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History of Christianity
,mefomoem.
omoem. ordik ;f
c&pf,mef omoem ordik ;f onf c&pfawmfEiS hf ol@w ynfah wmf 12 yg;. omomemjyKr_/ acwf+ydKif *dk%;f
uGrJ sm;rS c&pf,mef toif;awmfrsm;ESifh c&pf,mefbmomw&m;wdk@ ,SuEf ,G v
f #u&f adS yonf? c&pf,mef
omoemonf tmjAm[H. omoemwpfck jzpfonf? ‚onf tjcm;bmomrsm;ESifh uGJjym;r_rmS
c&pf,mef wdk@u c&pfawmfonf xm0&bk&m;/ om;awmf [lI jzpfa=umif; t,lxm;r_yif? c&pf,mef
trsm;pku }wdum, crnf;awmf/ om;awmf ESifh oef@&iS ;f aom 0dnm^fawmf [lI oH;k yg;wpfql
0g'udk ,H=k unf=uayonf? c&pf,mefrsm; t=um;Y jrifjh rwfjcif;/ a,&_. vlom; obm0ESifh bk&m;
ocif. }wdum, obm0rsm;ESifh ywfoufI ,H=k unfr_ oDt&kd rD sm; uGJjym;v#uf &Sad yonf? TuGJjym;r_
rsm;onf ,ae@xyd if jzpfayonf?
rsm;pGmaom c&pf,mef *k% d ;f rsm;u toif;awmf qdo k nfudk vlom;wd@k tm; u,fwif&ef bH&k dyo f m[k
em;vnf oabmayguf xm;=uayonf? Todk@ vufcx H m;r_rmS umodv k pfESihf y&dw
k ufpwifh toif;
awmf ESpcf v k ;Hk rSm udu k nf rD &_ SdI olwdk@u toif;awmfwiG f;Y c&pfawmfonf oef@&iS f;aom 0dnm^f
awmftm;jzifh qufvuf aexdik o f nf[k em;vnfxm;ayonf? umodv k pf &d;k &mwGif toif;awmfonf
c&pfawmf. ud, k cf E<mjzpf+yD; / y&dwk ufpw f ifh toif;awmfurl c&pf,mef bmom0if tm;vH;k onf
c&pfawmf. ud, k cf E<m jzpfonf[k a,bk,s tjrif &Sd=uayonf? tcsdK@aom y&dw k ufpwf ifh bmoma&;
okawoDrsm;u ‚udk toif;awmf}u;D [k ac:I a,bk,stm;jzifh ,H=k unforl sm;ESihf c&pfawmfwdk@.
yk*v~ qufqHa&;ay: tav;ay;aom toif;awmfi,f *dk%;f rsm;ESifh zDvmv#uf &Sad yonf? odk@aomf
tjcm;aom c&pf,mefrsm;u “toif;awmf [lonf tm;vH;k twGuf r[kwaf cs? trSet f m;jzifh ‚
onf ,H=k unforl sm;. yk*v ~ u d pkq&kH m Xmeom jzpf./ acwfwikd ;f a'owdik ;f rS ,H=k unforl sm;. aemuf
qH;k pGef qHq
k nf;&mrSm aumifuif; bHo k m jzpf./ xdk@a=umifh toif;awmf. ordik ;f a=umif;onf bHw k dk@.
ordik ;f a=umif; r[kwo f nfh tjyif ,H=k unforl sm; t=um; avmuESihf umv. t"du tjzpft ysuf}uD;.
ta=umif;t&m (urBmh ed*;Hk ) vnf; r[kwaf cs/” [k qdk=u.?
c&pf,mefomoemonf at'D 1 &mpkwiG f a*s&q k vifrS pwifco Jh nf? at'D 301 od@k r[kwf 314 wGif
tmar;eD;,m;Edik if H. Edik fiaH wmfbmom jzpfvmcJo h nf? at'D 325 wGif tDo, D dky;D ,m;. Edik if Hawmf
bmom/ at'D 337 wGif a*smf*s, D m. Edik if Hawmfbmom/ ESihf at'D 380 wGif a&mrtifyg,m. Edik if H
awmf bmomjzpfvmcJo h nf? jzmxGuu f mv (at'D 15 &mpkEiS hf 17 &mpk) wGif wurBmvH;k jyef@ES@H oGm;+yD;
urBmh t}u;D qH;k bmomjzpfvmcJo h nf?
