SHANDONG UNIVERSITY

School of Political Science and Public Administ ation

!ASTERS IN INTERNATIONA" RE"ATIONS

TER! PAPER

Is Abe the Person Shaping Japans Foreign Policy?

P esented #$

# i%ht !han%o &!'()*(+),

P esented To

! - !a Ron.iu &/o ei%n Polic$ Anal$sis,

/eb ua $ '()0

Is Abe the Person shaping Japans Foreign Policy?

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Japan has featured highly in the news in 2013-14 especially in its dispute with China over some uninhabited Islands Japan!s prime minister is spearheading big changes in Japan!s domestic and foreign policy "his paper see#s to argue that $be!s personal beliefs are being reflected in Japan!s foreign policy Theory In the study of international relations% scholars have outlined many ways of loo#ing at issues to better understand them% and &enneth 'alt(!s )evels of analysis are taught to all scholars in their first semester of International *elations +I*, study 'alt( outlines three levels of analysis of foreign policy- "he .ystemic level which loo#s at the role of the international system as a whole/ the national level which e0amines the role of the state and the individual level which focuses of the idiosyncratic nature of individual leaders in determining a nation!s foreign policy 1erner in 2eac# et all +1334, e0plains Individual-level theories as those that focus on decision ma#ers 5in order to understand how an individual6s belief system% the way an individual perceives% interprets% and processes information about an international situation% and idiosyncratic personal attributes e0plain foreign policy choices ! +p24, 7or Jerel *osati +2eac# et al% 1334, Individual level foreign policy can be spo#en of as a cognitive approach% an a approach rooted in 8sychology and which posits that 5individuals tend to be much more closed-minded due to their beliefs and the way they process information thus% they tend to resist adapting to changes in the environment $ cognitive perspective emphasi(es the importance of e0amining the individuals involved in the policyma#ing process% for they are li#ely to view their environment differently *osati then 9uotes :uincy 'right% who in his magnum opus% "he .tudy of International *elations% proposed that psychology belongs at the ;core; of International *elations as a discipline- ;International relations cannot% therefore% be confined to intergovernmental relations and conclusions based on the assumption that they <i e % psychological studies= fail to provide an ade9uate foundation for prediction and control "he minds of individuals who constitute the world6s population% the influences that affect them% and the influences they e0ert% both domestic and foreign% must be ta#en into account by e0amining their minds; +1344% 433,

