),
...

13

 &

1.2. -

... (2001),
12%
.

12.3%
, 31% (YLDs)
6 20 .
2020
15%
.
(Murray and Lopez,1996).

, , ,
, (Becker et al., 1999; Scott
and Dickey, 2003). ,
,
, (Knapp et al., 1997).

14

 &

, , ,
.
, ,
,
, , ,
(Sartorius, 1998; stman and Kjellin, 2002).

,
(Fadden et al.,
1987; Winefield and Harvey, 1994).

,
( , 2000; , 1990; , 1990),


.

15

 &

1.3.

, ,
,
, ( , 1990).

,
(informal caregiver),
(Schene et al., 1998). ,
,
,
(Tessler et al., 1987).

, ,
, (Sartorious, 1998) ,
.

.
(normal care) (caregiving)

, ,
(Schene et al., 1996).

16

 &

(, , ,
), EPSILON study, (Meijer et al., 2004)
,
(60%), 2/4 (/), 1/4 1/4 .
57% .

Schene, Winjgaarden Koeter (1988),

(YPSILON) ,
( ) 10
(48.9%) 4 10 (40.4%),
(71.3%). (80%), 7.3% ,
9.2% , 1.3% , 0.8%
0.4% .

Winefield and Harvey (1994),

, 14.2
.

17

 &

1.4.
.
(caregiving burden) (family burden) (Schene et al., 1994).

,

, ,
.

(burden) ,
, ,

(Fadden et al., 1987).

(Schene et al., 1994).

,
,
. (distress)

.

18

 &

. ,
, , ,
.
(expressed emotion)
(Scazufca and Kuipers,
1996).
,
, (Schene et al., 1998).

(Schene et al., 1998). Chakrabarti
Kulhara (1999) (,
)
. ,
, 30-60%
distress, General Health
Questionnaire (Birchwood and Cochrane, 1990; Oldridge and Hughes, 1992; Winefield and
Harvey, 1993; McGilloway et al., 1997).

.

19

 &

Schene, Winjgaarden Koeter (1988), 480 ,

,
. ,
200
. (
) ,
,
.
,
(Biegel et al., 1991).

,
. (sense of control)
(, ) .

.

EPSILON (Meijer et al., 2004),

,
, ,
.

20

 &

(Magliano et al.,
2000),
.

21

 &

1.6.



,
. ,
(Alivisatos Lyketsos, 1964;
Dimitriou , 1978) ( , 1968;
, 1978; utrelakos Gedeon, 1978; , 1983;
adianos , 1987; , 1992; ,
1997).

.
.

,

(Madianos Economou, 1994; Stefanis et al., 1995; Bibou-Nakou, 1997).

22

 &

,
,

.

23

 &

1.7. -
:
1.
;
2.
, ;
3. ;

,
:

1. .
2. ,
.
3.
.

24

 &

2.
2.1.
2.1.1. -

,
, , ,
2005. 2001,
594,368 ( ,
2004).


(....).
....
-
. ....,

.

2.1.2.

(cross-sectional study).

25

 &

.
1.
1. *

- F20#

:
-

F31

:
-

F32#

-

* : .
, ..., , 1998.
26

 &

M .

- F 20#, - F 31,
- F 32#.

> 5
.... 1999.

6
.

>18

. -
: ,
(Oyebode, 2003).

, 230. (65)
.
. 165 ( . 1) :
: 15
: 16
:10
27

 &

:19
M : 22
: 83 .

2.2.
2.2.1.

/.
(Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire/Q),

Nottingham (Nottingham Health Profile Health Profile/NHP),
.

( Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire

EUROPEAN VERSION/ IEQ - EU, AH Schene, B van Wijngaarden & MWJ Koeter, 2001)
.
1940 1992 1987 10
. IEQ
1987 1990.
,
, 1992,
28

 &

I,

I,

, , , .

