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The Logic and Structure of Primes by Constantine Adraktas, Alma Mater MIT

The status of Primes can be lucidly summarised by the following statements "Mathematicians have tried in vain to discover some order in the sequence of Primes and we have reason to believe that it is a mystery into which the mind will never penetrate" - Leonhard_Euler "It will be another million years, at least, before we understand the Primes" - Paul Erdos

This paper demonstrates that both the above statements are valid no more In two steps followed by simple Matrix operations 1. The Primes residences in the Universe of Integers The Primes reside in the [ 6 + 5 ] and [ 6 + 7 ] Matrices in which they cohabitate with Composites
odds * 6 + 5 + * 6 + 5 + * 6 + 5 + Primes + Composites evens * 6 + 6 ] *6+**+1] *6+**+1]+[0] Composites odds * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 7 ] Primes + Composites

evens * 6 + 8 ] 2 * * 3 + 4 ] *6+**+1]+[2] Composites

odds * 6 + 9 ] 3 * * 2 + 3 ] *6+**+1]+[3] Composites

evens * 6 + 10 ] 3 * * 2 + 5 ] *6+**+1]+[4] Composites

2. The Composites in the [ 6 + 5 ] and [ 6 + 7 ] Matrices Locate the Composites in the [ 6 + 5 ] and [ 6 + 7 ] Matrices and you locate their cohabitants, the Primes The Composites in the [ 6 + 5 ] and [ 6 + 7 ] Matrices can be located by the Matrix operations below
1 2 3 4 multiply each element in [ 6 + 5 ] with each element in [ 6 + 7 ] multiply each element in [ 6 + 7 ] with each element in [ 6 + 5 ] multiply each element in [ 6 + 5 ] with each element in [ 6 + 5 ] multiply each element in [ 6 + 7 ] with each element in [ 6 + 7 ] = = = = * 6 + 5 + * * 6 * ( + ) + 7 ] * 6 + 7 + * * 6 * ( + ) + 5 ] * 6 + 5 + * * 6 * ( + ) + 5 ] * 6 + 7 + * * 6 * ( + ) + 7 ]

Times Table type of Matrices with from zero to infinity and ( a transient parameter ) from zero to infinity
36 36 36 36 + + + + 36 36 36 36 + + + + 72 72 60 84 + + + + 30 42 30 42 + + + + 30 30 18 42 + + + + 5 5 7 7 = = = = 6 * * 2 ( 3 + 6 ) + ( 6 + 5 ) + 5 ] 6 * * 2 ( 3 + 6 ) + ( 6 + 7 ) + 5 ] 6 * * 2 ( 3 + 5 ) + ( 6 + 5 ) + 3 ] 6 * * 2 ( 3 + 7 ) + ( 6 + 7 ) + 7 ] + + + + [5] [5] [7] [7]

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From now on the matter rests with a series of simple Matrix operations The Matrix operations 1, 2, 3 and 4 above appear in the Excel Appendices 1, 2, 3 and 4 to this paper The end results of these Appendices appear in the Excel Appendix 5 to this paper and as per below
1st set of Composites in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 209 215 217 203 205 185 187 175 155 161 169 175 143 143 145 125 133 119 115 121 95 77 85 91 65 55 49 35 35 25 * 6 + 5 ] 2nd set of Composites in * 6 + 5 ] 1st set of Composites in * 6 + 7 ] 2nd set of Composites in * 6 + 7 ]

etc to infinity

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The Composites in the [ 6 + 5 ] and [ 6 + 7 ] Matrices are provided by merging the above two [ 6 + 5 ] sub Matrices into one [ 6 + 5 ] Matrix and by merging the above two [ 6 + 7 ] sub Matrices into one [ 6 + 7 ] Matrix
Composites 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 203 209 215 217 205 185 187 155 161 169 175 143 145 119 125 133 115 121 95 77 85 91 65 49 55 35 25 in * 6 + 5 ] Composites in * 6 + 7 ]