rmwdum-
m-
c&pf,mefrsm;u c&pfawmfonf aoqH;k +yD; oH;k &ufaemufwiG f cE<mawmftm;jzifh jyefvnf &Sijf yefomG ;cJh
onf[k ,H=k unf=uI tkwf*al [mif;avmif; (empty tomb) ordik ;f onf ordik ;f qdik &f m tcsut f vuf
c&pf,mefomoem
omoem a&S;OD;umv
umv (at'D 33-
33- 325)
at'D 1 &mpkwiG f *sL;bmom. *dk%;f wpfct k jzpf *&d a&mrtifyg,m twGi;f ESihf tjyifodk@ pwifI
omomem jyef@ESaH om tcsdefEiS fh at'D 313 uGepf wefwED b dk ,f onf *&dwf eef;wufvm+yD; c&pf,mef
wdk@tm; Edik if aH wmfvky}f uHru
_ mv tqH;k epfcsD (,ae@ wl& uDEikd if H tdpfepf) yxr oHCm,em txd
umvudk c&pf,mef omoem. a&S;OD;umv[k qdkEkdiaf yonf? ‚udk yxrrsdK;quf wynfah wmfrsm;
toufxif&mS ; &Spd Of toif;awmfrsm; pkpnf;aom wynfah wmfrsm;acwf ;acwf ESifh oif;tkyf q&mawmf
rsm; }u;D xGm;vm+yD; bJhpaf &Smhyf (oif;tkyq f &mawmf) e,frsm;udk bJhpaf &Smhyf (tkyx f de;f ol) rsm;u
tkycf sLyfjcif; jzpfaom wynfah wmfrsm;vGeacwf
facwf [lI tydik ;f ESpfyidk ;f cGJEidk af yonf? odk@aomfvnf; wynfh
awmfrsm;vGeaf cwfudk uGefpwefwde;f / *&D*&dk DEiS fh ykyb
f dkeaD zhpf (2) vufxufxd =unfnKd av;pm;r_ t}uD;
tus,f tm;enf;cJhayonf? (wynfah wmfrsm; qdo k nfudk c&pf,mef bmoma&; a0g[m& t& wrefawmfrsm;[k
ac:ayonf?)
wynfah wmf todik ;f t0dik f;. ,H=k unfjcif; tajctjrpfwiG f "rRa[mif; ESifh "rRopf c&pf0ifusr;f rsm; yg0if
cJo
h nf? Tusr;f rsm;wGif tapmydik ;f umv c&pf,mefrsm;. t,lEiS fh "rRaw;rsm;udk tvGef tapmOD;
qH;k umv uyif xnfo h iG ;f cJah yonf? a,&_tm; trGe;f wifI jyif;xefpmG cHpm;&aom tjzpf/ tkw*f l
a[mif; avmif;ESifh &Sijf yefxajrmufjcif; yHak qmifr_rsm;udv k nf; xnfo
h iG ;f cJah yonf? TrSww
f rf;rsm;rSm
a,&_. um;pifwifc&H +yD; q,fpkESpf wpfct k wGi;f ESihf a*s&kqvif toif;awmf pnf&;Hk odr;f oGi;f aepOf
umvrsm;Y jzpfayonf?