, ,
, , , , EPSILON study (European Psychiatric Services: Inputs Linked
to Outcome Domains and Needs)

(Cronbach's alpha=0.90, Intra Class Correlations=0.90).

IEQ .
IEQ,
,
.
81
:
1. ( 1-15)
2. ( 1646)
3. ( 47-54)
4. 12 (General Health Questionnaire 12)
( 55-66)
5. ( 67-69)
6. ( 70-80)
7. ( 81)

29

 &

, IEQ,
.
Likert :
) ( 29-35, 42-43),
(, ).
) ( 22-26, 29),
,
/ .
) ( 37-41, 43),
,
, , .
) ( 16-21, 27-28),
, ,
.

IEQ

(Involvement
Evaluation Questionnaire-EU) AH Schene,
( )

.
Trust Scientific Advisory Committee SAC (Medical Outcomes Trust
30

 &

Bulletin, 1997). o
(forward translation) .

, (back translation)
AH Schene.
(cultural adaptation)

.

(cognitive debriefing interview).
.
H / IEQ, (21
). (test-retest
relibility) 21 ,
, .
(1-18/6/2005 ,
29/6-15/7/2005 ).
: , ,
.

31

 &

Nottingham ( )

1981 Hunt, McEven Mcenna.

, , , , , ,
. .
. , . (Vidalis et al. 2002).
. 38 (statements)
(/) : , , , ,
. ,
0 100. (/)
, , ( ),
, , ,
0 1. .

2.2.2.

.

, .
2005.

32

 &

(2/12/2004)
( ).

(WHO, 2000) ( ).

2.3.

:
()
() Nottingham

33

 &

( (P-value)<0.05)
SPSS 13.0.

,
.

, .
(, , , ).
,
, 95% ( = 5%).
:

( )

Pearsons r

( ) x2

( ,
)
(One-way ANOVA). ,
, post-hoc
.

x2 - statistic, Monte Carlo.
34

 &

Enter.

,
.

Mann-Witney U-test, Kruskal- Wallis one-way analysis of variance.

IEQ :
)

-internl

consistency:

Cronbach's alpha,
Cronbach's alpha 0.7 (Cronbach's alpha >0.7) Intra
Class Correlation (Streiner and Norman, 1995).

) Test-retest relibility:
kappa (cohen kappa coefficient).
.

35

 &

3.
3.1. ,

1
. 65
62.64 (. . 10.97 ). ,
(54, 83.1%) (11, 16.9%).
(21, 32.3%) , ,
50% (34 , ) .
, (47, 72.3%). , (
38.5%), 500-800 , (
30.8%) 800-1200. 85% (55) ,
/ .
, / (43, 66.2%), / (1, 1.5%), (3, 4.6%),
(4, 6.2%), (8,12.3%)
(52, 80.0%).
2
.

(40, 61.5%) (25, 38.5%)

, 44.4 (. . 12.5 ). (29,

44.6%) 1991-1999, (19, 29.2%)
36

 &

1981-1990 26.2% (17 )

.

3.2.
3.2.1.

3
, .

(42, 64.6%) 65

.

. (33, 50.8%),
,
(26, 40.0%) .

, / ,
(29, 44.6%) , (31, 47.7%) .

/ (25, 38.5%)
(29, 44.6%) .

37

 &

, (42, 64.6%) , ,

.

(52, 80.0%)

(67.7%)
.

(6, 9.2%)
, ,
, (16, 24.6%) .

1.78
(.. 1.66, 95% =1.37-2.20) ( 11).
1 (89.2%) 3 ( 5).

(Pearson r= - 0.199, p=0.116). 1.85
(.. 1.74) 1.45 (.. 1.21) t-test
(t = 0.720, df = 63, p=
0.474).
(F= 0.560, p=0.693),
, , , , , , , (F=1.572, p=
1.163).
38

 &

, (F=1.206, p= 0.318)
( 4).

3.2.2.

5
, .