>istory both classic and contemporary is awash of tales of leaders whose individual beliefs affected the way their nations or #ingdoms dealt with other nations and for a more scientific of such leaders% .tephen ?yson in his 200@ study found% for e0ample that how the erstwhile Aritish 8rime Binister "ony Alair!s 5personality and leadership style did indeed shape both the process and outcome of Aritish foreign policy toward Ira9 ! ?ouglas 7oyle in his 133C study in which he e0amined the personal beliefs of former $merican 8resident ?wight Disenhower and his .ecretary of .tate John ?ulles regarding public opinion might have affected the way they framed they conducted their foreign policy in reaction to the .eptember 1344 Chinese offshore islands crisis >olsti and *osenau investigated the changes in foreign policy beliefs and perceptions of E . opinion leaders "hey found that the elite foreign policy consensus +that saw communism as the single most important threat to E . interests, that e0isted during the cold war era was shattered during the Fietnam 'ar +*osati% 1334, $nother e0ample of personality studies was by Bargaret >ermann .he researched on the personal characteristics of world leaders to determine the circumstances under which these will represent a significant influence on foreign policy decision ma#ing In a series of articles +e g % 13CG%13G0%13G4, as *osati +1334, writes% >ermann e0amined leaders6 operational codes or views of the world% political styles% interest and training in foreign affairs% conceptual comple0ity +sensitivity to the environment,% and political sociali(ation% as well as their constituencies and the functions they perform in relation to those constituencies $ll of these% >ermann concluded% need to be ta#en into account in order to assess leaders6 impact on foreign policy *osati traces the study of foreign policy lin#ed to psychology bac# to the 1330s and particularly to the theories of Cognitive Consistency which included cognitive dissonance% congruity% and balance theories 'rites *osati- 5"he assumption behind cognitive consistency is that individuals ma#e sense of the world by relying on #ey beliefs and strive to maintain consistency between their beliefs Ender Cognitive Consistency% Individuals maintain coherent belief systems and attempt to avoid ac9uiring information that is inconsistent or incompatible with their beliefs
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especially their most central beliefs In other words% ;individuals do not merely subscribe to random collections of beliefs but rather they maintain coherent systems of beliefs which are internally consistent; +Aem 13C0% 13, ! $nd as Jervis concluded% ;It is often impossible to e0plain crucial decisions and policies without reference to the decision ma#ers6 beliefs about the world and their images of others; +13C@%2G, $s much as personal traits are indispensable in the study of how leaders arrive at their foreign policy decisions% li#e many studies done in the past have shown% it is not possible to attribute only personal traits as the cause of the decisions 7actors such as the role of domestic politics% e0ternal factors% public opinion% the comple0ity and gravity of decision to be made% the time available to ma#e the decision all have to be factored in% after all government is not an a single bloc# but an ensemble% thus for e0ample studies on the $merican leaders! policy decision during the Fietnam war have been criticised for being too simplistic +2eac#% 1334- 8assim, "his paper will ta#e an at-a-glance loo# at Japan!s prime minister and attempt to argue that his personal nationalistic views are being reflected in Japan!s recent foreign policy drives as e0emplified in the issues of the Dast China .ea Islands dispute% his visits to the Hasu#uni .hrine In view of the past studies that studies leaders traits% its simply impossible to #now what those leaders are made of as its difficult to access them% their memoirs or close allies% as such in ma#ing postulations about $be!s being it should be noted that the only material available for this paper was Dnglish and third party material which is obviously not enough to ma#e a concrete claim on $dd in the fact that this paper uses no comple0 software that the other studies used to analyse leaders >owever for scholarly argument% assumptions will be made on the little material that could be found Abe the person Dncylopedia com describes $be as one born in a political family on both sides I>is maternal grandfather% 2obusu#e &ishi% was a #ey military leader during 'orld 'ar II% serving as part of 1eneral >ide#i "oJo6s circle of advisers &ishi was an $merican prisoner of war for three years but was released in 134G and later favoured a strongly pro-$merican foreign policy

even as he attempted to rebuild the Japanese military >e was Japan6s prime minister from 134C to 13@0 K Bany already see $be as a replica of his grandfather as Japanese ?iet +legislature, member &atsuei >irasawa told Aryan 'alsh of Time: I$be6s beliefs and values are similar to &ishi6s%K I>e6s inherited his grandfather6s political ?2$ K >is father6s father% &an $be% served in Japan6s >ouse of *epresentatives% and his father% .hintaro $be% was the country6s minister of foreign affairs in the early G0s Dven if he didn!t want% politics was li#ely to be part of him and foreign policy decisions stemming from his very house $be!s first Job in the government was in the foreign ministry and after Joining government he never loo#ed bac# or left government >e rose 9uic#ly and soon was named prime minister Abe as a nationalist Japanese Communist 8arty D0ecutive Committee Chair .hii &a(uo used the 9uestion periods in the >ouse of *epresentatives 8lenary .ession +Lctober 3% 200@, and Audget Committee meeting +Lctober @%200@,%to 9uestion $beover wide ranging policy issues 1 and his 9uestions reveal a lot about $be!s philosophy .hii is his grilling of $be revealed that the Japanese governmentin the 1333 statement by Chief Cabinet .ecretary &ono Hohei% officiallyadmitted that I<"=he then Japanese military was% directly or indirectly%involved in the establishment and management of the comfort stations andthe transfer of comfort women%K and that I<"=hey lived in misery atcomfort stations under a coercive atmosphere K .hii said the statement e0pressed Isincere apology and remorseK to the victims and resolved to prevent therecurrence of similar crimes through history education and on otheroccasions >e however said that $be 9uestioned the statement in 133C .hii reported that $be said the I&ono statementK has lost any Justification and wentas far as to call for it to be amended "his is one remote indication of what $be thin#s about Japanese history

1 JCP Chair Shii questions prime ministers policy (2006) (Ne s article)! http!"" press#co#$p"p&'"special%2006%no(em)er#p&' % retrie(e& 12"01"14#