tapmydik ;f c&pf,mefrsm;. t,lrsm;ESifh "rRaw;rsm;wGif a,&_ ºujref; jcif; ,H=k unfcsufrsm;udk az:jy
aeayonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh 1 aum&dEœK 15; 3-4 rS aygvk. rSwcf suf “igonf ud, k w f ikd cf ,
H o
l nftwdik ;f /
oifwdk@tm; a&S@O;D pGmay;tyfaom ta=umif;t&m [lru l m;/ c&pfawmfonf usr;f pmvmonftwdik ;f
igwdk@ tjypfa=umifh taocHawmfrl.? o+*õK[f+yD;rS/ usrf;pmvmonftwdik ;f oH;k &ufajrmufaomae@Y
xajrmufawmfrl.” [lI jzpf./ rsm;pGmaom okawoDrsm;. Tqdt k & a&S;a[mif; t,lrsm;rSm a,&_
aoqH;k +yD; q,fpkESpx f uf apmI/ a*s&q
k vif wynfah wmfrsm; todik ;f t0dki;f pnf;&H;k jcif; umvrSyif
wnf&cSd o
Jh nf [l.? rnfonfh okawoDurS ESpfav;q,fxuf aemufusonf [lIqdk rxm;acs? tjcm;
tqH;k rowf
rowfaom *sL;omoem
toif;awmf ud,
k w
f nf
wynfah wmfrsm; uG,vf eG f+yD; bJhpaf &Smhyfrsm;u +rdK@aevlxk xJo@kd tkyx f de;f olrsm; tjzpf xd;k azguf 0if
a&muf vmaom tcsdefEiS fh qufvufI Edik if Hawmf ESdyfuyG fr_ro S nf uGepf wefwed ;f onf*&d *&dwf eef;wuf
vm+y;D c&pf,mef 0wfjyK ud;k uG,jf cif;tm; w&m;0if jyKay;onf txd acwfumvudk wynfah wmfrsm;
vGeaf cwf [k t=urf;tm;jzifh owfrw S fayonf? tapmOD; qH;k c&pf,mefqo dk nfh pum;vH;k ESihf umodvk pf
[l aom pum;vH;k wdk@tm; oH;k pGJr_rw S wf rf; rSm tEœtd w
k frS tufemhw;D ,mhpf wd@k jzpfcaJh yonf?
toif;awmf. pum;pOft& eD&dk. ESdyu f Gyfra_ tmufY pdef@yDwm (ayw&k)ESifh aygvf (aygv)k wdk@ onfyif
a&mrtifyg,mY tmZmenfrsm; jzpfc&Jh onf [l.? tvm;wlyif "rRopf. rSww f rf;xJwiG f rsm;pGmaom
n‡i;f yef;cH&r_rsm;/ aomua&muf&r_rsm;udk wifjyxm;jcif;rsm; &S. d ? c&pf,mefrsm;onf a&mr {u&mZf
rsm; ud;k uG,q f nf;uyfjcif;rsm;udk jiif; yg,faoma=umifh ESpaf ygi;f 250 twGi;f wGif t}uD;tus,f 'kucQ &H
r_rsm; jywfawmif; jywfawmif; cHc&Jh I/ olw@kd tm; opPmazgurf sm;[k pD&ifcsucf sum uGyfrsujf cif; rsm;vnf;
cHc&Jh .? TumvtwGi;f jyif;xefpGm ESdyu f Gycf &H r_rsm; &Sdaomfvnf; c&pf,mefomoemonf ajrxJ
yifv,f a'oodk@ qufvuf jyef@um;cJah yonf?
toif
toi;f awmf ud,
k w
f nf (wynfah wmfrsm;vGef acwf)
yxr&mpk aemufyidk ;f ESifh 'kw, d &mpk tapmydik ;f umvrsm;wGif c&pf,mefbke;f awmf}uD; rsm;. 0gpOf
tm;jzifh bke;f awmf}u;D rsm; tzGJ@u,dk x
f nfonf &Si;f vif;pGm ay:ayguv
f mcJah yonf? wynfah wmfrsm;vGef
tapmydik ;f c&pf
c&p,
f mef vufa&; rSww
f rf;rsm;
c&pf,mefomoem jyef@ESH@vmaomtcg/ [Dvifeufpw f ufcf avmu pmwwfaywwf todik ;f t0dik ;f rS
tzGJ@0ifrsm; vdt
k yfvmayonf? olw@kd onf wcgw&HwiG f bJu h af &Smhyfrsm; jzpfavh&aSd omfvnf; tpOf
ojzifu h m; r[kwaf cs? olwdk@onf bmoma&;qdik &f m (oH;k oyfa0zefr_) oD0&Drsm;rsm;udk aomfvnf;
aumif;/ wcgw&HwiG f ta=umif;jycsufrsm;jzifh t,lov D tm; umuG,jf cif; odk@r[kwf c&pf,mef
omoem. rSeu f efrt
_ m; apm'uwufjcif;udk xkacsjcif; jzpfaom (a0zef&rnfu)dk tm;emjcif;
udak omfvnf;aumif; tvkyfEpS frsKd ;udk vkyfaqmif=uayonf? xdpk ma&;q&mrsm;tm; toif;awmf.