etc to infinity

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Subtracting the Composites in the [ 6 + 5 ] and [ 6 + 7 ] Matrices from the [ 6 + 5 ] and [ 6 + 7 ] Matrices leads to the Primes in the [ 6 + 5 ] and [ 6 + 7 ] Matrices
Primes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 211 191 197 193 199 167 173 179 181 149 151 157 163 131 137 139 127 101 107 113 83 89 97 103 109 71 41 47 53 59 61 67 73 79 in * 6 + 5 ] 5 11 17 23 29 31 37 43 Primes in * 6 + 7 ] 7 13 19

etc to infinity

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An interesting picture emerges
[ 6 + 5 ] and [ 6 + 7 ] are composed of the following pairs Single Primes Member of Twin Primes Member of Twin Composites Single Composites Member of Twin Primes Member of Twin Composites

Composites and Primes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 in * 6 + 5 ] 5 11 17 23 29 35 41 47 53 59 65 71 77 83 89 95 101 107 113 119 125 131 137 143 149 155 161 167 173 179 185 191 197 203

Composites and Primes in * 6 + 7 ] 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 67 73 79 85 91 97 103 109 115 121 127 133 139 145 151 157 163 169 175 181 187 193 199 205

etc to infinity

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Twin Primes pairs

for Twin Primes pairs 0 1 2 4 6 9 11 16 17 22 24 29 31 32 37 39 44 46 51 57 69 71 76 86 94 99 102 106 109 134 136 137 142 146 169 171 174 176

Members of Twin Primes pairs in * 6 + 5 ] 5 11 17 29 41 59 71 101 107 137 149 179 191 197 227 239 269 281 311 347 419 431 461 521 569 599 617 641 659 809 821 827 857 881 1019 1031 1049 1061

Members of Twin Primes pairs in * 6 + 7 ] 7 13 19 31 43 61 73 103 109 139 151 181 193 199 229 241 271 283 313 349 421 433 463 523 571 601 619 643 661 811 823 829 859 883 1021 1033 1051 1063

etc to infinity

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Single Primes and Single Composites pairs - The majority pairs group in the 6 + 5 and 6 + 7 Matrices

Members of Single Primes and Single Composites pairs for Single Primes + Single Composites pairs 3 5 7 8 10 12 13 14 15 18 20 21 25 26 27 28 34 36 38 41 42 43 45 48 50 52 54 55 58 59 60 61 62 in * 6 + 5 ] 23 35 47 53 65 77 83 89 95 113 125 131 155 161 167 173 209 221 233 251 257 263 275 293 305 317 329 335 353 359 365 371 377

Members of Single Primes and Single Composites pairs in * 6 + 7 ] 25 37 49 55 67 79 85 91 97 115 127 133 157 163 169 175 211 223 235 253 259 265 277 295 307 319 331 337 355 361 367 373 379

etc to infinity

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Twin Composites pairs - The minority pairs group in the 6 + 5 and 6 + 7 Matrices

Members of Twin Composites pairs for Twin Composites pairs 19 23 30 33 35 40 47 49 53 56 68 70 78 85 87 88 91 96 103 105 110 115 118 129 131 133 135 138 140 144 148 149 153 in * 6 + 5 ] 119 143 185 203 215 245 287 299 323 341 413 425 473 515 527 533 551 581 623 635 665 695 713 779 791 803 815 833 845 869 893 899 923

Members of Twin Composites pairs in * 6 + 7 ] 121 145 187 205 217 247 289 301 325 343 415 427 475 517 529 535 553 583 625 637 667 697 715 781 793 805 817 835 847 871 895 901 925

etc to infinity

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Since we, now, know the Logic and Structure of Primes we can prove Goldbach's conjecture Euler, responding to a letter sent to him by Christian Goldbach on 7 June 1742, stated in Latin - German Dass ein jeder numerus par eine summa duorum primorum sey, halte ich fr ein ganz gewisses theorema, ungeachtet ich dasselbe nicht demonstriren kann. ("every even integer is a sum of two primes. I regard this as a completely certain theorem, although I cannot prove it.") the Universe of Integers
odds * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 5 ] Primes evens * 6 + 6 ] *6+**+1] *6+**+1]+[0] Composites odds * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 7 ] Primes

its evens in [ 6 + 8 ] and in [ 6 + 10 ] can be derived from the evens in [ 6 + 6 ]

odds * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 5 ] Composites odds * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 7 ] Composites odds * 6 + 9 ] 3 * * 2 + 3 ] *6+**+1]+[3] Composites evens * 6 + 8 ] 2 * * 3 + 4 ] *6+**+1]+[2] Composites evens * 6 + 10 ] 3 * * 2 + 5 ] *6+**+1]+[4] Composites