#$apan%

.hii also reported that in his policy speech $be stated that he would Istudy individual% specific casesK to ma#e it possible for Japan to e0ercisethe right of collective self-defence under the present Constitution K Japan currently has a constitution that does not allow it to start a war nor have a military that has potential to start a war "he pacifist Constitution was handed down to Japan following Japan!s 'orld 'ar aggression "he >ighlight of the constitution is $rticle 3 in Chapter 2 which contains the forbidding phrase It reads- I$spiring sincerely to an international peace based on Justice and order% the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph% land% sea% and air forces% as well as other war potential% will never be maintained "he right of belligerency of the state will not be recogni(ed2 K $be!s remar#s as reported by .hii as far bac# as 200@ are now a reality as $be has actually said overtly that Japan will review its constitution by 2020 3 Aut in $ugust 2013% $be made a remar# that ree#s a lot of what he% as a person%wants/ he said changing the constitution is part of his 5historic mission 4! $be is pushing for what he calls an Iactive pacifismK on Japan!s security front% where the nation Iplays an active role in world peace and stability K $be has been 9uoted 5 saying he will push for a revision of the Japanese Constitution to be enacted and in force before the "o#yo 2020 .ummer Llympics comes around IAy 2020% I thin# Japan will have completely restored its status and been ma#ing great contributions to peace and stability in the region and the world%K he said

2 +he Constitution o' Japan (http!"" #,antei#-o#$p"'orei-n"constitution.an&.-o(ernment.o'.$apan"constitution.e#html) accesse&! 11"01"14 3 /+ (2014) (Ne s article) 0Japan to rethin, paci'ist constitution )y 2020 ami& risintensionshttp!""rt#com"ne s"$apan%re(ise%paci'ist%constitution%0*2" (accesse&! 01"01"14) 4 +orres2 3 (2013) (Ne s article) 0P4 5)e says its his 0historic mission to chan-e Japans Constitution http!""$apan&ailypress#com"pm%a)e%says%its%his%historic%mission%to%chan-e%$apans%constitution% 1333667" (accesse& 11"01"14) * 3&a +orres (2014) ( e) article) retrie(e& on 06"01"14 'rom 8/9! http!""$apan&ailypress#com"ne %l&p% party%position%remo(es%no% ar%ple&-e%1042111"

$s much as sentiment in Japan is rising with people increasingly becoming more against the $rticle 36% but $be!s remar#s of it being a historical 9uest lead one to argue that even if opinion polls were in the other direction% he would not stop to push his agenda "he newly-released position of the ruling )iberal ?emocratic 8arty% a party $be leads% for 2014 has reportedly7 removed the Ipledge never to wage war againK% which is vastly different from their stand Just a year earlier "he updated draft of the party position added a new phrase% IM bolster veneration +for the war dead, K "he original draft contained a statement saying% IM +the party is, determined to uphold a pledge never to wage war again and the principles of a peaceful country K $gain% it points to the determination of either $be or someone with more power than him pushing him to the right .hii% in his 9uestioning% 9uoted from $be!s boo# in which $be argues for a Japan that has a full military "his was in addition to him e0pressing disgust at Japan having to stand as 5onloo#ers when other foreign forces in Ira9 are attac#edN! $nother thing that came out of .hii!s 9uestioning was the fact that $be has supported the forcing of Japanese schools by the "o#yo Betropolitan 1overnment% into hoisting I>inomaruK +Japanese flag, and singingI&imigayoK +Japanese 2ational $nthem, $be was also secretary general of the parliamentary group called 5?iet Bembers )eague for Commemoration of the 40$nniversary of the 'ar6s DndK and .hii 9uoted a founding statement of the group which said that it is the responsibility of those who wor# for national government to ma#e clear their Ifair understanding ofhistory ; It also stated that Japan!s past war was a war for IJapan!ssurvival and self-defence% and for peace in $sia K $s a secretary general% $be obviously was influential and possibly a leader in drafting the founding statement and the fact that it was made 20 years ago shows how $be views Japan!s history and e0plains his recent arguments on how the past should be viewed

6+he 4aureen an& 4i,e 4ans'iel& :oun&ation (2001) 05sahi Shim)un 5pril 2001 Pu)lic ;pinion Poll on the Constitution http!""mans'iel&'&n#or-"pro-ram"research%e&ucation%an&%communication"asian% opinion%poll%&ata)ase"listo'polls"2001%polls"asahi%shim)un%april%2001%pu)lic%opinion%poll%on%the% constitution%01%11" (accesse&! 06"01"14) 6 3&a +orres (2014) ( e) article) retrie(e& on 06"01"14 'rom 8/9! http!""$apan&ailypress#com"ne %l&p% party%position%remo(es%no% ar%ple&-e%1042111"