zcifrsm;[k vlord sm;=uI olwdk@. avhvmr_ukd yx&ufpw f ufcrf sm;[k ac:ayonf? tapmydik ;f zmom
rsm;. pm&if;wGif tEœt d w
k frS tufemhw;D ,mhpf/ ydv k cD &ufyf/ *syfwifrmwm/ vD,eG frS tD&rfe;D ,mhpf/ wm
wlv, D ef/ tvufZ ef;j'm;rS uvD;rifhEiS hf td&k D*if wdk@yg0ifayonf?
tysKd pifEiS fh uav;? at'D 4 &mpk- a&mr a&S@a[mif; ajratmufocsKõ if;*l eH&yH ef;csD
c&pf,mefbufrS umuG,af &;om;ol/ atmfoakd 'gh (or&d;k us0g')D pma&;q&m *sD/ au/ csupf wmwef u
ol@ pmtkyw f iG f &Jwif; pGmyif qdx
k m;onfrmS a,&_ (acwfrS t,l)ESifh "rRopfusrf;wd@k . tcsdefrS t,lrmS
oabmxm; pdk@pdk@ydk@ydk@ uGJvGJr_rsm; &Sad eonf [kjzpfI/ wynfhawmfrsm; tm;vH;k u tapmOD;qH;k toif;
awmf. zmomrsm; jzpfaom tEœt d w k frS tufemhw;D ,mhp/f ydv k cD &ufyf/ *syfpw
f ifrmwm/ tD&rfe;D ,mhpf
wdk@jyKcJo
h uJo
h dk@ a,&_. =o0g'rsm;udk ajymif;vnf;jcif;tm; a'uwuf cJo h nf [k axmufjyxm;ayonf?
(rdpm> ya&mfzuf tEœcd &pf/ aemhpf Asm'dwu f srf;rS eDcv
kd ikd w
f efpf/ tjypf. om;rsm;udk =unfhyg) a,&_uvnf;
rdpm> ya&mfzufrsm;ESifh pyfv#O;f I &Sirf muk 13;21-23 ESifh raumif;aomrsdK;aph (&Sifr\J 13;25-30? 13;
36-43) wGif olwdk@onf c&pf,mef omoemtm; rnfo@kd tzsuf taESmufjyKonfukd wifjycJah yonf?
tapmqH;k tjiif; yGm;r_rsm;wGif a,sb, k tm;jzifh c&pfawmf qdak om obm0vnf; yg0ifae./ qdv k dk
onfrSm a,&_. (aumif;uifEiS fhqikd af om) jrifhjrwfr_ESihf vlom;tjzpf cH,lr_ rnfodk@ qufpyfonf
[laom oDt&dk D aumufcsucf sr_rsm; yifjzpf.? Docetism a'gw h ufcZf ifrsm;u a,&_. vlom;tjzpf
cH,rl o _ nf yHak qmifr_r#om jzpf./ xdk@a=umifh vltjzpf 0ifpm;jcif;udk vufrcH[k vufuikd x f m;.?
Arianism tm&if;rfepfZif rsm;u a,&_onf aorsdK; (vlom;) r[kwf/ bk&m;jzpfjcif; *k%fEiS v fh nf;
rtyfpyf crnf;awmfb&k m;xuf edrhf. (&Siaf ,m[ef 14;28) [k vufuidk x f m;=u.? Trinitarianism
oH;k yg;wpfql 0g'Drsm;u crnf;awmfb&k m;/ om;awmfb&k m;ESihf oef@&iS ;f aom 0dnm^fawmfonf vH;k 0
O\Hk wpfqw l nf;om jzpfI toGio f ;kH rsdK;jzifh jzpfwnf &S.
