1

2001 12 7
Antenna lab
Spatial angular filter with use of Photonic
Bandgap and Multi-layer dielectric structure
Pohang University of Science and Technology
Departments of electrical and electronic engineering
Antenna Laboratory
Microwave Application Research Center
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
Table of contents
Various applications by Microwave studio
Introduction
Frequency Selective Surface(FSS)
Photonic Bandgap(PBG) structure
Multi- layer dielectric structure
Conclusions
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Microstrip conformal antenna
Elevation plane
Azimuth plane
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Circularly- polarized Aperture coupled slit
patch
Mode and field distribution
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Introduction(1)
Angular filtering
Spatial angular filter is required the limited scan application
Grating lobe
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Introduction(2)
FSS, PBG- >Characteristic of transmission and
reflection for frequency domain
Spatial angular filter- >Characteristic of transmission
and reflection for incident angle
The presentation show that the application of spatial
angular filter for FSS, PBG, multi- layer dielectric
structure
Specially, we show that multi- layer dielectric
structure is suitable for spatial angular filter of planar
array antenna in detail.
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2001 12 7
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Frequency Selective Surface(FSS)
The Periodic structure has filter characteristic on the frequency domain
Also, the FSS is a periodic array of aperture or patch element on the substrate
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2001 12 7
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1 1 2 1 Loaded dipole
1 1 2 1 Ring
1
1
3
2
2
d
1
1
3
3
3
b
4
1
3
3
2
c
4
1
3
3
2
a
dipole
Square loop
Crossed dipole
Tripole
Jerusalem cross
Type of element
A: stability of resonant frequency with angle of incidence
B: Cross polarization level
C: Lager BW
D: Small Band separation
Frequency Selective Surface(FSS)
Resonant length is
depend on incident
angle
dipole
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2001 12 7
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Frequency Selective Surface(FSS)
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Gain enhancement using Frequency Selective Surface
Operating frequency 30 GHz
Large structure>> 20
About 6,000,000 cell !!!!
Energy convergence~difficult..
Anyway,the results will be only
shown by the experiment and
CST microwave studio
S. Chandran, and J. C. Vardaxoglou, Performance of two single- layer
frequency selective surface as spatial angular filters, MOTL vol. 6, no. 6,
May 1993, pp.339~ 342
Thick metal
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
angle
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
d
B
)
Pattern
with_FSS_H
with_FSS_E
without_FSS_H
without_FSS_E
Gain enhancement using Frequency Selective Surface
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
Pattern of horn antenna
Patten of Horn antenna with FSS
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2001 12 7
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Photonic Bandgap structure
Surface wave propagation is serious problem in microstrip
antennas.- >surface waves reduce antenna efficiency and gain, limit
bandwidth, increase end- fire radiation, increase cross polarization
levels, etc..
PBG structure have been used to improve radiation pattern and
directivity of antennas, increase the output power and efficiency of
power amp as well as with the design of reflectors, cavity, filter etc..
Slow wave structures such as metal- insulator- semiconductor(MIS)
transmission lines and feromagnetic(FM) substrate microstrip lines
have been researched application:phase shifter, filter etc
- >Goal: high slow wave factor and low attenuation.
A noble PBG structure has slow wave and low loss characteristic.
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Introduction(3)
A periodic structure is characterized by two parameters: a spatial
period defining the lattice constant and dielectric contrast between
the constituent materials.
They can be made of dielectric only or metallic elements embedded
in a dielectric material. Also, drilling a periodic pattern of holes in the
substrate or etching a periodic pattern of metallic pads was shorted
to the ground plane with via.
Recently, a new loading pattern, called Uniplanar Compact PBG,
has been studied - >this type of planar or 2- D loading is simple to
realize and is compatible with standard monolithic microwave
integrated circuit fabrication technology.
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2001 12 7
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Introduction(3)
1- D PBG(multi- layer dielectric structure)
2- D PBG(etching a periodic pattern of
holes in the ground plane)
2- D PBG superstrate PBG antenna
2- D PBG(drilling a periodic pattern of holes
in the substrate)
Unit
lattice
Unit
lattice
At certain
frequency or band,
These structure
prevent the
propagation of the
wave
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2001 12 7
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What is a photonic bandgap structure?
Photonic bandgap materials are a new class of periodic dielectrics,
which are the photonic analogs of semiconductors.
k
E
E
g
Semiconductor
Energy bandgap
2- D
periodic
structure
Dispersion relationship(w- k)
How to obtain this
relationship?
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2001 12 7
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What is a photonic bandgap structure?
Defect mode generation
E
E
g
Ef
Defect modes can be created by local breaking of the periodicity of a photonic crystal
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
What is a photonic bandgap structure?
jb jb jb jb
..
Unit cell
) (
2
) ( ) ( ka
b
ka a sin cos cos =
The dispersion equation can be derived
a:structure period, b:shunted susceptance normalized to
the unloaded line characteristic impedance
k:unloaded line propagation constant