(69.2%)
( , )
(81.5%) .
/ (53.8%)
. / (76.9%)
(90.8%) .
(64.6%) ,
.

0.91 ( .. 1.32, 95% .=0.58-1.23).

95% 4 57% 0 ( 6).
(Pearson r= - 0.003, p=0.979).
0.98 (.. 1.36)
0.55 (.. 1.04) , (t=0.999,
39

 &

df=63, p= 0.322).
(F= 2.022, p=0.103), ( ,
, , , , , , ) (F=3.773, p= 0.002)
(F=1.171, p=
0.333),
((F=6.911, p= 0.011) ( 6).

3.2.3.

7 ,
.
,
, 7 , 10.8% .
, , /
, 15 , 23.1% .
,
15.4% ( 10 ) .
/ 9.2%
, , 3 ( 4.6%)
.

40

 &

/
24.6% (16 ).
3.74 (.. 1.96, 95% .=3.25- 4.22). H
6, 26%
(72%) 3 6 ( 7).
(Pearson r=
0.383, p=0.002).
4.17(..:
1.82) 1.64 (..: 1.12) (t=4.427, df=63, p=0.005

(F= 0.887, p=0.478), (:
, , , , , , , ), (F=
0.780,p=0.606). -
(p=0.038).

(F=1.600, p=0.186),

((F=3.864, p= 0.054) ( 8).

41

 &

3.2.4.

9 ,
.

22 (33.8%) 27
(41.5%) .
42 (64.6%) .
22 (33.8%) 24 (36.9%)
.
11
(16.9%) .
K ( ,
), 33 (50.8%) .
40 (61.5%) .

3.62 (.. 2.35, 95% .=3.03-4.20).

0, 3
6 43% 2 4 ( 8).

(Pearson r= - 0.079, p=0.535).
3.63 (..:3.63)
3.55 (..: 3.55) (t=0.107,
df=63, p= 0.915).
42

 &

(F= 1.323, p=0.272).

/ (: , , , ,
, , , )
(F=2.993, p=0.10).
( =7.50) - ( =3.53), p=0.039 ( =7.50) -
( = 2.75), p=0.032.

,
(F=1.392, p=1.095),
,
((F=4.477, p= 0.038) ( 10).

3.2.5

11 o
IEQ.

9.25
4.796 (.. 4.796, ..= 8.06-10.43). 75%
12. H 8, 7
(10.8% ) 11 (12.3% ) ( 9).

43

 &

(Pearson r= 0.035, p=0.786).
6.91 (..: 6.91) 9.72 (4.84).

(F= 1.323, p=0.272). (: ,
, , , , , , )
(F=1.964, p=0.076).
,
(> 500, 500-800, 800-1400 , 1400-2400 , 2400-3500, < 3500 ),
(F=1.089 p=0.36),
, (1-4 , 5-8 , 9-16
, 17-32 , < 32 ) (Pearson Chi-Square=
5.858, df=4, p=0.21).

((F=8.588, p= 0.005) ( 12).

44

 &

3.2.6.
,

, .

, / ,

,
, .

( ) (t= - 2.590, p=0.012),
/
. (R2 =23.1%),

( 13).

3.2.7.
.

14

45

 &

. (45, 69.3%)
. (3.22)
(3.0)
( 11).

3.2.8. ,
,
: 7 (10.8%), 2
(3.1%), 4 (6.2%) 10 (15.4),
3 (4.6%), 3 (4.6%), 29 (44.6%).

15
50 ,
(33.8%).

3.2.9. ,
, (48, 73%)
. ,

( 16.9%) /

,
46

 &

: 12 , (18.5%).
12 (18.5%) .

3.3.