Ln ?ecember 31thst $be spent the 2ew Hear!s Dve watching a movie Eien no zero about a &ami#a(e pilot% after the screening of the movie $be told reporters he was 5moved 8! It might sound far-fetched but &ami#a(e pilots are at the heart of the Japanese wartime history and his adoration of the movie spea#s of his views of war time Japan $be has successfully created a *estoration of .overeignty ?ay9% an annual event to mar# the end of the $merican occupation% and the motives seem to be obviously nationalistic as the Japanese get to be reminded of the nation they once wereMand probably support $be!s plans to militari(e againN Ln January 14% 2014% $be!s minister of education announced that the .en#an#uO ?iaoyu Islands will be included in teachers! manuals as Japan!s10 "his is Just fulfilment of a lifelong mission% $be is on record to have helped sponsor an education bill initially entitled )ove for Lne6s Country11 when he was not even prime minister >e% even in his early career% became deeply involved in the incendiary issue of how Japanese school te0tboo#s tal# about recent history% favouring a more benign% sanitised view of imperial Japan6s past actions >a#ubun .himomura% the minister% revealed the information at a news conference% saying it is e0tremely important for children% Iwho are the future of Japan%K to #now their country!s sovereign territory "he .en#a#us% while controlled by "o#yo% is being disputed by China P calling them the ?iaoyu Islands P and to a lesser e0tent% "aiwan% who refer to it as ?iaoyutai "he "a#eshima isles are controlled and administered by .outh &orea% which calls them the ?o#do Islands .outh &orea also maintains a small police force in the islands "his decision is more about foreign policy than it is about domestic education policy Ay including it in the school manuals% $be!s government is effectively saying that the islands are non-negotiably part of Japan

7 CC+<2 (2014)5)e is 4o(e& )y =ami,a>e :ilm (Ne s article) ! retrie(e& 0*"01"14 'rom 8/9! http!""en-lish#cnt(#cn"pro-ram"asiato&ay"20140102"10*1**#shtml 1 Simon +is&all (2013) 10Japanese -o(ernment to inclu&e &ispute& isles in o''icial teachers manuals (Ne s article) retrie(e& 12"01"14 'rom 8/9! http!""$apan&ailypress#com"$apanese%-o(ernment%to%inclu&e%&ispute&%isles%in% o''icial%teachers%manuals%1642**3" 11 Simon +is&all (2013) (?e) article) retrie(e& on 0*"01"14 'rom 8/9! http!"" #the-uar&ian#com" orl&"2013"&ec"16"shin>o%a)e%$apan%pm

Aefore $be% the high school manuals made no mention of the .en#a#us and this decision spea#s a lot about $be!s push as a believer in a Japan that he believes in $be came to power with a @0 percent approval rating and has steered the economy to good positive figures in decades all of which some analysts have said% gives him berth to pursue his nationalistic agenda% a view echoed by "isdall +2013, who writes- I$be6s initial success in boosting Japan6s economic fortunes after decades in the doldrums% and the enormous damage caused by the 2011 earth9ua#e and tsunami% has proven a necessary precondition for advancing his autonomous global agenda K "o prove that Japan!s current foreign policy agenda!s is uni9uely $be!s% it is good to loo# at the recent opinion polls in Japan ?espite opinion in Japan getting increasing inclining towards getting full military by doing away with $rticle 3 and ta#ing an assertive role in international politics% the maJority of the polls still find that most people still want Japan to remain in its pacifist status 9uo12 "he 'all .treet Journal reported that support for a bigger military is driven in part by the dispute with China% as well as by a critical role the .?7 played following the 2011 tsunami and nuclear disaster 13 "his only supports the long held argument that domestic politics influence% when $be came to power he stayed away from visiting the Hasu#uni .hrine and actually spo#e of mending fences with neighbours $t a gathering organi(ed by actor Basahi#o "sugawa in "o#yo% $be opposed the idea of building a new shrine away from Hasu#uni to flee the war criminals that automatically get worshipped by anyone going to visit it >e said that bereaved families would not visit a new site% as Hasu#uni is where the spirits of the war dead are 'hen Japanese soldiers went to battle during 'orld 'ar II% the slogan used was I)et!s meet at Hasu#uniK after death >owever% $be did not ma#e any comment about the proposed solution of IseparatingK the war criminals from the other war dead at the e0isting shrine14