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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
Directive PBG antenna
Two- dimensional PBG cover is disposed on a patch antenna
The PBG cover, which is used to
cover the antenna, is illuminated by
the electromagnetic fields radiated
from the antenna. The role of the
PBG material is then to force the
distribution of the EM fields and to
control their phases spatial
distributions. So all of the dielectric
elements located on the upper
surface of the cover must be
excited to as an aperture antenna.
The aim is to improve the radiation
pattern of the original antenna
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
Directive PBG antenna
At an w1 frequency, the electromagnetic wave propagation inside the dielectric PBG matrix
must be allowed by only one plane wave configuration,e.q.,at the w1 frequency, the frequency
band diagram of the PBG lattice considered must allow only one k wavevector.
Structure band diagram of a 2- D rectangular lattice
This point will be used to
control the distribution of the
EM fields inside the cover in
order to favor the excitation of
all of the dielectric elements.
with this type of PBG material,
the w1 frequency can only
propagate with the k=(/p
x
)x
wavevector
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
Directive PBG antenna
Comparison of the directivity of the antenna with the 2- D PBG cover(left graph)
with the patch directivity without the cover(right graph). The cover has increased
the directivity from 8 to 19.5dB
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2001 12 7
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Directive PBG antenna
With PBG cover
Very sensitive depend on frequency !!
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2001 12 7
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Directive PBG antenna
Without PBG cover
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2001 12 7
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Directive PBG antenna
With PBG cover
Without PBG cover
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Surface wave PBG antenna for
suppression of the surface wave
Low efficiency and small bandwidth
- >thickening the substrates - >increase
of the fraction of total power going into
surface wave - >These extract power
from the direct radiation, thus
degrading the pattern and efficiency
The substrate is periodically loaded so
that the surface wave dispersion
diagram presents a forbidden frequency
range about antennas operating
frequency.
Schematic of the PBG antenna
distance between holes and radius is 44.6 and 21.4 mm
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
Surface wave PBG antenna for
suppression of the surface wave
Surface plot of the electric field of the
conventional patch antenna
Surface plot of the electric field of the
PBG antenna
Only TM
0
surface wave
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2001 12 7
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Surface wave PBG antenna for
suppression of the surface wave
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2001 12 7
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PBG broadband stop band filter
Three dimensional view of the proposed PBG
structure. The square lattice circles are etched in
the ground plane of a microstrip line
=10.5 t=25mil, a=200mil
The PBG structure selected is a 2- D square
lattice with circles etched in the ground
plane of a 50 microstrip line.
Only three rows of cells are necessary
because the fields in the microstrip line are
consectrated near the line.
a=0.5
g
Measurements show that deep and wide
stopbands can be achieved using this
method
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
PBG broadband stop band filter
Measured S- parameters for the PBG microstrip transmission line. The ground
plane has a square lattice with 3x9 etched circles. The hole radius is (a)
r=25mil (b) r=50mil (c) r=90mil. The period is 200mil for all cases.
(a) (b) (c)
Optimized r/a=0.25
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PBG broadband stop band filter
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PBG broadband stop band filter
Why slow wave structure?
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Antenna lab
PBG for general applications
Broadband power amp using PBG UC- PBG microstrip filter
UC- PBG CB- CPW filter
UC- PBG coupler
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
UC- PBG microstrip filter
Unit cell
With periodic capacitive
and inductive structure
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2001 12 7
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0 5 10 15 20
Frequency(GHz)
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
P
o
w
e
r
(
d
B
)
S-parameter(PBG)
S11
S21
UC- PBG microstrip filter
Stop band
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
1- D multi- layer directive antenna