( N.H.P.)
61 , 11 (18%) ( =0)
24 (39.3%)
(=100).
9 (14.8%)

( =0 ) 11 (18%) (=100).
11 (18%) (=0) 3
(4.9%) (=100).
22 (36.1%) (=0) 9
(14.8%) (=100), 10 (16.4%)
( =0) 2 (3.3%)
(=100) 20 (32.8%)
( =0) 2 (3.3%) 6 8
(=66.47)
:
, 64.86 ( 63.20)
47

 &

60.64 ( 76.25)
, 42.21 ( 42.14)
, 40.31 ( 36.06)
, 39.40 ( 39.83)
, 25.08 ( 31.29)

/
NHP (, ,
, , , ) (p=0,01).

((Pearson r = 0.026, p=0.843), (Pearson r= 0.091, p=0.490),

(Pearson r=-0.073, p=0.579), (Pearson r= 0.060, p=0.647).

(Pearson r= 0.257, p=0.047).

.

( 33.16,
20, p=0.025), (p=0.041) (p=0.007).

(p=0.127),
(p=0.103) (t= -0.893, df=59, p=0.376).
48

 &

N.H.P.

(, , ,

, , - )
(29, 65.9%), (37, 60.7%) (31,
70.5%).

3.4. (IEQ ..P)

.

(t=2.952, p=0.005)

(t=-1.636, p=0.108) ( 17).

3.5.
(Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire EUROPEAN VERSION/ IEQ EU)
(Reliability)
1) -internl consistency
(n=65), Cronbach's alpha
0.806 Intra Class
49

 &

Correlation 0.806. Cronbach's

alpha 0.717 Intra Class Correlation 0.717.
Cronbach's alpha 0.853 Intra Class
Correlation 0.853. Cronbach's
alpha 0.782 Intra Class Correlation 0.782.
( 18) Cronbach's alpha Intra Class Correlation = 0.831,
IEQ EU (Schene et al, 2002).

2) (Test-retest relibility)

: kappa 86.8%
(kappa=0.868,
p<0.0005). 21 1
.

:
kappa 100%

(kappa=1.000, p<0.002).

50

 &

4.

4.1.
,
.
(65
230) .

,

.

4.2.
, ,

.

(59, 90.8%)
(43, 66.2%) , (Schene
et al. 1988, Meijer et al, 2004).
51

 &

(54, 83.1%),
62.6 ,
(Winefield and Harvey, 1994, Schene et al, 1998).
,

.
, ,
.

, (52, 80%)

(Thornicroft et al, 2003).
, ,
83.1% (53 )

32 ,

(Harvey et al, 2201).

, (p<0.05).
Greenberg (1995)

.

52

 &

- (p<0.05), , ,
.

,
(p<0.05) .

(Greenberg,1995).

(Thornicroft et al, 2003, Wasow, 1994)
, (p<0.05).
(Schene et al, 1998),
, .
,
, ,
.

(p<0.05), (p<0.05), (p<0.05)
(p<0.05).

,
(70.8%)
53

 &

, , o 53.9%
.
, (, )
, ,
. EPSILON,
,
(Thornicroft et al, 2003).

(, , ,
)
,
,
, (Schene et al,
1998).

-
...
(Stefanson, 2001),
. ,
,
.
/ (p<0.05).
Schene et al. (1998) Tennakoon et al. (2000).

54

 &

, (Winefield
1994, Fadden 1987),
Nottingham (N.H.P.), :

Camberwell High

Contact Survey, Experience of Caregiving Inventory.

(p<0.05), (p<0.05)
(p<0.05). , ,

(p<0.05),

N.H.P.
, (29, 65.9%),
(37, 60.7%) (31, 70.5%0.
,

.
,
.

4.3.


(
55

 &

, , , ).
.

.

56

B
Alivisatos G, Lyketsos G. A preliminary report of research into the families of hospitalised
mentally patients. International Journal of Psychiatry, 1964; 10, 37-44.