d [k vufuikd xf m;ayonf? rsm;pGmaom tkyfpk
rsm;u trSew f u,f jzpfwnfro _ nf qef@usib f uf tpdwftydik ;f tajcrlv ESprf sKd ;tm; yHak z: wnf&aSd e
onf? yHkrSet f m;jzifh jrifEdkiaf omt&mtm; (&kyaf vmutm;) rdpm> tjzpf/ 0dnm^fawmf (emrfavmu) tm;
taumif;tjzpf jrifEdkio f nf [laom ESpcf Gaom ,H=k unfcsufudk vufuidk x f m;=u.? tjcm;aom tkyfpk
rsm;u &kyaf vmu emrfavmu ESpfcv k ;kH tm; xm0&bk&m;u zefqif;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh
ESpcf v
k ;Hk onf taumif;csn;f jzpfonf/ Ttcsi;f t&monf bk&m;ZmwdawmfESifh c&pfjzpfaom a,&_.
vlom;Zmwd obm0udk ud, k fpm;jyKwifjyjcif; jzpfonf [k vufuidk x f m;=uayonf?
wynfah wmfrsm; qufpyfqifjcif a&;om;csufrsm;onf tapmOD;qH;k c&pf,mef todik ;f t0dik ;f wGi;f Yyif
&Sio f ef vnfywfv#uf &Sdaeay+yD? yxr&mpk tqH;k ydik ;f Y pkpnf;+y;D om; pmrlrsm;wGif &Sifaygv. k ay;pm
rsm;rSm xnfo h iG ;f cHxm;&ay+yD? *supf w f if rmwm u 'kw, d &mpk. tapmydik ;f uyif “wynfhawmfrsm;.
ud, k af &;rSwwf rf;” udk az:jycJo h nf? ‚udk c&pf,mefrsm;u {0H*vd (gospels owif;aumif;) [kac:=u
I "rRa[mif;. tpdwt f ydik ;f wpfck tjzpfvnf; owfrw S cf =Jh uonf? {0H*vd c&pf0ifav;usr;f (r\J/
rmuk/ vkum/ a,m[ef) wdk@udk at'D 160 tD&efe, D mhpf vufxufwiG f ae&mcscaJh =umif; olu, kd w
f idk f
wdu k &f u
kd f &nf!e$ ;f xm;ayonf? at'D 200 . tapmydik ;f wGif tvufZef;j'm;rS atmf&D*ifonf tvm;
wl usr;f aygi;f 27 usrf;udk toH;k jyKcJh [ef&o Sd nf? ‚rSm a[+AJ/ &Si, f mukA=f o0g'pm/ &Siaf yw&k =o0g'
('k)/ &Siaf ,m[ef =o0g' ('k ESifh w) ESifh Asm'dwu f sr;f usr;f pmtkyfrsm;eSifh ywfoufI tjiif;yGm; aecJhqJ
jzpfonfh acwfopf "rRusrf;pmopf uJo h dk@yif jzpfonf? (Antilegomena wGi=f unfyh g?) jrL&ufw&dk , D if
tydik ;f tp Muratorian fragment uJo h dk@ c&pf,H vufa&;rSww f rf; tao;tr$m;aygif; 200 &Sdae
a=umif; jyaeI {0H*vd av;usrf; yg0ifaom ,ckacwf "rRopfusrf;pm yrmyifjzpf.? od@k jzifh tapmydik ;f
toif;awmfrsm;wGif "rRo pfusr;f pmESihf ywfoufI aumif;rGen f !
D wG pf mG tacstwif ajymqdkr_ wpf&yf
&Scd IJh t"du=uonfh vufa&;rSww f rf;rsm;udk c&pf,mef toif;awmf tm;vH;k eD;yg;u 'kw, d &mpk.
tv,fwiG f vufccH aJh yonf?
