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Irr Ever Sibi Lty
Irr Ever Sibi Lty
lost-work = ToSgen
T
T To
Carnot
Available energy unavailable
T
T
Isobaric process
Available
To
unavailable
S
T WrevH . E . = Q Qo = Q 1 o T
Q Q S = = o T rev To WrevH . E . = Q To S
Definitions Availability (exergy): maximum reversible work without the additional heat transfers Irreversibility = reversible work actual work Descriptions of reversible work and irreversibility (three processes) A. STEADY PROCESS(power plants or refrigerators), no KE and PE TH
q inlet
q = ( he hi ) + w (1st law)
exit From 2nd law, irreversible process such that
cv
w
1 dS q = ( se si ) = s gen > 0 dt m TH
School of Mechanical Engineering, ChungAng University
Title
rev 1 dS q qo = ( se si ) =0 dt m TH To rev = To ( se si ) q qo
TH
q inlet qrev
To TH
rev
=q+q
rev o
( he hi )
cv
exit wrev
T w rev = To ( se si ) ( he hi ) + q 1 o TH
T0
irreversibility i
i=w
rev
w To TH
= To ( se si ) q
Comments 1. without k.E.and P.E. 2. for nozzles and diffusers, these terms should be involved 3. for these cases, total enthalpy should be used
B. Control mass process No k.E.and P.E. changes assumed 1st law of thermodynamics
1
TH
1Q2
1W2
Q2 = U 2 U 1 + 1 W2
1
TO
1W2
rev = TO ( S2 S1 ) 1 Q2 QO
TO TH
TH
1Q2
rev (U 2 U 1 ) W2rev =1 Q2 + QO
I 2 =1 W2rev 1 W2 TO TH
= TO ( S2 S1 ) 1 Q2
TO + 1 Q2 (U 2 U 1 ) TH
= TO ( S2 S1 ) 1 Q2
T = TO ( S2 S1 ) (U 2 U 1 ) + 1 Q2 1 O TH
Title
T = TO ( S2 S1 ) O = TO 1 S 2, gen TH
C. Transient process
Wcrev . v = TO ( m 2 s2 m1 s1 ) ( m 2 u2 m1 u1 ) + TO ( me se m i si ) 1 TO ( me he mi hi ) + Q cv TH 1 TO = mi ( hi TO si ) me ( he TO se ) + m1 ( u1 TO s1 ) m2 ( u2 TO s2 ) + Q cv TH Q TO = mi hi miTO si me he + meTO se + m1u1 m2 u2 m1TO s1 + m2TO s2 + Q cv cv TH