Barrowclough C, Parle M. Appraisal, psychological adjustment and expressed emotion in

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Fadden G, Bebbington P, Kuipers L. The burden of care: the impact of functional psychiatric
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Leff J. Family work for schizophrenia: practical application. Acta Psychiatric Scandinavia, 2002;
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Madianos M, Madianou D, Vlachonikolis J, Stefanis C. Attitudes towards mental illness in the

Athens area: Implications for community mental health intervention. Acta pcychiatr. scand.
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Malcolm H. A primary mental health-care model for rural Australia: outcomes for doctors and
the community. Aust. J. Rural Health, 2000; 8, 167172

McCrone P, Leese M, Thornicroft G, Schene A, Knudsen HC, Vasquez-Barquero JL, Tansella M,

Becker T for the EPSILON Study Group. A comparison of needs of patients in five European
countries: the EPSILON Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 103 : 370-379.

McGilloway S, Donnelly M, Mays N. The experience of caring for former long-stay psychiatric
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, , .
. 1983; 20: 59-63.

, .
. 2003; 20(3).

, . . 2004;
21(3).

, .

. . , , 2000: 175-179.

, . : .
, 2004; 41:2.

, . .
, 1984; 55: 21-45.

62

 &

.
/ : . Hellenic
Psychiatry General Hospital, 2003; 1(1).

. ., ., . . .
. 1986; 23: 251-257.

.
(Assertive Community Treatment).
. 2003; 20(3).

, ,

. , 1983; 20: 8-83.

, , , .
: . ,
1984; 21: 162-167.

M . .
. . , , 2000; 69-76.

, .
. , 1981; 18: 36-41.

, , , , .
.
, 1992; 1: 195-207.

M. .
. . , , 2000; 69-76.

63

 &

M, M, E, .
. , .
2001; 18(3):239-253.

(...) . ICD 10/

V. , , . (.) . . 1993.

(...) . -ICD10/
V. .. , . . (.). . . 1998.

, . . ,
. 2001; 18(5):444-445.

(Assertive

Community

Treatment):

. 2003;
20(3):243-250.

, . :
. 1990; 57(3), 238-246.

, ,
2001, : , , 2002.

, . : .
2001; 18(3):218-229.

, .
. , 1997; 8, 33-40.

64

 &

65

 &

66

 &

1.

=230

=65

=15

=165

=16

=83

=10

.
=22

=19

: 61%

67

 &

1.

/ (n= 65)

(..)
()

62.6 (10.9)

(%)

54 (83.1%)
11 (16.9%)

21 (32.3%)
34 (52.3%)
2 (3.1%)
2 (3.1%)
6

(9.2%)

7 (10.8%)
47 (72.3%)
2 (3.1%)
9 (13.8%)

()
> 500
500-800
800-1400
1400-2400
2400-3500
< 3500

18
25
20
2
-

(27.7%)
(38.5%)
(30.8%)
(3.1%)

//
/

4 (6.2%)
55 (84.6%)
3 (4.6%)
3 (4.6%)
-

68

 &

1.
/ (n= 65)

n (%)


/
/
/

/

43 (62.2%)
1 (1.5%)
3 (4.6%)
4 (6.2%)
8 (12.3%)
3 (4.6%)
2 (3.1%)
1 (1.5%)

13 (20.0%)
52 (80.0%)

()

1-9
10-19
20-30

5 (7.7%)
2 (3.0%)
3 (4.6%)
55 (84.6%)

> 1
1-4
5-8
9-16
17-32
< 32

1 (1.5%)
6 (9.2%)
1 (1.5%)
3 (4.6%)
54 (83.1%)

69

 &

2.

(n= 65)

(..)
()

44.4 (12.5)

n (%)

25

(38.5%)

40

(61.5%)

1970 1980

17 (26.2%)

1981 - 1990

19 (29.2%)

1991 1999

29 (44.6%)

70

 &

3.

