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Measure Zero
Measure Zero
inf
(In ) = 0
inf
(In ) = 0
inf
(In ) = 0
where {In } is a nite or countable collection of open intervals and (a, b ) = b a. In other words, A has measure 0 if for every > 0 there are open intervals I1 , I2 , . . . , In , . . . such that A In and (In ) .
A nite, A = {x1 , . . . , xk }
2k
, xj +
2k
), j = 1, . . . , k .
k
Ij ,
A nite, A = {x1 , . . . , xk } Proof : Given > 0, let Ij = (xj Then (Ij ) = and k
k
2k
, xj +
2k
), j = 1, . . . , k .
k
A
j =1
Ij ,
(Ij ) = .
j =1
A countable, e.g., A = Q, the rational numbers Proof : Suppose A = {xn } n=1 . Given > 0, let In = (xn 2n+1 , xn + 2n+1 ), n = 1, 2, . . . .
A countable, e.g., A = Q, the rational numbers Proof : Suppose A = {xn } n=1 . Given > 0, let In = (xn 2n+1 , xn + 2n+1 ), n = 1, 2, . . . .
Then (In ) = 2n , A
In
n=1
A countable, e.g., A = Q, the rational numbers Proof : Suppose A = {xn } n=1 . Given > 0, let In = (xn 2n+1 , xn + 2n+1 ), n = 1, 2, . . . .
In
n=1
(In ) =
n=1 n=1
2n
= .
The Cantor set A is constructed inductively. Let 1 2 A1 = [0, 1] \ ( , ). 3 3 Obtain An+1 from An by removing the open middle third of each remaining interval.
The Cantor set A is constructed inductively. Let 1 2 A1 = [0, 1] \ ( , ). 3 3 Obtain An+1 from An by removing the open middle third of each remaining interval. Then
A=
n=1
An .
The map
j =1
aj > 3j
j =1
aj /2 2j
An =
k =1
1 . 3n
An =
k =1
1 . 3n
An =
k =1
1 . 3n
an,k
and
A An
k =1
In,k ,
k =1
(In,k ) =
2n 2n+1 + 0 as n 3n 10n
so A has measure 0.
Sets of Measure Zero