X
t
B
H
0
z
2 2
,
1 1
,
1 1 1
= n
2 2 2
= n
Superstrate- substrate geometry
This method involves the addition of a
superstrates layer over the substrate
It is referred to as the resonance gain method,
and it utilizes a superstrates with either >>1,
>>1.
By choosing the layer thickness and dipole
position properly, a very large gain may be
realized at any desired angle .
The gain of the a typical Herzian dipole on a
grounded substrate is about 6dB, the gain
being relatively insensitive to substrate
dielectric constant and thickness.
A convenient way to analyze the radiation from this antenna structure is by transmission line
analogy.
By reciprocity, this must be the E

or E

field at (R,,) due to the original dipole at z=z

0.
.The E
x
field near the layered structure due to this reciprocity source is essentially a plane wave, and hence
can be accounted for by modeling each layer as a transmission line having a characteristic
impedance and propagation constant which depend on the angle
Jackson and Yangs paper
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
0 c
z
2 c
z
1 c
z
Z=H Z=B
Z
SHORT
INCIDENT WAVE
) cos( , 1 =
inc
V
1- D multi- layer directive antenna
Transmission line analogy

X
t
B
H
0
z
2 2
,
1 1
,
1 1 1
= n
2 2 2
= n
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
2
0
1
1
1
0 1 1
2
2 ] [
n
B n
j B jZ Z
c B

tan
2
1
2
2
1 1 0
1
2
0
0
2
2

n
B n
j
Z
Z
Z
B
c
in
|
|
.
|

\
|

0
2
1
+
= + =
in
in
in in
Z
Z
V
0 1
0 1
1 0
cos
sin
z
z
I jZ V
B c

=
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

+ + +
2
1 1 2
2
0
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1) 2(

n
B n
j
p n m
2
1
2 1 1
2
0
1
1

(

n
B n
h
For type1 resonance condition it is required to have
2
>>1 and k
0
n
1
B=m, k
0
n
2
t=(2p- 1)/2
The input impedance at z=B can be written as
Transmission line #2 acts as a quarter wave transformer so that
the impedance at z=H is given as
The voltage at z=H is given by
3dB beamwidth
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
1- D multi- layer directive antenna
2
0
1
m B n
=

4
1 2
0
0 1

=
n z n

4
1 2
0
2

=
p t n

4
1 2
0
1

=
m B n

4
1
0
0 1

=
n z n 2

4
0
2
1 2
=
p t n

First resonance condition

second resonance condition
A very high gain pattern is produced at
broadside(=0)as the superstrate permittivity
becomes large (
2
>>1)
A very high gain pattern is produced at
broadside(=0)as the superstrate
permeabilty becomes large (
2
>>1)
Taking m=n=p=1 to obtain the thinnest layer possible
The dipole is in the middle of the substrate for the type 1 resonance condition, and that the
dipole is at the substrate- superstrate interface for the type2 resonance condition.
First resonance condition second resonance condition
Yangs layer resonance condition
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
1- D multi- layer directive antenna

0
k
1
k
2
k
2

2 2
1 1
) ( sin = n n

2 2
2 2
) ( sin = n n
FOR F( )

) (
0 0
sec =
c
z ) cos(
0 0
=
c
z
FOR
G( )

) ( /
1 1 0 1
n z
c
=
) ( /
2 2 0 2
n z
c
=
1 1 0 1
)/ ( n z
c
=
2 2 0 2
)/ ( n z
c
=
0 0
k =
) (
1
n k
0 1
=
) (
2
n k
0 2
=
0 0
=
c
Z
)
2
1
(1
2
0 0
= k
1
1
0 1

=
c
Z )
n 2
1
(1 n
2
1
2
1 0 1

= k
2
2
0 2

=
c
Z
)
n 2
1
(1 n
2
2
2
2 0 2

= k
<<1
Polarization
dependency
FOR
G( )

FOR F( )

The Z, , n is a function of incident angle

The thickness of the layer
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
1- D multi- layer directive antenna
) ( )
4
( cos
0
0

G e
R
j
E
R jk
=
) ( )
4
( sin
0
0

F e
R
j
E
R jk
=
cos
jP Q
T
G
+
= 2 ) (
jN M
T
F
+
= 2 ) (
] [ ] [ ] [
2 1 0 1
t B z T sec sec sin =
] [
) (
) (
] [
2
1
2
2
1
1
t
n
n
B Q

tan tan + =
(

= ] [ ] [
) (
) (
1
) (
2 1
2
1
2
1
1
1
t B
n
n
n
P

tan tan cos

] [
) (
) (
] [
2
2
1
1
2
1
t
n
n
B M

tan tan + =
(

= ] [ ] [
) (
) (
1
) (
2 1
1
2
2
1
1
1
t B
n
n n
N

tan tan sec

F(),G() represent the
voltage(corresponding Et) at z=z0 in
the transmission line
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
1- D multi- layer directive antenna
E- plane pattern
2
=100 E- plane pattern
2
=100
H- plane pattern
2
=100 H- plane pattern
2
=100
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
1- D multi- layer directive antenna
Zco Zin
Zin
Vin
+
=
2
n period