12 5sahi Shim)un (2013) 5sahi poll! *4@ a-ainst ma,in- constitutional re(isions easier (?e) article) retrie(e& 06"01"14 'rom 8/9! http!""a$ #asahi#com"article")ehin&.ne s"politics"5J20130*020062 13 ?all Street Journal (2013) 5s +ensions /ise2 Paci'ist Japan 4arches 3nto a 4ilitary /e(i(al (?e) article) retrie(e& on 06"01"14 'rom 8/9! http!""online# s$#com"ne s"articles"SA10001424126776324766104*67*12724100460*66 14 John Bo'ilena (2014) (?e) article) retrie(e& on 06"01"14 'rom 8/9! http!""$apan&ailypress#com"pm% a)e%pu)licly%&eclares%nee&%to%re(ise%$apans%paci'ist%constitution%0241646"

In 200@ he published what became a patriotic bestseller% Towards a Beautiful Country% which was viewed as his personal testament $be argued that ;class-$; war criminals charged by the "o#yo tribunal after the 1344 capitulation were not criminals under domestic law15 "his shows how $be believes in the war dead and their value and arguably the relevance of warN "herefore% after steering the economy from troubled waters and winning a substantial approval% not even an income ta0 raise made much dent in his ratings/ he then started to e0periment with his long held agenda ?espite little opposition at home% $be cannot Justify militarising Japan and it seems li#e his recent actions of re#indling territorial disputes and spea#ing of war time controversial topics is mean to anger its neighbours "he tric# wor#ed% China stages a press conference at least every wee# to warn Japan% threaten crushing it and the Chinese media respond to each of $be!s moves with all the publicity they can get 7or e0ample% "he Japanese consulate in .hanghai urged Japanese people in China to e0ercise caution% releasing an e-mailed statement noting a Istrong anti-JapaneseK tone in Chinese media reports China6s Fice 8remier )iu Handong cancelled a meeting with the Japan-China friendship parliamentarians! union% &yodo 2ews reported% citing the Japanese embassy in China16 "here were even riots earlier that saw Chinese people% apparently rallied by the media% attac# Japanese businesses with vandalism $s "isdall writes- IChina6s threats over the .en#a#us% its leadership6s continued snubbing of $be and AeiJing6s longstanding tendency to whip up anti-Japanese% nationalist sentiment to distract attention from domestic problems had served $be well% in terms of propelling him into power and #eeping him there% analysts and officials said K $ll this is fertile ground for $be% who can now Justify military spending increments and commission a full military by convincing the Japanese masses of the threat China poses% it!s all a game for Japan

1* Simon +is&all (2013) (?e) article) retrie(e& on 0*"01"14 'rom 8/9! http!"" #the-uar&ian#com" orl&"2013"&ec"16"shin>o%a)e%$apan%pm 16http!"" #)loom)er-#com"ne s"2013%12%26"a)e%(isits%$apanese% ar%shrine%yasu,uni%in%ris,%to% china%ties#html

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$nd $be is not stopping at the disputed Islands% he is al out to po#e at China% visiting almost all 10 $.D$2 +$ssociation of .outh-$sian 2ations, member countries and trying to lure them away from AeiJing a move "isdall +2013, believes is an attempt by $be to e0ploit the China 8roblem% were the rising of China is ta#en as a threat to its neighbours most of whom have territorial disputes with it 'hen a super-storm hit "he 8hilippines in 2013% China initially offered Q100%000 and Japan sent almost 1%200 troops to Join relief efforts in the typhoon-ravaged 8hilippines along with three warships% 10 planes and si0 helicopters% in the single largest aid deployment by the country6s military17% effectively challenging China to a show of soft power "he battle continues in $frica% after 8resident of China% Ri 8ing along other high ran#ing visited $frica/ Japan!s $be has also been visiting the continent ma#ing a rare visit there for a Japanese prime minister $be wrote in his traditional 2ew Hear message that was posted on his website at the end of 2013 that- I2ow is the time for Japan to ta#e a big step forward toward a new nation-building effort%K and loo#ing at his run% so far% a new nation he envision is that of a Japan with a military% fighting alongside allies li#e Enited .tates of $merica% not negotiating with neighbours over disputed territory and ready to defend them with war In summary% despite the ratings that $be had% that would allow him to consolidate the pacifist nation and wave off the right wing sentiment% $be went ahead% apparently unpressured to launch a foreign policy 9uest that can be e0plained more in terms of his personal views "his can be calculated from his lin#s to the earlier nationalists in his family tree and to his beliefs that Japan should not be reeling under the yo#e of the constitution which yo#es down Japan "he moves are personal because polls from Japan show that the nation still wants to #eep its pacifist constitution and the changes are coming only with $be% who happens to have held nationalist beliefs from all along