/ (n= 65)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

11 (16.9%)

7 (10.8%)

5 (7.7%)

26 (40.0%)

33 (50.8%)

2 (3.1%)

3 (4.6%)

1 (1.5%)

29 (44.6%)

31 (47.7%)

4 (6.2%)

1 (1.5%)

25 (38.5%)

29 (44.6%)

2 (3.1%)

4 (6.2%)

5 (7.7%)

42 (64.6%)

20 (30.8%)

3 (4.6%)

52 (80.0%)

9 (13.8%)

4 (6.2%)

44 (67.7%)

18 (27.7%)

3 (4.6%)

6 (9.2%)

27 (41.5%)

8 (12.3%)

15 (23.1%)

9 (13.8%)

16 (24.6%)

9 (13.8%0

16 (24.6%)

12 (18.5%)

12 (18.5%)

n (%)

42 (64.6%)

n (%)

4. ,

P
(P-value)

r = -0.199

p = 0.116

t = 0.720

p = 0.474

F = 0.560

p = 0.693

F = 1.572

p = 0.163

F = 1.206

p = 0.318

71

 &

5.

/ (n= 65)

n (%)

2 (3.1%)

5 (7.7%)

3 (4.6%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

( ,
)

45 (69.2%)

n (%)
10 (15.4%)

53 (81.5%)

5 (7.7%)

2 (3.1%)

4 (6.2%)

1 (1.5%)

35 (53.8%)

12 (18.5%)

8 (12.3%)

6 (9.2%)

4 (6.2%)

50 (76.9%)

4 (6.2%)

1 (1.5%)

6 (9.2%)

4 (6.2%)

59 (90.8%)

5 (7.7%)

1 (1.5%)

42 (64.6%)

11 (16.9%)

7 (10.8%)

5 (7.7%)

6. ,

P
(P-value)

r = -0.003

p = 0.979

t = 0.999

p = 0.322

F = 2.022

p = 0.103

F = 3.773

p = 0.002

F = 1.171

p = 0.333

F = 6.911

p = 0.011

72

 &

7.

/ (n= 65)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

7 (10.8%)

19 ( 29.2%)

7 (10.8%)

15 (23.1%)

17 (26.2%)

15 (23.1%)

23 (35.4%)

11 (16.9%)

10 (15.4%)

6 (9.2%)

10 (15.4%)

21 (32.3%)

7 (10.8%0

21 (32.3%)

6 (9.2%)

6 (9.2%)

10 (15.4%)

5 (7.7%)

16 (24.6%)

28 (43.1%)

3 (4.6%)

8 (12.3%)

4 (6.2%)

16 (24.6%)

34 (52.3%)

16 (24.6%)

16 (24.6%)

12 (18.5%)

12 (18.5%)

n (%)

9 (13.8%)

8. ,

P
(P-value)

r = 0.383

p = 0.002

t = 4.427

p = 0.000

F = 0.887

p = 0.478

F = 0.780

p = 0.606

F = 1.600

p = 0.186

F = 3.864

p = 0.054

73

 &

9.
/ (n= 65)

n (%)

22 (33.8%)

9 (13.8%)

10 (15.4%)

5 (7.7%)

19 (29.2%)

27 (41.5%)

10 (15.4%)

5 (7.7%)

5 (7.7%)

18 (27.7%)

42 (64.6%)

13 (20.0%)

4 (6.2%)

2 (3.1%)

4
(6.2%)

22 (33.8%)

14 (21.5%)

5 (7.7%)

3 (4.6%)

21 (32.3%)

24 (36.9%)

14 (21.5%)

2 (3.1%)

10 (15.4%)

15 (23.1%)

11 (16.9%)

5 (7.7%)

8 (12.3%)

16 (24.6%)

23 (35.4%)

( ,
)

10
(15.4%)

11 (16.9%)

6 (9.2%)

5 (7.7%)

33 (50.8%)

40 (61.5%)

9 (13.8%)

5 (7.7%)

9 (13.8%)