All evens reside in the Matrices below

evens Composites in * 6 + 6 ] = * 6 ( + 1 ) ] evens Composites in * 6 + 8 ] = [ 6 + 6 ] + [ 2 + = * 6 ( + 1 ) + [ 2 ] evens Composites in * 6 + 10 ] = * 6 + 6 ] + [ 4 + = * 6 ( + 1 ) + [ 4 ]

The addition operations below form the base Matrices for demonstrating that Goldbach's conjecture is correct
1 2 3 4 add add add add each and every element of each and every element of each and every element of each and every element of * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 7 ] to to to to each and every element of each and every element of each and every element of each and every element of * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 7 ]

leading to the following

addition of Composites Primes Composites Primes in * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 7 ] with Composites in * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 7 ] with Composites in * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 5 ] with Primes in * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 5 ] with Primes in * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 5 ] * 6 + 7 ]

and we call the four emerging Primes + Primes Matrices the Goldbach Matrices in memory of Christian Goldbach

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The even numbers in the Composites + Primes columns and the Composites + Composites columns also appear in the Primes + Primes columns of the Golbach Matrices Hence the Goldbach Matrices are sufficient in covering all the evens bar 2, 4, 6 and 8
evens Composites in * 6 + 6 ] = * 6 ( + 1 ) ] evens Composites in * 6 + 8 ] = [ 6 + 6 ] + [ 2 + = * 6 ( + 1 ) + [ 2 ] evens Composites in * 6 + 10 ] = * 6 + 6 ] + [ 4 + = * 6 ( + 1 ) + [ 4 ]

consequently and reversely all evens are the sum of two Primes and not only of one pair of two Primes as it can be seen in Appendix 6 to this paper and the example below
1 2 3 4 all Composites in * 6 + 6 ] all Composites in * 6 + 6 ] all Composites in * 6 + 8 ] all Composites in * 6 + 10 ] = = = = Primes in * 6 + 5 ] Primes in * 6 + 7 ] Primes in * 6 + 7 ] Primes in * 6 + 5 ] + + + + Primes in * 6 + 7 ] Primes in * 6 + 5 ] Primes in * 6 + 7 ] Primes in * 6 + 5 ] bar 6 = 3 + 3 bar 6 = 3 + 3 bar 8 = 3 + 5 including 10 = 3 + 7

limited example for 1 above - see Appendix 6 to this paper for more
+ Primes in * 6 + 7 ] for Primes in [ 6 + 5 ] 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 11 13 14 16 17 18 21 22 24 27 28 29 Primes in * 6 + 5 ] 5 11 17 23 29 41 47 53 59 71 83 89 101 107 113 131 137 149 167 173 179 * 6 + 5 ] + [ 7 ] 12 18 24 30 36 48 54 60 66 78 90 96 108 114 120 138 144 156 174 180 186 + Primes in * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 5 ] + [ 13 ] 18 24 30 36 42 54 60 66 72 84 96 102 114 120 126 144 150 162 180 186 192 + Primes in * 6 + 7 ] * 6 + 5 ] + [ 19 ] 24 30 36 42 48 60 66 72 78 90 102 108 120 126 132 150 156 168 186 192 198

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A contribution to Primes categories Gaps

between consecutive Twin Primes max = 168 - min = 6

between consecutive Twin Primes pairs max = 28 - min = 1

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between consecutive Primes max = 34 - min = 2

a between consecutive Primes a max = 6 - min = 1