c&pf,o
H moem jyef@ES@ESH@r_ at'D 325 xd c&pf,o
H moem jyef@ESH@r_ at'D 600 xd
c&pf,mefomoemtm;
omoemtm; w&m;0ifjyXmef;jcif;
*vm&D;,mhpf Galerius onf t'D 311 {+yDvwGif c&pf,mef omoem usifhaqmifrt _ m; cGijhf yKay;aom
"rRowfudk jyXmef;cJhayonf? at'D 313 wGif uGefpwefwed f (1)ESifh vufpfpife;D ,mhpf wdk@u rDvef
"rRowfY c&pf,mef omoem. onf;cHciG v hf w$ rf u
_ kd a=ujimcJo h nf? uGefpwefwdeo
f nf yxOD;qH;k
c&pf,mef {u&mZf jzpfvmcJo h nf? at'D 391 oDt'kd kdp;D ,mhpf (1). xD;eef;atmufY c&pf,mef om
oemonf txif&mS ;qH;k odk@r[kwf Edik if aH wmf omoem jzpfvmcJo h nf? yxrqH;k {u&mZf uGefpwef
wdef (1) onf c&pf,mef ay:Y wdr;f !Gwrf o _ nf yxOD;qH;k aom {u&mZfrif;wpfyg;u omoemtm;
w&m;0ifjyKr_twGuf yGivfh if;pGm tqifw
h ;dk ay;vdu k jf cif;vnf; jzpfcaJh yonf?
uGepf wefwed .
f tvGe+f uD; rsm;aom &kyfyx
f k (rsLpD/ umyDwv
dk eD D Musei Capitolini )
{u&mZf uGefpwefwed f (1) tm; ol@rdcif [vDemu c&pf,mefomoem jyocJhjcif; jzpfonf? ol i,fpOf
u ol@ rdcif. c&pf,mef omoemY jrwfEd;k =unfnKd r_ay:Y c&pf,mef omoemtm; ol t,l&cSd aJh v
oavm/ odk@wnf;r[kwf ol@b0. tawG@t}uHKay:Y ol@onf bmomw&m;udk t,l&v Sd mcJah voavm
qdo
k nf udk ynm&Sifrsm;t=um; 0da&m"d wpfck jzpfaecJah yonf?
c&pf,mef omoem aumufa=umif; rSww f rf;rsm;u uGefpwefwed o f nf at'D 312 ckESpf rmvfA, D ef
wHwm; ppfyGJwiG f xl;jcm;aom tawG@t }uKH wpfcu k kd &cJah yonf? xdpk pfyGJ+yD;aemuf olonf taemuf
wdik ;f . {u&mZfrif; tjzpf a=ujimcJo h nf? xdrk w S w f rf;rsm;t& xdpk pfyJGrwdik frDS olonf aeudk =unfh
vduk af om tcg xdak erif;ay:Y =uufajccwf (vuf0g;uyfwikd )f tvif;udk jrifc&Jh onf (‚udk *&d
pum;vH;k rsm;jzifh "ΕΝ ΤΟΥΤΩ ΝΙΚΑ" Tt&mjzifh atmifjrifvwW@H [k jzpfI vufwifpmayjzifh "in hoc
signo vinces" [k r=umc% wifjyayonf?) xdk@a=umifh olonf ol@. ppfwyfrsm;udk 'dik ;f rsm;ay:Y
c&pf,mef oauFw(the Chi-Ro) tm; wyfqifapcJo h nf? xd@k aemuf olw@kd onf atmifyJq G ifcJo
h nf
[l.? T tcsut f m;jzifh uGefpwefwed o f nf c&pf,mef omoemtm; rnfr# =oZmoufa&muf ap
onfudk a=unufpmG em;vnf&efrS cufcJvaS yonf? tb,fa=umifq h kdaomf ppfwyfwiG ;f rSm t&m&S}d uD;
rsm; uJo h dk@ tifyg,mtwGi;f =oZm t}u;D qH;k vlrsm;jzpfonfyif a&S;a[mif; (c&pf,mef r[kwo f nf)h
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um odv k pf c&pf,mefudk A[dk tcsKyftjcm w&m;0if Edik fiaH wmf bmom tjzpf wnfaxmifonfh
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"Ecclesiastical History", VII, iv.) xyfrHI wd;k csJ@wm;jrpfcsurf sm;udk oDtkd'pkd ,
d mhpf (1). at'D 391
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cs;D rGr;f jcif; Blessed Virgin Mary udk oDtw dk adk umhpf Theotokos (bk&m;tm; arG;bGm;ol od@k r[kwf
bk&m;ocif. r,fawmf) tjzpf twnfjyKay;cJo h nf? csmvfvupf'ef oHCm,em Council of
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bk&m;ocifjzpfonf” c&pfawmf. obm0ESpfrsdK;udk twnfjyKcaJh yonf? ‚onf wvH;k w0wnf;