2 (3.1%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

10. ,

P
(P-value)

r= -0.079

p= 0.535

t = 0 .107

p = 0.915

F = 1.323

p = 0.272

F = 2.993

p = 0.010

F = 1.392

p = 1.095

F = 4.477

p = 0.038

74

 &

11. , 95% ,
, ,

1.78

1.663

1.37 -

2.20

0.91

1.320

0.58 -

1.23

3.74

1.963

3.25 -

4.22

3.62

2.356

3.03 -

4.20

9.25

4.796

8.06 -

10.43

95% ..*

*. .:

12. ,

P
(P-value)

r = 0.035

p = 0.786

t = 1.804

p = 0.076

F = 1.133

p = 0.350

F = 1.964

p = 0.076

F = 0.248

p = 0.367

F = 1.089

p = 0.360

F = 8.588

p = 0.005

75

 &

13.
, (
: )

/
/

R Square

0.480

Durbin-Watson

1.440

3.539

Sig.

0.007

S. E.*

P
(P-value)

344.124

130.501

2.637

0.011

- 0.170

0.065

-2.590

0.012

4.971

2.054

2.420

0.019

- 3.121

1.820

-1.715

0.092

- 0.668

2.110

-0.316

0.753

2.678

1.701

1.574

0.121

* S. E. : standard error

14.

/
n (%)

5 (7.7%)

15 (23.1)

13 (20.0%)

25 (38.5%)

7 (10.8%)

76

(n =65)

 &

15. ,

/ (n =65)
n (%)

7 (10.8%)

2 (3.1%)

4 (6.2%)

10 (15,4)

3 (4.6%)

3 (4.6%)

29 (44.6%)

> 50

22 (33.8%)

50 - 80

13 (14.3%)

80 - 200

22 (33.8%)

200 - 400

5 (7.7%)

< 400

5 (7.7%)

16. ..

25.08

31.29

40.31

36.06

39.40

39.83

64.86

63.20

60.64

76.25

42.21

42.14

77

 &

17.
( : )

S. E.*

P
(P-value)

4.534

1.129

4.016

0.000

0.035

0.027

1.271

0.209

0.073

0.025

2.952

0.005

0.012

0.021

0.576

0.567

0.007

0.024

0.314

0.755

0.016

0.026

0.629

0.532

- 0.087

0.053

-1.636

0.108

R Square

0.417

Durbin-Watson

2.010

6.425

Sig.

0.000

* S. E. : standard error

18. Cronbach's alpha, Intra Class

Correlations IEQ

Q-EU

Q-EU

Cronbach's

Cronbach's

Intra Class
Correlations

Intra Class
Correlations

0.806

0.81

0.806

0.89

29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,

9
35, 42, 43

22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29

0.717

0.77

0.717

0.83

37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43

0.853

0.84

0.853

0.84

0.782

0.79

0.782

0.89

0.831

0.90

0.831

0.90

16, 17,18, 19, 20,

21,27, 28

27

16 - 35, 37 - 43

78

 &

1. /

2. /

79

 &

()

( /
)

/-

/

3.

/-
/-
/-
/-

4. /

80

 &

Histogram

25

Frequency

20

15

10

Mean = 1,78
Std. Dev. = 1,663
N = 65

0
0

TENSION

5.

Histogram

40

Frequency

30

20

10

Mean = 0,91
Std. Dev. = 1,32
N = 65

0
0

SUPERVI

6.

81

 &

Histogram

20

Frequency

15

10

Mean = 3,74
Std. Dev. = 1,963
N = 65

0
0

WORRY

7.

Histogram

12

10

Frequency

2
Mean = 3,62
Std. Dev. = 2,356
N = 65

0
0

URGING

8.

82

 &

Histogram

12

10

Frequency

2
Mean = 9,25
Std. Dev. = 4,796
N = 65

0
0

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

SUMSCOR

9.

Descriptive Statistics

Statistics
Mean

3,500

3,000

Values

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

0,500

Variables

10. E ,

83

 &

(Involvement Evaluation QuestionnaireEQ)

Nottingham (Nottingham Health Profile N.H.P.)

EQ

84