Unit-2

Data Acquisition System(DAS) : Basically in process industries, implement of direct digital control based on

Microprocessor based personal computer are extensiouly used. Design of these desktop are very familiar which is shown in given figure.

In processor based computer we have following component which is given below:

1) Processor 2) Memory 3) ADC 4) I/O Port 5) Buses In above diagram bus consist: 1) Data lines 2) Address lines 3) Control line bus

 All communication of processor either data sending, receives fetching are through these buses lines. In above diagram we also have memory. It can be either RAM, ROM, DISK, or CDROM. The PC also connects the bus lines to a no. of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) socket, using an industry standard constitution at how the bus lines are connected to the socket. These sockets are referred to as Expansion Slots. Many special types of peripheral equipment such as Fax/Modem Boards, game boards & network connection boards are designed on PCB that plug into these expansion slots. Special PCBs called Data Acquisition System (DAS) have been developed for the purpose of providing for I/P & I/O of analog data. Data Acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure resl world physical condition & converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values can be manipulated by a computer. DAS or DAQ typically convert analog waveforms into digital values for processing.

DAS Hardware :-

 The h/w features of general data-acquisition system are shown in above figure. Designing
of DAS is vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.

Essential features of DAS are described below, which are following types:
1. MUX 2. S/H 3. ADC 4. DAC 5. LATCH 6. DECODER

1) ADC & S/H :

The DAS typically has a high speed, SAR type ADC & fast S/H circuit. Whenever the DAS is requested to obtain a data sample the S/H is automatically incorporated into the process. The ADC conversion time constitute the major post of the data sample acquisition time, but the S/H acquisition time. Must also be consider to establish maximum throughout.

2) Analog Multiplexers :
The analog mux allows the DAS to select data from a no. of different source.

 The MUX has a no. of I/P channel, each of which is connected to a different analog I/P voltage source. The MUX acts like a multiple set of switches as shown in below figure.

It is arranged in such a fashion that any one of the I/P channels can be selected to provide its voltage to the S/H & ADC. In some cases, the DAS can be programmed to take channel sample sequentially.

3) Address Decoder/Command Processor :

The computer can select to I/P a sample from a given channel by sending an appropriate selection on the address lines & control lines of the computer bus. These are decoded to initiate the proper sequence of command to the MUX, ADC & S/H. Another common feature is the abilities to program the DAS to take a no. of samples from with a specified time b/w samples.

In this case, the computer is notified by interrupt when a sample is ready for I/p. 4) DAC & Latches :

 For O/P purpose, the DAS offer includes a latch & DAC. The address decoder/command processor is used to latch data written to the DAS, which is then converted to an appropriate analog signal by the DAC.

DAS S/W : The process of selecting a channel & initiating a data I/P from that channel involves some interface b/w the computer & the DAS. This interface is facilitated by s/w that the computer executes. The s/w can be written by the user, but is often also provided by the DAS manufacturer in the form of program on disk. Basic flow chart of the basic sequence of operation that must occur when a sample is required from the DAS.

 Generally, the DAS is mapped into a base port address location in the system. In the PC, this address can be from 000H to FFFH, but many addresses are reserved for user by the processor & other peripheral. A common address for I/O system such as the DAS is port 300H. The sequence starts with selection of a channel for I/P. This is accomplished by a write to the DAS decoder that identifies required channel. The MUX then places that channel I/P voltage at S/H I/P.

 The software then to give a start converts (s.c) command according to the specification of the DAS. This is often complete successfully by a write to some base + offset address. The DAS internally activates the hold mode of the S/H & starts the converter. The end-of-convert (EOC) is provided in a status register in the DAS. The contests of this status register can be read by the processor by a port I/P of a base + offset address. The appropriate bit is then tested by the S/W to deduce whether EOC has been send out or issued. Once the EOC has been issued or send out, the S/w can I/P the data itself by a read of an appropriate address again a base & offset, which enables tri-states, placing the ADC output on data bus. There is one problem with the operation described above flow chart. If the DAS fails, the computer will be locked in the loop waiting for EOC to the issued. One way to resolve this is to add an additional timer loop for a time greater than the conversion time of the ADC. If the EOC is not detected prior to time-out, an error is announced, & the computer is returned to an error-handling routine. In some cases, the EOC detection is handled by an interrupt service routine. In this way, the computer is free to execute other S/W until the interrupt occurs than the data is I/P. Again there needs to be a system to detect that an EOC was not provided to protect against DAS failure.

Use of Data Acquisition System : Data Acquisition System are being used in ever increasing, large & wide fields in a variety of industrial & scientific areas including the aerospace, biomedical & telemetry industries. The type of data acquisition system to be used depends upon the application & the intended use of record I/P data. Analog DAS are used when wide frequency width is required or when lower accuracies can be tolerated. Digital DAS are used when the physical quantity being monitored has a narrow bandwidth. It is also used when high accuracy & low per channel cost is required.