16http!"" #-manet or,#com"ne s"story"33*676"ne s" orl&"$apan%sen&in-%almost%1%200%sol&iers% to%typhoon%hit%philippines

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AIA)IL1*$8>H $sahi .himbun +2013, Asahi poll: 54% against making constitutional re isions easier +'eb article, retrieved 0CO01O14 from E*)http-OOaJw asahi comOarticleObehindSnewsOpoliticsO$J2013040200C2

?eborah J 1erner% The Evolution of the Study of Foreign Policy in !oreign policy analysis: continuity and change in its second generation O )aura 2eac#% Jeanne $ & >ey% 8atric# J >aney8rentice >all% 1334

CC"F% +2014, A"e is #o ed "y $amikaze !ilm +2ews article,- retrieved 04O01O14 from E*)http-OOenglish cntv cnOprogramOasiatodayO20140102O104344 shtml

Ida "orres +2014, %ew &'( party position remo es )no war pledge* +web article, retrieved on 0@O01O14 from E*)- http-OOJapandailypress comOnew-ldp-party-position-removes-no-warpledge-1042133O Jerel $ *osati +1334, A ognitive Approach tothe Study of Foreign Policy in !oreign

policy analysis: continuity and change in its second generation O )aura 2eac#% Jeanne $ & >ey% 8atric# J >aney 8rentice >all% 1334 +C( Chair ,hii -uestions prime minister*s policy .web article,retrieved 12O01O14 from E*)! http-OOwww Japan-press co JpOpdfOspecial-200@-november pdf John >ofilena +2014, 8B A"e pu"licly declares need to re ise +apan*s pacifist constitution +'eb article, retrieved on 0CO01O14 from E*)- http-OOJapandailypress comOpm-abe-publiclydeclares-need-to-revise-Japans-pacifist-constitution-0241C4CO John >ofilena ./0142 +apanese go ernment to include disputed isles in official teachers* manuals +2ews article, retrieved 12O01O14 from E*)- http-OOJapandailypress comOJapanesegovernment-to-include-disputed-isles-in-official-teachers-manuals-1@42443O

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Bartin 7ac#ler +200C, (rime #inister said +apan would not apologize +web article, retrieved on 02O01O14 from E*)http-OOselect nytimes comOgstOabstract htmlN resT720C107337440CC4GC??$$0G34?74044G2UftaTyUincampTarchive-articleSrelated (u"lic 3pinion and !oreign (olicy: Elite Beliefs as a #ediating 4aria"le - ?ouglas C 7oyle.ource- International .tudies :uarterly% Fol 41% 2o 1 +Bar % 133C,% pp 1411@38ublished by- Alac#well 8ublishing on behalf of "he International .tudies $ssociation.table E*)- http-OOwww Jstor orgOstableO2@00310 .tephen Aenedict ?yson +200@, (ersonality and !oreign (olicy: TonyBlair*s 5ra- 'ecisions $ppearedin- 7oreign 8olicy $nalysis +200@, 2% 2G3P30@ .imon "isdall +2013, ,hinzo A"e: is +apan6s (# a dangerous militarist or modernising reformer7+'eb article, retrieved on 04O01O14 from E*)http-OOwww theguardian comOworldO2013OdecO1@Oshin(o-abe-Japan-pm

"he Baureen and Bi#e Bansfield 7oundation +2003, )Asahi ,him"un April /008 (u"lic 3pinion (oll on the Constitution* +accessed0CO01O14, E*)http-OOmansfieldfdn orgOprogramOresearch-education-and-communicationOasian-opinion-polldatabaseOlistofpollsO2003-pollsOasahi-shimbun-april-2003-public-opinion-poll-on-theconstitution-03-11O 'all .treet Journal +2013, As Tensions 9ise: (acifist +apan #arches into a #ilitary 9e i al +'eb article, retrieved on 0CO01O14 from E*)http-OOonline wsJ comOnewsOarticlesO.A1000142412CGGC324G@C3044CG432G241004C04C@

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