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Circuit Breakers
Circuit Breakers
Closing withstand
Withstand Voltage
Contact position
Time ms
Time ms
Time ms
GIS Theory
Inductance
V sin 377t
C R
Time ms
Bus Capacitance only Single Bank Connected Capacitor Bank capacitance Back to Back
kV
Time ms
Optimal target is when capacitor voltage and bus voltage are equal (usually zero as capacitors discharge fully in ~10 minutes Deviations result in peak currents proportional to the sin of the error angle and over-voltages eliminated for most errors
Transformers
Current
Inrush Current
Energizing a Transformer
T im e 0 .0 5 m s /d iv
0 .0
A m p e re s
4000
Why do we care?
Inrush currents cause forces in the winding that are equal to or greater than a short circuit, and much longer in duration
Current
0 .0
4 2 .0
4 6 .0
5 0 .0
5 4 .0
5 8 .0 T im e m s 1
F lu x kVs -0 .8 0
T im e 3 m s /d iv
Current
0.0
Tim e6m s/div
Vs -800
F lu x , r e s id u a l 0 % , - 7 0 % , 7 0 %
B C A
0 .0
4 2 .0
4 6 .0
5 0 .0
5 4 .0
5 8 .0 T im e m s
F lu x k V s - 0 .8 0
400
0.0
kV -400
kV -400
0 .0
T i m e 6 m s /d iv
Vs -8 0 0
F lu x , r e s id u a l 0 % , - 7 0 % , 7 0 %
B C A
0 .0
4 2 .0
4 6 .0
5 0 .0
5 4 .0
5 8 .0 T im e m s
F lu x k V s -0 .8 0
0 .0 T im e 2 m s /d iv
kV -8 0 0
Closing Strategies
Independent strategy for single phase transformers Rapid closing strategy
Requires detailed transformer data and look up table Generalized approach Limited to high residual flux scenarios
Transformer Model
Statistical Studies
Benchmarks - linear bias runs with statistical pole span 1000 studies/run Controlled studies - 200 studies/run 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 ms closing time scatters (3 sigma) Residual flux levels, patterns
Performance Improvement Using Rapid Closing Strategy, 70, 0, -70% Residual Flux (first phase to close has 70% residual flux)
Faradays Law
v (t ) n ( d dt )
(t ) 1 / n v (t ) dt
Measured error with analog integrators, 3-4% Digital micro-processors are capable of improved accuracy with modern algorithms
V .
.
s 0
0
8
8
0
0
0
0
V . 8 0 0
s 0
0
T i m e 2 0 . 5 m s / d i v
V . 8 0 0
s 0
2 0
0 T i m e 2 0 . 5 m s / d i v
A -
m 2 0
.8 0 0 0
0 .0
Vs -.8 0 0 0
T im e 6 m s /d iv
Test Transformer
Test Breaker
Core De-magnetization
500
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
40
20
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Controlled Opening
Controls arcing time when opening Reactor switching
Reactor Switching
Failure to interrupt
Controlled Switching
Capacitors
Closing :Improves power quality, reduces stresses Opening : Eliminates restrikes Reduces line switching over-voltages and stress on line connected arresters
Transmission lines
Controlled Switching
Transformers (enegization)
Reduces inrush currents and stresses on windings Reduces false relay operations Opening : Reduces interruption failures Closing : Reduces inrush currents
Shunt reactors
Control devices
Offered by almost all manufacturers of high voltage circuit breakers on their circuit breakers Offered by relay manufacturers (e.g. SEL 352)
Conclusions
Controlled closing is an effective method to reduce power system transients and improve power quality Controlled opening reduces the probability of restrike/failure to interrupt When research is conducted it is often before the need is recognized