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toif;awmftm;vH;k u oHCm,emrsm;udk wnDw!Gww f nf; vufco H abmwljcif;um; r&Scd Jhay? Oyrm
tm;jzifh epfw&dk , D efepfZ if Nestorianism rsm;ESifh ta&S@buf tqm&D,ef (qD;&D;om;) toif;awmf
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of Jerusalem rDvefrS trfb&dk@pf Ambrose of Milan/ *s&Dr;dk Jerome ESifh tjcm;aom xif&m S ;onfh
zmom}u;D rsm; yg0ifayonf? xdt k usKd ;qufrsm;a=umifh ADa*;vfEiS fh [d&k ifhpf. acwfumvrsm;ESifh quf
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f monfh toif;awmf. ta&@b S ufyikd ;f ESihf taemuf
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&Sio f efa&;udk A[dkjyKcJhI? 0wfjyKvx l q k ikd &f m pka0;r_rsm;/ y&ufbikd w f m 0g'Drsm;ESifh 'gch sf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;/
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(1800- 1830) onf yxrt}udrfEiS hf rwlnaD wmhbJ/ ‚onf toif;awmfrJhrsm;odk@ OD;wnfv#uf
wufºuaom awG@qHkr_rsm;tm;jzifh yk*v ~ ud u,fwifjcif;cH&r_tm; &du k o f iG ;f cJhayonf? ‚onf
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&du k cf wfomG ;ayonf? wwd, Ed;k xr_}u;D onf 1857 wGif pwifc+Jh yD; urBmESit fh 0Sr;f txl;ojzifh t*Fvyd f
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rwnf&Sd Edkiaf oma=umifh ‚taejzifh toif;awmftm; u&k%mrJah =umif; jyo&rnf jzpfonf? vDeif.
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atmufwb dk mawmfvSeaf &; rwdik frSDEiS fh +yD;aemuf 1917 Edk0ifbm 7 &uf (jyuQ'deaf [mif; t& atmufwdk
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ayonf? tcsKd @aom qvAf wdik ;f jynfrsm;onf olw@kd . wdik f;&if;om; toif;awmfrsm;ESihf wdik ;f &ifom;
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qdkA, D uf. ypfrw S rf sm; jzpfcaJh yonf? bmoma&;ESihfywfoufI qdkA, D uf. w&m;0if &yfwnfr_rmS
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ydik fqidk fr_rsm;udk jynfoyl idk f odr;f jcif;/ bmomw&m;tm; oa&mfavSmifajymifjcif;/ ,H=k unforl sm;tm;
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tmZmenf toif;awmf[k ajymif;vJ jzpfwnfvmcJ. h ? abmf&ADS pfawmfvSeaf &;+yD; yxr 5 ESpw f iG f
oif;tkyq f &mawmf 28 yg;ESifh bke;f awmf}u;D 1200 uGyfrsucf Hc&Jh .?
1920ESifh 1930 bmoma&; qef@usifr_ vHa_ qmfjcif;. t"du ypfrw S frmS ,H=k unfodl vlO;D a& trsm;qHk;
jzpfaom &k&S atmfoadk 'gh toif;awmfyif jzpf.? ‚. tm;vH;k eD; yg;aom bke;f awmf}uD;rsm;ESihf ,H=k unf
olrsm;rSm ypfowfc&H jcif; odk@r[kwf &Jbufpcef;odk@ tydk@cH&jcif; rsm; jzpfcJh.? bmoma&; t,ltq
qdik &f m ausmif;rsm;tm; tydwcf &H ./ toif;awmf. yHkEdSyx
f kwaf 0r_rsm;udk wm;jrpfc&H .? 1927 rS 1940
ckESpt f wGi;f &k&t
S oif;awmf bk&m;ausmif;aygi;f 29584rS 500 atmufodk@ av#mhusc&Jh .? xdk 1927 rS
1940 ckESpt f wGi;f atmfoadk 'gh bke;f }uD; 130000 tzrf;cH&.? ‚rS 95000 rSm ao'%fay;cH&.?