2 period

1 period

sub

1
V
in
V
Patch antenna
3

high
low
air
air
tuner
tuner
3
4 / = d
1
4 / = d
2

in
Z
0 0
.
2
0
.
5
1251
0
1
8
0
1
7
0
1
6
0
1
5
0
1
4
0
1
3
0
1
2
0
1
1
0
100
90
80
7
0
6
0
5
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
0
-
1
0
-
2
0
-
3
0
-
4
0
-
5
0
-
6
0
-
7
0
- 8 0
- 9 0
- 1 0 0
-
1
1
0
-
1
2
0
-
1
3
0
-
1
4
0
-
1
5
0
-
1
6
0
-
1
7
0
zin
yang's zin
tuning without low er
Multi- layer structure for spatial angular filter
Input impedance (Smith chart)
Suggested multi- layer
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
tan
tan
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
=
n n n
in
n
c
n n n
c
n
in n
c
n
in
d jZ Z
d jZ Z
Z Z

1- D multi- layer directive antenna

1 1 1 1
tan d jZ Z
c in
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
x sub sub
sub sub
N
period period
period period
N
N
I D C
B A
D C
B A
I
V 0
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
air air
air air
low low
low low
high high
high high
period period
period period
D C
B A
D C
B A
D C
B A
D C
B A
n n n n n n n
n
c
n n n n Z = = = , ) ( sin ) ( , / ) (
2 2
0
) ( sin ) (
2 2
0
=
n
n
n k
sub
c
sub sub
total
period
total
period
Z
d
jB A
N V
V
) cot(
] [
1

=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
) cos( ) sin(
) sin( ) cos(
high high high high
high
high high high high high
high high
high high
d d
Z
j
d jZ d
D C
B A


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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
1- D multi- layer directive antenna
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
angle
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
p
o
w
e
r
(
d
B
)
E_phi
tuning pattern
Yang's pattern
tuning pattern without low er
Hertzian diole
S
11
Yang
Thin layer
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
1- D multi- layer directive antenna
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
E-phi pattern
CST(tuning with air gap
CST(tuning without low er)
tuning with air gap
Pattern results
Surface wave owing to
finite size substrate !!!
Total reflection angle
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
angle
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
p
o
w
e
r
(
d
B
)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
g
a
i
n
(
d
B
)
Gain and E-phi
Yang's pattern
Yang's gain
pattern(without low er)
gain(without_low_er)
only patch
) ( sin
1
2
1

=
c
Simulation with MOM using infinite substrate
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
1- D multi- layer directive antenna
Single antenna pattern
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
1- D multi- layer directive antenna
ANGULAR
FILTER
4x4 PHASE
SHIFTER
RF POWER
4x4
SUBARRAY
RF FEED
FOR
SUBARRAY
16x16 ARRAY
ANTENNA
16x16 array antenna
In this case of the planar array
using angular filter, the cost of
phased array antenna due to
many phase shifters and
complexity of feed structure for
reducing grating lobe and side
lobe level has not been
concerned with phased array
antenna designer.
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
-90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
angle
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
p
o
w
e
r
(
d
B
)
E-plane
with angular filter
without angular filter
-90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
angle
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
p
o
w
e
r
(
d
B
)
E-plane(alpha=90)
with angular filter
without angular filter
1- D multi- layer directive antenna
16x16 array antenna pattern
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
0 20 40 60 80
angle
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
p
o
w
e
r
(
d
B
)
E-plane
with angular filter
without angular filter
CST(16x16)
1- D multi- layer directive antenna
Using the Array factor
without consideration
of the coupling
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
1- D multi- layer directive antenna
What is the problem with use of multi- layer dielectric structure?
Total transmission angle at interface between high
and low dielectric layer in the H- plane
More coupling between adjacent element than without
spatial angular filter- >Unable to use T- junction divider
- >More power loss of Wilkinson power divider for 4x4
sub- array
Sensitivity of thickness of layer.
thick layer.
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2001 12 7
Antenna lab
Conclusion
FSS, PBG are applied to spatial angular filter with
use of these periodicity.
Specially, we show that multi- layer dielectric
structure is suitable for spatial angular filter of planar
array antenna.
CST Microwave studio is suitable to evaluate the
structure of the wide band characteristic, such as
PBG structure, and to show the field distribution in
the structure, even though large structure.
Thank you!!!