 Data Loggers :-

Now-a-days large no of sensor & transducer continuously furnish information about the condition of a plant, process, vehicles or patient, to a central point to provide real time display of the quantities measured. These quantities may be recorded, plotted or printed for further information at a later date or stored in memory in such a way as to reconstruct if necessary the signal with time for visual display & analysis. Now there row data can be processed by transducer, into suitable form so that necessary mathematical operation carried out, if necessary by digital computer. The digital computer may be used for on-line control of the plant or process, otherwise it may serve as Data Loggers. DAS acquire the data from transducer & convert the same into digital form so as to be process & presented suitably by data logger. For dealing with the large no. of slowly varying I/P signals, they are sampled at regular intervals of time & the subsequent stages are thus time shared for further processing of the signal. An analog MUX is used to sample the analog signals & an ADC is used to convert the signal into digital form. The timing of all the necessary operation is usually complete by control units. The control unit may be controlled by signals released & programmed from a clerk incorporated in data logger. The block diagram of a typical data logger employing a microcomputer is shown in fig.

 The clocking system provides the necessary control signals for selection of the I/P data channel & getting it logged along with the time at which logging is done. The channel selected is also logged for identification. The output may be displayed, printed on a memory device for storage of data. A data logger essentially deal with the digital signal & hence all the I/P data is brought out into digital form by ADC. The central signal (or the address) of the microcomputer are synchronized in such a way that the I/P data channels are scanned one after another & fed to ADC. The microcomputer may be provided with an operating console keyboard for the entry of necessary command instructions. Analog DAS handling analog channels may be provided with the facilities of analog recording on a magnetic tape recorder. The complexity of DAS increases with the no. of I/P signals to be processed & in such cases, a microprocessor based data logger similar to that of fig 1 becomes essential. It is

necessary to preserve the accuracy of the O/P data, while getting processed & condition through all the stage of data loggers.

Communication Standards : Basically in Distributed Control System(DCS), We have large no. of computers to computer communication paths. These paths require point to point links, multipoint link & network connections. To communicate effectively b/w devices a protocol must be established. Host -1 Application Protocol Host-2
Unit Exchange

Layers

Message

Presentation Protocol

Message

Session Protocol

Message

Transport Protocol

Message

Network Protocol

Packet

2
Interface

Data Link Protocol

Frame

Physical Protocol

Bit

Fig: - OSI Model Basically layered approaches to Networking stems from operating system design namely to break down an ultimate goal into a no. of modules, which are then fashioned to meet a specific functions. Basically these modules are divided into two posts. 1) Interface 2) Protocols

1) Interface Relationship b/w different modules in the same mode. 2) Protocol Relationship b/w equivalent module in different modes

Description of seven layer OSI model in next table with standards. S No. 1. Layer Physical Description Defines the electrical & mechanical interfacing to a physical medium sets up, maintain & disconnect physical links, include h/w & s/w. Establish error-tree path over physical channel, frames message, error detection correction, manages access to and use of channels, ensure proper sequence of transmitted data. Addresses & routes messages, setup communication path, flow control Standards RS-232-C, RS442/443/449, V.24/V.28, V.10/V.11 ANSI-ADC4 X.25-levels, IBM SDLC USA DOP-IP (Eg. ARPANET, PSS) USA DODTCP, IBMSNA, DECDNA FTP

2.

Data Link

3.

Network

4.

Transport

Provides end to end control of a communication session, allow processes to exchange data reliably

5.

Session

6.

7.

Establish & control node-system dependent aspects, interface transport level to logical function in node operating system. Presentation Allows encoded data transmitted via communication path to be presented in suitable format for user manipulated. Application Allows a user service to be supported e.g. resource (users) sharing, file translates, remote file access, DBM etc.

JTMP

FAM

Basically philosophy & standards which make up each level are complex & of a highly specialist nature.

 Process: A process block diagram for a chemical process shown in fig 1& 2.

Manipulated I/P Process Distributed I/P Fig 1:- Input/Output Representation

Measured O/P Unmeasured O/P

Controller

Manipulated I/ P

Process
Disturbance I/P

Fig 2:- Control Representation In fig.1 & fig.2 I/P are classified as manipulated I/P & disturbance I/P & O/P are classified as measured & unmeasured O/P. To automate the operation of a process, it is important to use measurement of process O/P or disturbance input to more decision about the proper O/P or disturbance I/P to more decision about the proper value of manipulated I/P .This is the purpose of controller shown in fig.2. Development of a control strategy consists of formulating or identifying the following. 1. Control variables. 2. I/P variable- I/P may change continuously or at discrete interval of time. 3. O/P variable- measurement may be made continuously or at discrete interval of time. 4. Constraints- classify as soft & hard.

5. Operating characteristic- classify as a) Continuous b) Batch or c) Semiconductors (semi batch) 6. Safety, environmental & economical consideration. 7. Control structure - It can be F/B or F/W in natural. Continuous processes operate for long periods of time under relatively constant operating condition before being short down for cleaning, catalyst regeneration & so forth. For e.g.:- some process in the oil-refining industry operates for 18-months b/n shutdown. Batch processes are dynamic in nature that is they generally operate for short period of time. For e.g:- batch process includes bear or wine fermentation as well as much specialty chemical process. For a batch reactor, an initial change is mad to the reactor & condition (temp., pressure) are varied to produce a desired product, at the end of the batch time. For e.g. :-sugar tank We assume that this is a continuous process; there is a continuous flow in & out of the tank. It would be semi continuous process if there was an inlet flow with no outlet flow.

Taking a Shower : This process is continuous while you are taking a shower bat is most likely viewed a batch process, since it is a small part of your day. So it easily be called semi continuous process. Basically in semi batch process, it may have an initial change to the reactor, but feed components may be called to the reactor during the course of batch run.