Zmom zvd&k ifpuDrmS T tmZmenf topfrsm; pm&if;wGif wpfyg; tygt0ifjzpf.?
qdkA,D uf ,le, D tH wGi;f wGi/f toif;awmfrsm;tm; zsuo f rd ;f jcif; ESifh tqifhqifh pepfwus ydwfypfr_rsm;
rSm ,cifu toif;awmfrS vkyfaqmifonfh tv_'getm; jzef@jzL;jcif; / vlr_zv l akH &;vkyif ef; rsm;udk Edkiif H
awmfrS vufv$J,v l udk jf cif;wdk@ jzpfayonf? yk*v~ u d ydik f ypPn;f tm;vH;k ESihf toif;awmfyikd frsm;udk jynfo l
vlxk oH;k &ef jynfoyl idk f odr;f vdu k af yonf? tpdk;&onf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;tm; oH;k cGijfh yKxm;onf[k
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owfrw S f xm;ayonf? Edik if aH wmftaejzifh taxGaxG ynma&;twGuf &HyHkaiGawmifw h if;vmaom
tcg/ toif;awmf. ynma&;0efaqmifciG hf/ uav;rsm;twGuf vufr_ynmrsm; oif=um;cGifh ausmif;
rsm;udk cGifhrjyKawmhacs? t&G,af &mufolrsm; twGuo f m bk&m;ausmif;ESifh qufpyfaom tvkyfrsm;udk
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a&;om;cJah yonf? yky&f [ef; ydik ;f ,mhpf (11) u ruf b&ifeef'g aqmh*sf wGif a=ujimxkwx f m;onfrmS
T zufqpf tpd;k &onf yke;f uG,x f m;aom a&S;a[mif;vl&ikd ;f &d;k &m pdwq f EN&ISd / umodv k pfwdk@tm;
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umodv k pf vl0wfa=umifrsm;/ bke;f }uD; rsm;/ yky&f [ef; ydik ;f ,mhpf (12) tygt0if rsm;pGmaom c&pf,mef
rsm;u *sL;rsm; pGmudk cdvk cH_ iG afh y; u,fwifcaJh y.? xdk@a=umifh a&mrrS *sL; *d% k ;f csKyf bke;f awmf}uD;onf
*sL;rsm;udk u,fcaJh om aus;Zl;a=umifh 1945 ckESpw f iG f umodkvpf c&pf,mef xJo@dk bmomajymif;vJcJh.?
olonf bmomajymif;I (yky&f [ef;rif;. yxr trnfjzpfaom) ,l*sife, D dk [laom trnfudk cH,cl Jh
ay.? tDwvDqidk &f m tpPa&;vf aumifppf0efwpfO;D u “ppf}uDtwGi;f wGif *sL;wdk@. toufudk u,fwif
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pkaygi;f xm; jcif;xuf umodv k pf toif;awmf. u,fwifcrJh u _ ydkrkd rsm;jym;onf” [k 0efcH xGuq f cdk Jh
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odk@aomfvnf; olwdk@onf ta&S@widk ;f atmfoakd 'gh &d;k &m ,H=k unfrt _ wdik ;f qufvuf pGJuikd xf m;ayonf?
*&d/tm&Af/ &k&/S qmAD;,m;/ ,lu&de;f / &dak r;eD;,m;/ bl; a*;&D;,m; ponfjzifh atmfodka'hg tm;vH;k eD; yg;udk
tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f ud,
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rsm;udk tav;ay;jcif; / bk&m;0wfjyKjcif; tavhtxudk jyefvnfwnf;jzwfjcif;/ acwf+ydKiu f mvrsm;
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onf? ToHCm,em. txifay:qH;k aqmif&u G cf surf Sm vlpak 0; 0wfjyKr_rsm;wGif vufwif toif;
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aumfruf&iS frsm; zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifI tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;&ef tm;ay;jcif;/ 1999 ckESpw f iG f vlom&if
urBmvH;k qdik &f m zuf'a&;&Si;f ESifh twl =o 0g' n‡dEid_ ;f r_ yl;aygi;f a=ujimcsuf uJoh @kd aom =o 0g'qdik &f m
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